Vietnamese clothing

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Vietnamese clothing Việt phục
is a type of costume born under the Nguyễn Dynasty, a type of costume often worn on important occasions such as weddings, funerals, festival... This is one of the most popular Việt phục types today.
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Việt phục Trang phục Việt Quần áo Việt
Hán-Nôm	越服 裝服越 裙襖越

Trang phục Việt (Chữ Hán: 裝服越), Việt phục (Chữ Hán: 越服) or Quần áo Việt (Chữ Hán: 裙襖越), all literally meaning Vietnamese clothing, is the traditional style of clothing worn in Vietnam by the Vietnamese people, including the unofficial national dress of Vietnam, the áo dài. The clothing in Vietnam has both indigenous and foreign elements due to the diverse, dynamic cultural exchanges in which ancient Vietnam partook in; this eventually led to the birth of a distinctive Vietnamese style of clothing.

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The image of the Áo ngũ thân and Nón ba tầm on the postcard

Nguyễn Dynasty officials

In today's daily life, Vietnamese people often wear Western clothing called Âu phục, but now its common name is just Quần áo thường ngày.

History[]

The clothing and textile history of Vietnam reflects the culture and tradition that has been developed since the ancient Bronze Age wherein people of diverse cultures were living in Vietnam, the long influence of the Chinese and their associated cultural influence, as well as the short-lived French colonial rule.^[1] The dynamic cultural exchanges which took place with those foreign cultural influences had a significant impact on the history of clothing in Vietnam; this has eventually lead to the birth to a distinctive Vietnamese clothing style, the Áo dài is only one of such clothing for example.^[1] Moreover, as Vietnam has multiple ethnicities, there are many distinctive styles of clothing which reflect their wearer's ethnicity.^[2]

Since the ancient times, textiles used and produced in Vietnam have been silk in Northern Vietnam, barkcloth, and banana fiber cloth; kapok and hemp were also generally used prior to the introduction of cotton.^[3][4]

For at least a thousand years, Vietnam was ruled by the Chinese in the north while the South of Vietnam was ruled by the Indian-culture influenced, independent kingdom of Champa.^[3] During this period, the clothing styles which were developed in Vietnam contained both indigenous and imported foreign elements; the upper classes tended to be more easily influenced by those foreign influences than the common people.^[3] The upper classes of Vietnam in Northern Vietnam tended to wear clothing which mirrored the fashions of the Chinese, and this style of clothing persisted even after the end of the Chinese rule in the independent kingdom of Đại Việt and in Champa.^[3]

For centuries, peasant women typically wore a halter top (yếm) underneath a blouse or overcoat, alongside a skirt (váy or quần không đáy). It was until the 1920s in Vietnam's north area in isolated hamlets where skirts were worn.^[5] Before the Nguyễn dynasty, the cross-collared robe (áo giao lĩnh) was worn popularly.^[6][7]

Bách Việt period (1000 BC - 1 BC)[]

Most of ancient northern Vietnam was referred as the Baiyue region in ancient Chinese texts.^[8] Prior to the Chinese conquest, the Tai nobles first came in Northern Vietnam during the Dong Son era, and they started to assimilate the local Mon-Khmer and Kadai people in a processed referred as Tai-ization or Tai-ification as the Tai people were politically and culturally dominant in Baiyue; this led to the adoption of the Tai people's clothing and the formation of dress style influenced by the Tai people.^{[2][8][dubious – discuss]}

The Han Chinese referred to the various non-Han "barbarian" peoples of north Vietnam and southern China as "Yue" (Việt) or Baiyue, saying they possessed common habits like adapting to water, having their hair cropped short and having tattoos.^[9][10]

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  Statue of a man with Yue-style short hair and tribal body tattoos, from the state of Yue among the non-Chinese Baiyue peoples of southern China and north Vietnam.

Nanyue[]

Nanyue (204 BC–111 BC) was an independent state which was founded by a Chinese general.^[11] However, in the Kingdom of Nanyue, it was the elite who were primarily influenced by Chinese clothing as the presence of the Chinese was limited.^[12] The clothing of the elites of Nanyue was mixed of Tai and Chinese clothing styles.^{[13][dubious – discuss]} The clothing of the Elites include Chinese fashion from the Warring States period and the Qin dynasty; the style of clothing was mainly a V-shaped collar gown which was tight fitting that was folded to the right.^[13] The clothing was multi-layered; it was common to wear three layers of clothing and tended to have narrow and straight sleeves.^[13] The elites women on the other-hand tended to wear a blouse and a skirt.^[13]

Chinese Conquest Period of Vietnam[]

The Kingdom of Nanyue (204 BC–111 BC) was conquered and colonized by the Han Chinese under the Han dynasty in 111 BC.^[11] The Chinese ruled over Northern Vietnam for 1000 years until c. 900 AD.^[11][12] This time, it was the Chinese which lead to acculturation process referred as Sinicization.^[12] The clothing of officials in Northern Vietnam followed the regulations of the Chinese dress.^[13] However, even during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), there was still very little Chinese migration into Northern Vietnam.^[12] It was in the subsequent centuries after the fall of the Han dynasty that there was a large influx of Chinese in the region of Annan.^[12]

From period of 40 AD to 938 AD, the direct rule of the Chinese in Northern Vietnam led to the Chinese clothing influence on the local clothing styles, especially the local elites; this included the leaders who rebelled against the rule of the Chinese who typically wore Chinese-style clothing.^[13] The Elites wore clothing made of silk which were colourful and decorated while commoners wore plain hemp-based clothing.^[13]

Non-Chinese immigrants were attracted to the Tang dynasty-ruled Annan, and non-Chinese migrants started settling in the neighbouring areas; the blending of Chinese culture, Mon-Khmer, and Tai-Kadai in northern Vietnam led to the development of the national majority, the Việt people.^[12] The elites followed the Chinese clothing system more closely once the regions had been incorporated into the Chinese imperial system.^[12] During the thousand years of colonization, the Vietnamese adopted Chinese clothing and customs yet were not assimilated into the Han Chinese population.^[11]

Lý dynasty to Trần dynasty (1009–1400)[]

After northern Vietnam became independent from China, the Vietnamese elites both followed the Chinese fashions and created distinctive, but still heavily Chinese-influenced local Vietnamese styles.^[12] The Chinese style dress gradually spread to the Việt people commoners and among the people who were living in the surrounding regions which was being formally ruled by the Vietnamese; however, the form of the commoner clothing were distinct from those worn by the elite class.^[12] Almost all male commoners of the Việt ethnic and ethnic minorities started to wear Chinese style trousers and shirts.^[12]

Vietnamese wore a round neck costume, which was made from 4 parts of cloth called .^[14] Both men and women wore it. There are also other types such as: áo giao lĩnh (cross-collared robe). The garments "áo" (áo is for the upper part of body) are below knee length, and round neck garments have buttons when the cross-collared robe is tied to the right.

The Mahasattva Trúc Lâm Coming Out of the Mountains – Trần dynasty

Short hair or a shaven head was popular in Vietnam since the ancient period. Vietnamese men had shaven head or short hair during Trần dynasty.^[15] This can be seen in the painting "The Mahasattva Trúc Lâm Coming Out of the Mountains" which portrayed Trần Nhân Tông and men in the Trần dynasty^[16] as well as the Chinese encyclopedia "Sancai Tuhui" from 17th century. The convention was popular until the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam.

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  Vietnamese in Sancai Tuhui: short hair, wearing (left) and loincloth (right)

• 

  Trần dynasty clothing as depicted in "The Mahasattva Trúc Lâm Coming Out of the Mountains".

Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam[]

When the Han Chinese ruled the Vietnamese in the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam, due to the Ming dynasty's conquest during the Ming–Hồ War they imposed the Han Chinese style of men wearing long hair on short-haired Vietnamese men. The Vietnamese were ordered to stop cutting their hair and instead to grow their hair long and switch to Han Chinese clothing within a month by a Ming official. Ming administrators said their mission was to civilize the unorthodox Vietnamese barbarians.^[17] The Ming dynasty only wanted the Vietnamese to wear long hair and to stop teeth blackening so they could have white teeth and long hair like Chinese.^[18]

Later Lê dynasty (1428–1789)[]

The Lê dynasty encouraged the civilians to return to traditional customs: teeth blackening as well as short hair or shaved heads. A royal edict was issued by Vietnam in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like that of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479 Complete Chronicle of Đại Việt of Ngô Sĩ Liên.^[19]

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  Two women and a child in Tonkin around the 1700s.

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  Vietnamese nobleman and wife from Quảng Nam (Đàng Trong) in 1595.

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  Vietnamese nobleman and wife from Hải Môn harbor (Đàng Ngoài) in 1595.

Before 1744, people of both Đàng Ngoài (the north) and Đàng Trong (the south) wore áo giao lĩnh with thường (a kind of long skirt). The Giao Lĩnh dress appeared very early on in Vietnamese history, possibly during the first Chinese domination by Eastern Hàn, after Mǎ Yuán was able to finally defeat the Trưng Sisters’ rebellion. Those of the lower classes would prefer sleeves with reasonable widths or tight sleeves, and of simple colors. This stemmed from its flexibility in work, allowing people to move around with ease.^[20] Both male and female had loose long hair.

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  A servant woman and a mandarin of the Lê dynasty.

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  Portrait of Nguyễn Quý Đức in Đàng Ngoài. He was wearing a cross-collared robe (áo giao lĩnh) and had loose long hair.

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  Portrait of Prince Tôn Thất Hiệp (Nguyễn Phúc Thuần) of Đàng Trong from the 17th century. He wears a cross-collared robe (áo giao lĩnh).

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  Portrait of Lady Minh Nhẫn Mrs. Bùi Thị Giác (1738-1805), Thai Binh province of Đàng Ngoài in Revival Lê dynasty.

The Nguyễn lords were key players in promoting Chinese-style clothing in central and southern Vietnam when they expanded their territories and extended control over all the territories which used to be ruled by the Cham and the Khmer.^[21] While expanding their territories, the Việt people were brought to the south and the Nguyen lords allowed Ming dynasty Chinese refugees to settle in those areas, thus creating a mixed society which was composed of Việt, Chinese, and Chăm.^[21] Both Việt and the Chinese brought their own clothing style in Đàng Trong (Huế) and continued to wear their clothing until a proclamation by Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát who decreed that all the people under his rule had to changed their clothing into Ming-style Chinese clothing in order to make his people dressed differently from those under the rule of the Trịnh lords.^[21] As a result, the gown and skirt which was worn by the Việt and which was common in the north was replaced by trousers and gown with Chinese-style fasteners; this new form of clothing was described as an áo dài which was composed of a 4-panel gown by Lê Quý Đôn.^[21] In 1744, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát of Đàng Trong (Huế) both men and women at his court wear trousers and a gown with buttons down the front. That the Nguyen Lords introduced (predecessor of the current áo dài). The members of the Đàng Trong court (southern court) were thus distinguished from the courtiers of the Trịnh Lords in Đàng Ngoài (Hanoi),^[22][7] who wore áo giao lĩnh with long skirts.^[23]

• Paintings about Đàng Ngoài
• 

  Đàng Ngoài in Revival Later Lê dynasty: men were wearing Đinh Tự hats on their heads.

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  "Giảng học đồ" (講學圖 - Teaching): Đàng Ngoài in 18th century, Hanoi museum of National History;

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  "Giảng học đồ" (講學圖 - Teaching): Scholars and students wear cross-collared robe (áo giao lĩnh);

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  "Giảng học đồ" (講學圖 - Teaching): Adults had loose and long hair.

Hoàng Bào (Dragon Robe)[]

Phan Huy Chú wrote in the Categorized Records of the Institutions of Successive Dynasties (Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí),

"Since the Restored Later-Lê era, for grand and formal occasions, (the emperors) always wore Xung Thiên hat and Hoàng Bào robe...."

Through many portraits and images of rulers during Míng, Joseon, and more recently, Nguyễn of Vietnam, one could see that this standard existed for a long period of time within a very large region.^[20]

According to the book Weaving a Realm, the only artefact of the Lê's Hoàng Bào was the funeral robe of Emperor Lê Dụ Tông during the Restored Later-Lê period. However, the dragon patterns on this dress had already followed the "dragon–cloud [龍雲大會]" style, a common style of the late Míng dynasty. In this period, dragon designs were very large at the chest and back and smaller at the shoulders, with cloud and fire patterns all over the robe. One could see that the pattern style was closer to late Míng than early Míng, therefore Lê Dụ Tông's robe patterns were only specific to an era of the Restored Later-Lê, while the Early Later-Lê possibly still followed the dragon mandala style.^[20]

Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)[]

During unified Vietnam, the people in the northern and southern regions of Vietnam (i.e. previously Champa) continued to wear their local ethnic clothing.^[3] In the Southern regions, the people continued to wear their local clothing and became increasingly similar whereas in the northern regions, the clothing worn was very varied.^[3] When the Việt people started to assimilate the majority of the Cham and the Khmer Krom living in their new conquered southern territories; and the Vietnamese-ification of the Cham and the Khmer Krom lead to them adopting Việt style clothing while at the same time retaining several distinctive ethnic elements.^[12]

(predecessor of the current áo dài, which made of 5 parts of clothes) with standing collar and trousers was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyễn dynasty. "Váy đụp" (skirt) was banned.^[24] However, it was up to the 1920s in Vietnam's north area in isolated hamlets where skirts were worn.

The Vietnamese had adopted the Chinese political system and culture during the 1,000 years of Chinese rule so they viewed their surrounding neighbors like Khmer Cambodians as barbarians and themselves as a small version of China (the Middle Kingdom).^[25] By the Nguyễn dynasty the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han Chinese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers.^[26] Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty. They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. Vietnamese women married these Han Chinese refugees since most of them were soldiers and single men. Their descendants became known as Minh Hương and they strongly identified as Chinese despite influence from Vietnamese mothers. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike later Chinese migrants to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty.^[27]

Áo giao lĩnh still be used during Nguyễn dynasty. Besides, the Nguyễn dynasty created , khăn vấn.

The áo dài was created when tucks which were close-fitting and compact were added in the 1920s to this Chinese style. The Chinese clothing in the form of trousers and tunic were mandated by the Vietnamese Nguyễn government. The Chinese Ming dynasty, Tang dynasty, and Han dynasty clothing was referenced in order to be adopted by the Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (Nguyễn Thế Tông) from 1744.^[7]

• Clothing of the Imperials and Nobles.
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  Emperor Hàm Nghi weaing a turban called the khăn vấn.

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  Clothing of Emperor Khải Định.

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  Empress Nam Phương wearing an and khăn vành dây.

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  Princess Mỹ Lương wearing an and khăn vành dây.

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  Vietnamese ambassadors in Paris wearing traditional clothing.

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  Nguyễn dynasty mandarins dressed in formal wear.

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  The mandarin uniform of Nguyễn Tri Phương.

• Artifacts of Nguyễn dynasty
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  Imperial head-gear "Mũ Xung Thiên"

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  Court attires of Nguyễn Dynasty

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  Ceremonial dress of Marshall Nguyễn Tri Phương^[a]

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  Student uniforms of the imperial academy

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  19th century Phốc Đầu cap, with ornamented gold Kim Bác Sơn

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  Mandarin boots and shoes. Gilded metal, Nguyễn dynasty, 19th-early 20th century^[b]

• Common outfits of the Nguyễn dynasty
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  A painting depicting traditional clothing during the Nguyễn dynasty.

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  A northern Vietnamese girl with black teeth sitting on a chair.

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  A northern Vietnamese girl smiling.

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  A picture depicting traditional wedding costumes.

Twentieth century[]

From the twentieth century onward Vietnamese people have also worn clothing that is popular internationally. The Áo dài was briefly banned after the fall of Saigon, but was reintroduced back into the scene.^[28] It is worn in white by high school girls, often as part of school uniform in Vietnam. It is also worn by female receptionists and secretaries. Styles can differ in northern and southern Vietnam.^[29] The most popular type of Việt phục today is the áo dài for men and women, and suits or sometimes áo gấm (modified áo dài) for men.

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  Ao dai in Hanoi, 1950s

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  Ao dai in Saigon, 1947

Twenty-first century[]

In the 21st century, some companies and individuals are working on reviving, preserving, and upholding Vietnamese traditional culture, including Vietnamese clothing and designs. In 2013, researcher Trần Quang Đức published the book Ngàn năm áo mũ, marking the first step in restoring traditional costumes in Vietnam. Currently, there are many companies that research and reproduce traditional Việt phục, for example, a company called Ỷ Vân Hiên started to provide tailoring services of ancient Vietnamese clothing which included the Áo ngũ thân and Áo giao lĩnh.^[30] Ỷ Vân Hiên company largely reproduces clothing worn in the Nguyễn dynasty period.^[31] Other tailoring companies, such as Tran Thi Trang's company specializes in making ancient Vietnamese clothing which was typically worn between the Ngô dynasty and the Nguyễn dynasty.^[32] Painter Cu Minh Khoi and his friends launched the Hoa Văn Đại Việt project which digitized 250 ancient Vietnamese decorative patterns which spanned from the Lý dynasty to Nguyễn dynasty and applied them to variety of modern products such as keychains, calendars, T-shirts, and lucky money packets.^[30]

In 2018, a book called Dệt Nên Triều Đại in Vietnamese language and Weaving a Realm in English language was published by the Vietnam Centre, an independent, non-government and non-profit organization which aims to promote Vietnamese culture to the world.^[33] The book contained historical facts about ancient Vietnamese fashion, illustrations and photos.^[34] The book Dệt Nên Triều Đại only covers the early years of the Later Lê era's clothing traditions from 1437 to 1471 AD after the Ming dynasty's forces were defeated by Emperor Lê Lợi.^[34]

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  Áo bà ba is one of the most popular costumes of people in South Vietnam

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  Hoài Linh wearing an Áo bà ba.

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  Áo dài - Vietnam's most famous costume and considered the unofficial national dress with Nón lá and Lotus, they are one of the famous symbols of Vietnam

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  A girl siting in the Huế Citadel wearing the Áo dài.

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  A girl wears an Áo dài during Tết.

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  Quan họ ensemble all wearing the Áo tứ thân.

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  Couples wearing traditional clothing.

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  Áo tứ thân - a popular costume of women in the North of Vietnam before the 21st century (In the picture is a Áo tứ thân with a Nón quai thao)

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  Girl wearing Áo tấc on Tết

Examples of garments[]

• - a popular costume for the nobility under the Nguyễn Dynasty.
• Áo giao lĩnh – is a type of cross-collared robe that was commonly used throughout all dynasties of Vietnam, but by the Nguyễn Dynasty, Áo giao lĩnh was only used in rituals.
• - Is a type of round neck shirt popular throughout the dynasties of Vietnam, under the Nguyễn dynasty they were still used as vestments for mandarins, emperors, empress, and royal aristocrats.
• - is a type of Áo viên lĩnh, this costume was popular before the Nguyễn Dynasty, especially popular in the Lý and Trần dynasties.
• - a type of costume usually worn outside, popular in the Lý - Trần dynasties.
• Áo tứ thân – a four-piece woman's dress widely popular in the North of Vietnam.
• - full name is Áo ngũ thân lập lĩnh, this is a kind of standing neck costume with five piece, this costume is divided into two types: (Áo chẽn) and Áo ngũ thân tay thụng (). In addition, this type of costume is also the forerunner of the Áo dài later.
• - crow beak scarf is a traditional headscarf of ancient Vietnamese women.
• Yếm – woman's undergarment.
• Áo gấm – formal brocade tunic for government receptions, or áo the for the man in weddings.
• Đinh Tự, Phốc Đầu, the standard conical nón lá and lampshade nón quai thao (Headware)
• Khăn vấn – a type of turban worn by the Vietnamese people which is popular from Nguyễn dynasty to the present day.
• – typically shortened to "áo tràng" it is a robe worn by Upāsaka and Upāsikā in Vietnamese Buddhist temples.^[c]
• Áo dài – the typical Vietnamese formal dress
• Áo bà ba – two-piece ensemble for men and women^[35]
• Áo bà ba (black pyjamas), dép lốp (rubber sandals), and khăn rằn scarf.

Notes[]

References[]

• Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (2005), Danh tướng Việt Nam, Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục.

Sources[]

• Leshkowich, Ann Marie. "History of Ao Dai".
• Ay-leen (20 October 2010). "The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk".

External link[]

Media related to Clothing of Vietnam at Wikimedia Commons