Voss

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Voss (disambiguation).
Voss herad
Municipality
Voss in March 2005
Voss in March 2005
Coat of arms of Voss herad
Coat of arms
Official logo of Voss herad
Vestland within
Norway
Voss within Vestland
Voss within Vestland
Coordinates: 60°42′09″N 06°25′23″E / 60.70250°N 6.42306°E / 60.70250; 6.42306Coordinates: 60°42′09″N 06°25′23″E / 60.70250°N 6.42306°E / 60.70250; 6.42306
CountryNorway
CountyVestland
DistrictVoss
Established1 Jan 1838
Administrative centreVossevangen
Government
 • Mayor (2011)Hans-Erik Ringkjøb (Ap)
Area
 • Total2,041.97 km2 (788.41 sq mi)
 • Land1,957.86 km2 (755.93 sq mi)
 • Water84.11 km2 (32.48 sq mi)  4.1%
Area rank35 in Norway
Population
 (2020)
 • Total15,740
 • Rank77 in Norway
 • Density8/km2 (20/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
6%
Demonym(s)Vossing
Voss (male)
Vosse (female)[1]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4621
Official language formNynorsk[2]
Websitevoss.kommune.no
Data from Statistics Norway

Voss (About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) is a municipality and a traditional district in Vestland county, Norway. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Vossevangen. Other villages include Bolstadøyri, Borstrondi, Evanger, Kvitheim, Mjølfjell, , Stalheim, and Vinje.

Districts of Vestland:
  Nordfjord
  Sunnfjord
  
  
  Nordhordland
  Midthordland
  Sunnhordland
  Hardanger
  Voss

The 2,042-square-kilometre (788 sq mi) municipality is the 35th largest by area of Norway's 356 municipalities. Voss is Norway's 77th most populous municipality, with a population of 15,740. Its population density is 8 inhabitants per square kilometre (21/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6% over the last 10 years.[3][4]

Municipal history[]

View of the Skulestadmo area

The parish of Voss was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1867, a small area in northern Voss (population 28) was transferred to the municipality of Hosanger. On 1 January 1868, the municipality's northern district (population 2,009) was separated to form the new municipality of Vossestrand. This left 7,592 residents in Voss. On 21 August 1868, an unpopulated area of northern Voss was transferred to Vossestrand. On 1 January 1885, the western district of Voss (population 2,045) was separated to form the new municipality of Evanger. This left Voss with 5,403 residents.

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Voss (population 10,575), the municipality of Vossestrand (population 1,573), and most of the municipality of Evanger (population 1,075) were all merged into a new, larger municipality of Voss. (The rest of Evanger was merged into the new municipality of Vaksdal.)[5]

On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipality of Granvin merged with Voss, creating a larger Voss municipality. Before the merger, it was known as Voss kommune, but afterward it was called Voss herad, using the title herad which Gravin formerly had used.[6]

Name[]

The Old Norse form of the name was Vǫrs, and this might have been the old name of lake Vangsvatnet. If so, the name probably is derived from the word vǫrr, meaning "wave" or "sea" (-s is a common suffix in old Norwegian place names).[7]

Coat of arms[]

Voss's coat of arms was adopted in 2019 for use starting in 2020 after Granvin and Voss merged. The arms were similar to the old arms of Granvin Municipality and used the colors of the old arms of Voss. The arms are red with a white hardanger fiddle (Hardingfele), a Norwegian folk instrument. The area has an active folk-music tradition.[8]

The old arms were granted on 8 July 1977. They show a deer on a red background. The arms are based on the seal of Peter, who was the owner of the farm Finne in Voss, one of the largest farms in Western Norway during the Middle Ages. He used a silver deer on a red background as his personal coat of arms in 1303. His son also used a deer on his seals, as did most of their relatives until 1460. The shape and position of the deer varied, but it always was the main figure.[9]

  • Current arms since 2020

  • Arms from 1977 to 2019

Churches[]

The Church of Norway has seven parishes (sokn) in Voss. It is part of the Hardanger og Voss prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Churches in Voss
Parish (sokn) Church name Location Year built
Evanger Evanger Church Evanger 1851
Granvin Granvin Church Granvin 1726
Oppheim Oppheim Church 1871
Raundalen Raundalen Church Raundalen 1921
Vinje Vinje Church Vinje 1871
Voss Voss Church Vossevangen 1277

History[]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19519,433—    
196010,275+8.9%
197013,765+34.0%
198014,163+2.9%
199014,035−0.9%
200013,726−2.2%
201013,902+1.3%
202015,543+11.8%
Source: Statistics Norway.

  • View of Voss Church

  • Local youth perform at the Voss Kulturhus

    Local youth perform at the [1] Voss Kulturhus

  • A girl with auburn hair in pigtails poses next to a rude wooden fence. She wears a white ruffled shirt and a long brown dress.

    A girl of Voss, c. 1900

  • Fire in Voss after April 1940 bombing.

    Fire in Voss after April 1940 bombing (Voss church is at far left)

After the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, Voss was the main point of mobilisation for the Norwegian Army in the west, since the city of Bergen had already fallen on 9 April. From Bergen and the Hardangerfjord, the Nazis met stiff Norwegian resistance. In Hardanger, some of the Germans climbed up the mountains from ; the rest went through Granvin. To break down this resistance, the Luftwaffe bombed Voss on 23 and 24 April, and the surrounding countryside on 25 April. Nine people lost their lives in the bombing, which completely destroyed the old wood-built town centre. On 26 April, German forces entered Voss, which remained occupied until 8 May 1945.

In 1964, Voss was enlarged with the incorporation of the neighbouring municipalities Vossestrand and Evanger, which had until then been separate municipalities within the traditional district also known as Voss.

Government[]

All municipalities in Norway, including Voss, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. Voss is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor.[10] Voss falls under the Bergen District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council[]

Voss's municipal council (Heradsstyre) is made up of 43 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:

Voss Heradsstyre 2020–2023 [11]   hide
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)13
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet Dei Grøne)2
 Conservative Party (Høgre)5
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
 Red Party (Raudt)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)14
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Total number of members:43
Voss Kommunestyre 2016–2019 [12]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)16
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet Dei Grøne)2
 Conservative Party (Høgre)6
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
 Red Party (Raudt)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Voss Kommunestyre 2012–2015 [13]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)12
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)4
 Conservative Party (Høgre)8
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
 Red Party (Raudt)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)8
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Voss Kommunestyre 2008–2011 [12]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)13
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)5
 Conservative Party (Høgre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Red Party (Raudt)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)10
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)4
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Voss Kommunestyre 2004–2007 [12]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)16
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)5
 Conservative Party (Høgre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)8
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)5
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Voss Kommunestyre 2000–2003 [12]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)18
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)3
 Conservative Party (Høgre)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)2
Voss Kommunestyre 1996–1999 [14]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)12
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)2
 Conservative Party (Høgre)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)13
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
 Voss local list (Voss Bygdeliste)2
Voss Kommunestyre 1992–1995 [15]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)6
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
 Conservative Party (Høgre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)2
 Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)15
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)3
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
 Voss local list (Voss Bygdeliste)8
Voss Kommunestyre 1988–1991 [16]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)20
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)3
 Conservative Party (Høgre)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)4
 Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)7
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Joint list of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and
Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)		3
Voss Kommunestyre 1984–1987 [17]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)18
 Progress Party (Framstegspartiet)1
 Conservative Party (Høgre)7
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)4
 Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)8
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Voss Kommunestyre 1980–1983 [18]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)16
 Conservative Party (Høgre)8
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
 Liberal People's Party (Liberale Folkepartiet)1
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)3
Voss Kommunestyre 1976–1979 [19]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)18
 Conservative Party (Høgre)4
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)5
 New People's Party (Nye Folkepartiet)2
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)11
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)2
 Liberal Party (Venstre)1
Voss Kommunestyre 1972–1975 [20]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)18
 Conservative Party (Høgre)2
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)4
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)11
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)3
Voss Kommunestyre 1968–1971 [21]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)19
 Conservative Party (Høgre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)11
 Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)6
Voss Kommunestyre 1964–1967 [22]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)20
 Conservative Party (Høgre)3
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)12
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
Voss Heradsstyre 1960–1963 [23]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)17
 Conservative Party (Høgre)2
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)9
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Voss Heradsstyre 1956–1959 [24]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)17
 Conservative Party (Høgre)2
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)9
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Voss Heradsstyre 1952–1955 [25]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)12
 Conservative Party (Høgre)1
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)8
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Voss Heradsstyre 1948–1951 [26]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Conservative Party (Høgre)1
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)1
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti)3
 Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)9
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Voss Heradsstyre 1945–1947 [27]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti)2
 Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)8
 Liberal Party (Venstre)5
 Local List(s) (Lokale lister)3
Voss Heradsstyre 1938–1941* [28]  
Party Name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet)10
 Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet)10
 Liberal Party (Venstre)8

Mayor[]

The mayors of Voss (incomplete list):

  • 2011–present: Hans-Erik Ringkjøb (Ap)
  • 2007-2011: Gunn Berit Lunde Aarvik (Ap)
  • 1999-2007: Bjørn Christensen (Ap)
  • 1992-1999: Ragnhild Skjerveggen (Sp)
  • 1984-1991: Peder Vangsnes (Ap)
  • 1976-1983: Anders S. Ringheim (Sp)
  • 1972-1975: Nils Mugaas (Ap)
  • 1964-1971: Lars Nesheim Hovda (Sp)
  • 1960-1963: Arne Nilsen (Ap)

Geography and climate[]

Voss has a subarctic climate, with cold winters and mild summers. It is in the innermost part of the and includes the valleys that head inland from there. Voss has several large lakes: Evangervatnet, Hamlagrøvatnet, Lønavatnet, Oppheimsvatnet, Torfinnsvatnet, and Vangsvatnet. In the north, Voss reaches to the valley, which leads to the Nærøyfjorden. The Stalheimsfossen waterfall near Stalheim sits just above that valley. The Raundalen valley in the east is the main route of the Bergensbanen railway line, which connects eastern and western Norway.

hideClimate data for Voss, Norway
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.6
(33.1) 		9.4
(48.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.5
(23.9) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.9
(42.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		4.9
(40.8)
Average low °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		1.2
(34.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 123
(4.8) 		89
(3.5) 		97
(3.8) 		49
(1.9) 		56
(2.2) 		71
(2.8) 		78
(3.1) 		95
(3.7) 		160
(6.3) 		161
(6.3) 		150
(5.9) 		151
(5.9) 		1,280
(50.2)
Average precipitation days 15.5 10.0 11.5 9.1 10.1 10.7 12.1 13.0 16.5 17.5 16.1 16.4 158.5
Source: Weatherbase.com[29]

Tourism[]

Farm buildings at the Voss Museum.
Panoramic view of Voss in early spring.
Voss church, built in 1277.

Voss is surrounded by snow-capped mountains, forests, lakes and fast-flowing whitewater rivers. This has led to its development as a notable center of skiing, water sports, skydiving, paragliding and other adventure sports. Every year in the last week of June the area hosts the Ekstremsportveko[30] (Extreme Sports Week), which is regarded as the world's premier extreme sports festival. Bømoen, the local airstrip, is home to Skydive Voss, one of the largest dropzones in Norway, as well as a gliding club. The rivers provide various levels of white water, attracting kayaking, rafting and river boarding. Kite surfing and may be seen on lake Vangsvatnet. The ski area, to the north of the town, is accessible via a cable car, Hangursbanen. There is also chair lift access from , a short distance northeast of Voss.

The town's proximity to the Sognefjord and its position between Bergen and Flåm on the scenic railway have made it popular with tourists. One of the sights on the road to Flåm is the waterfall Tvindefossen.

The Voss Museum displays several old farmsteads, including a larger-than-life stone statue of Lars O. Kindem. Next to the open-air part, there is a museum with over 20,000 items from traditional farm life.

Bird life[]

Voss has a wide range of habitats, from high barren mountains to rich fertile valleys. The large areas of coniferous forests provide food and shelter for a host of species, while the many wetland areas are regarded as some of the most interesting birding habitats in the county. There is a bird reserve at Lønaøyane with marked paths and a tower hide. Over 155 species have been seen there. Many are common in Scandinavia, but the area has also produced such unexpected species as the great egret, European hobby, and woodlark.

Notable residents[]

The Arts[]

Sjur Helgeland, 1890
  • Christiane Schreiber (1822-1898) a Norwegian portrait painter
  • Knud Bergslien (1827–1908) painter, art teacher and master artist
  • Ola Mosafinn (1828–1912) a Norwegian Hardanger fiddle player and composer
  • Brynjulf Bergslien (1830–1898) sculptor
  • Nils Bergslien (1853–1928) an illustrator, painter and sculptor
  • Sjur Helgeland (1858−1924) a Norwegian hardingfele fiddler and composer
  • Lars Tvinde (1886–1973) a stage and film actor [31]
  • Lars Fletre (1904–1977) a Norwegian-American designer, sculptor and painter
  • Liv Bernhoft Osa (born 1957) a Norwegian actress [32]
  • Olav Dale (1958–2014) a composer, orchestra leader and jazz saxophonist
  • Kåre Kolve (born 1964) & Ivar Kolve (born 1967) jazz musicians
  • Signe Førre (born 1994) a singer, upright bassist and composer

Athletes[]

Sjur Røthe, 2019

Olympic champions[]

Voss is a winter sports center and has in recent times been the home of many world-class athletes in several winter sports, most prominently biathlon, but also alpine skiing, nordic skiing and freestyle skiing. In all, athletes from Voss have won 6 gold medals, 5 silver medals and 7 bronze medals at winter Olympic games. Athletes from Voss have been present, representing Norway, at every winter Olympic games except one since 1948 Winter Olympics, the exception being 1972.

Kari Traa, 2008

Public Servants & TV[]

Gunnstein Akselberg, 2019
  • Jens Gran Gleditsch (1860–1931) theologian and Bishop of Nidaros
  • Johannes Lid (1886–1971) a Norwegian botanist
  • Lars Leiro (1914–2005) a Norwegian politician, former Transport Minister
  • Svein Blindheim (1916–2013) a military officer, known for his resistance work
  • Jon Lilletun (1945-2006) politician, Minister of Education and Research, 1997-2001
  • Gunnstein Akselberg (born 1949) linguist and academic
  • Ingvild Bryn (born 1961) a journalist and news anchor for NRK
  • Arne Hjeltnes (born 1963) a writer and presenter for TV2
  • Linda Eide (born 1969) a TV and radio presenter, comedian, actor and chat-show host
  • Guri Solberg (born 1976) TV host at TV2

Norwegian-Americans[]

Like the rest of Western Norway, Voss saw large-scale emigration, particularly to the United States, in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Torkild Rieber on the cover page of Time Magazine.
  • Elling Eielsen (1804–1883) the first Lutheran Church leader in the USA
  • Iver Lawson (1821–1871) a real estate investor and newspaper publisher
  • John Anderson (1836–1910) founder and publisher Skandinaven
  • Eli Pederson (1837–1909) Wisconsin State Assemblyman
  • Knute Nelson (1843–1923) US Senator & 12th Governor of Minnesota 1893-1895
  • Canute R. Matson (1843–1903) Sheriff of Cook County, Illinois
  • Aad J. Vinje (1857–1929) Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
  • Thorstein Himle (1857–1925) missionary with the Lutheran Hauge Synod
  • Ragnvald Nestos (1877–1942) the 13th Governor of North Dakota 1921–1925.
  • Torkild Rieber (1882–1968) chairman of Texaco
  • Knute Rockne (1888–1931) American footballer and coach, commemorated by a memorial in Vossevangen
  • Lars Fletre (1904–1977) a designer and sculptor

References[]

  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-02-01.
  5. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.
  6. ^ "Ein ny kommune" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  7. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1919). Norske gaardnavne: Nordre Bergenhus amt (in Norwegian) (12 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 527.
  8. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  9. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  10. ^ Hansen, Tore, ed. (2016-05-12). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  11. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Vestland". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  13. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Hordaland". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  14. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  15. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
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  17. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
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