Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

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"Queen Wilhelmina" redirects here. For the queen consort, see Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands.
Wilhelmina
Jacob Merkelbach, Afb 010164033306.jpg
Queen Wilhelmina in the late 1940s
Queen of the Netherlands
Reign23 November 1890 –
4 September 1948
Inauguration6 September 1898
PredecessorWilliam III
SuccessorJuliana
RegentsQueen Emma (1890–1898)
Princess Juliana (1947–1948)
Born(1880-08-31)31 August 1880
Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Netherlands
Died28 November 1962(1962-11-28) (aged 82)
Het Loo Palace, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
Burial8 December 1962
Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands
Spouse
Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
​
​
(m. 1901; died 1934)​
IssueJuliana of the Netherlands
Names
Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria
HouseOrange-Nassau
FatherWilliam III of the Netherlands
MotherEmma of Waldeck and Pyrmont
ReligionDutch Reformed Church
SignatureWilhelmina's signature

Wilhelmina (Dutch pronunciation: [ʋɪlɦɛlˈminaː] (About this soundlisten); Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw both World War I and World War II, as well as the Dutch economic crisis of 1933.

The only child of King William III of the Netherlands and Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Wilhelmina ascended to the throne at the age of 10 after her father's death in 1890, under her mother's regency. After taking charge of government, Wilhelmina became generally popular for maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War and solving many of her country's industrial problems. By that time, her business ventures had made her the world's first female billionaire in dollars.[1] She went on to ensure that her family was one of seven European royal houses remaining in existence.

Following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, Wilhelmina fled to Britain and took charge of the Dutch government-in-exile. She frequently spoke to the nation over radio and came to be regarded as a symbol of the resistance.[1] By 1948, she had returned to the liberated Netherlands and was the only survivor of the 16 monarchs who were sitting on their thrones at the time of her coronation.[2] Increasingly beset by poor health, Wilhelmina abdicated in favour of her daughter Juliana in September 1948 and retired to Het Loo Palace, where she died in 1962.

She remains popular in the Netherlands, even among the Dutch Republican movement.[3] This is due to her being seen as a symbol of Dutch Resistance during World War II.

Youth[]

Queen Wilhelmina in the 1890s

Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of the Netherlands of Orange-Nassau was born on 31 August 1880, in Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Netherlands. She was the only child of King William III and Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Her childhood was characterised by a close relationship with her parents, especially with her father, who was 63 years old when she was born. In her memoir, Lonely But Not Alone, Wilhelmina wrote that she recalled her father riding horses.

Under the Semi-Salic system of inheritance that was in place in the Netherlands until 1887, Wilhelmina was third in line to the throne from birth. Her father had had three sons with his first wife Sophie of Württemberg, but two of them had died before Wilhelmina's birth. The only other surviving male relatives from the House of Orange were his uncle Frederick, who died in 1881 when his daughter was one year old, and his third son Alexander, who died before she turned four. By 1887, the 70-year-old King finally abandoned the 'hope of a son' with his young wife and made the pragmatic decision to settle the throne upon his only surviving child.

Queen Victoria and Queen Wilhelmina in a montage photo (1895)

King William III died on 23 November 1890 and 10-year-old Wilhelmina became Queen of the Netherlands, though her mother was named regent. In 1895, Wilhelmina visited Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who penned an evaluation in her diary: "The young Queen ... still has her hair hanging loose. She is slender and graceful, and makes an impression as a very intelligent and very cute girl. She speaks good English and knows how to behave with charming manners."[1]

On 6 September 1898, Wilhelmina was sworn-in at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam.[4] She was well aware what was expected by the elected representatives, but was a strong-willed, forceful woman who spoke and acted her mind. She "hated" politicians and instead stated a love for the people. Reflecting popular opinion in the Netherlands at the time, Wilhelmina expressed a level of disdain towards the British for their annexations of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State in the Boer War. The Boers were descended from Dutch colonists who migrated to the region while it was a Dutch colony, and the Dutch people, Wilhelmina included, felt a close level of affinity towards them. In one conversation with her former governess, the Briton Elisabeth Saxton Winter, Wilhelmina facetiously referred to the Boer commandos as "excellent shots". During the war, Wilhelmina ordered the Dutch cruiser HNLMS Gelderland to Portuguese East Africa with the order to evacuate Paul Kruger, the president of the South African Republic.[5]

Marriage[]

Queen Wilhelmina and her daughter Juliana, circa 1914

On 7 February 1901 in The Hague, Queen Wilhelmina married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Although she was devoted to her spouse at the time of their wedding, it proved in the long run to be an unhappy marriage that did little more than meet its obligation by producing an heir. Prince Henry was known to have had numerous extra-marital affairs, at least one of which resulted in illegitimate offspring. On 9 November, nine months after her marriage, Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage. On 4 May 1902, she gave birth to a premature stillborn son. Her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906.[6] During this time Wilhelmina's heir presumptive was her first cousin once removed William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Next in line was her cousin Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

As it was assumed that the former would renounce his claim to the Dutch throne and that the latter was too elderly to become Queen, Marie Alexandrine's eldest son, German Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz, stood in line to succeed Wilhelmina if she had no surviving children. Prince Heinrich had close associations with the German Imperial family and military, so there were fears that were the Queen to remain childless, the Dutch Crown "was bound to pass into the possession of a German prince, whose birth, training, and affiliations would naturally have led him to bring Holland [sic] within the sphere of the German Empire, at the expense of its independence, both national and economic", according to one contemporary publication.[7] The birth of Princess Juliana, on 30 April 1909, was met with great relief after eight years of her childless marriage.[8] Juliana formed a close relationship with her mother, who suffered two further miscarriages on 23 January and 20 October 1912.[6]

World War I[]

Statue of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Amsterdam

Before the First World War began, Wilhelmina visited the powerful German Emperor Wilhelm II. The emperor thought he could impress the ruler of a relatively small country by telling her, "My guards are seven feet tall and yours are only shoulder-high to them." The queen smiled politely and replied, "Quite true, Your Majesty, your guards are seven feet tall. But when we open our dikes, the water is ten feet deep!"[9] She was very wary of a German attack, especially in the beginning. Partly due to her political influence, the Netherlands remained neutral during World War I. However, the Allies included the Netherlands in their blockade of Germany, intercepting all Dutch ships and severely restricting Dutch imports to ensure that goods could not be passed on to Germany. Furthermore, the Russian revolution by the Bolsheviks in 1917 cost the queen almost 20% of her financial assets.

Being a woman, Wilhelmina could not be the Supreme Commander, but still used every opportunity she had to inspect the Crown forces. She appeared without prior notice on many occasions to see reality instead of a prepared show. She wanted a small but well-trained and equipped army and was very unhappy with most of her governments, which were always eager to cut the military budget. In June 1917, Wilhelmina returned from a two-day visit to Zaltbommel on the train that derailed at Houten, but remained unharmed and helped to take care of the injured.[10]

Civil unrest gripped the Netherlands after the war, spurred by the end of the Russian Empire. Instead of a violent revolution, Socialist leader Pieter Jelles Troelstra wanted to abolish the existing government and the monarchy by winning control of Parliament in an election with the support of the working class. However, Wilhelmina's popularity helped restore confidence in the government. She brought about a mass show of support by riding alongside her daughter through the crowds in an open carriage. At the end of World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm fled to the Netherlands, where he was granted political asylum, partly owing to his familial links with the royal family. In response to Allied efforts to get their hands on the deposed Kaiser, Wilhelmina called the Allies' ambassadors to her presence and lectured them on the rights of asylum.[11]

Interwar period[]

Medal depicting Queen Wilhelmina

Wilhelmina had a keen understanding of business matters. She used her personal wealth inherited from her family to make several investments in the United States, which eventually made her the world's richest woman and first female billionaire in dollars. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Netherlands began to emerge as an industrial power with the help of the Queen's funds. Engineers reclaimed vast amounts of land that had been under water by building the Zuiderzee Works, the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century. Its main purposes were to improve flood protection and create additional land for agriculture.

In 1939, the government proposed a refugee camp near the city of Apeldoorn for German Jews fleeing the Nazi regime. However, Wilhelmina intervened because she felt the planned location was "too close" to the royal family's summer residence. Indeed if spies were to be among the fugitives, they would be within walking distance of Het Loo Palace. After long discussions, the camp was finally erected about 10 km from the village of Westerbork.

Aside from economical and security matters, Queen Wilhelmina used most of the 1930s to find a suitable husband for Juliana. This was a difficult task since she was very religious and insisted that her daughter's husband would be a Protestant of royal birth. Many prospects from the United Kingdom and Sweden either declined or were turned down by Juliana. Finally, mother and daughter found a suitable match in German Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Wilhelmina had her lawyers draft a very detailed prenuptial agreement that specified exactly what her future son-in-law could and could not do.

World War II[]

Queen Wilhelmina in 1942

On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands. Despite her hostility towards the British, the almost sixty-year-old Queen Wilhelmina and her family fled The Hague and boarded HMS Hereward, a British destroyer sent by King George VI to take them across the North Sea. There is an ongoing debate about the royal family's departure. Some[who?] say that an evacuation to the United Kingdom had been planned some time in advance, since at least the end of 1939.[12][13] Others[who?] say the queen boarded the destroyer with the intent of going to the Dutch province of Zeeland, which had not yet been conquered. However, along the journey, it became clear that due to advancing German forces, Zeeland was not safe either, forcing the destroyer to sail for the United Kingdom. In any case, she arrived in the United Kingdom on 13 May, planning to return to the Netherlands as soon as possible.[14] The Dutch armed forces in the Netherlands, apart from those in Zeeland, surrendered on 15 May.

In Britain, Queen Wilhelmina took charge of the Dutch government in exile, setting up a chain of command and immediately communicating a message to her people. Relations between the new Dutch government and the queen were tense, with mutual dislike growing as the war progressed. She went on to be the most prominent figure, owing to her experience and knowledge, which earned her respect and support among the other leaders of the world. On the other hand, the new Dutch government did not have a parliament to back them and had few employees to assist them. The Dutch prime minister, Dirk Jan de Geer, believed the Allies would not win and intended to open negotiations with Germany for a separate peace. Therefore, Wilhelmina sought to remove De Geer from power. With the aid of minister Pieter Gerbrandy, she succeeded.

During the war, Queen Wilhelmina's photograph was a sign of resistance against the Germans. Like Winston Churchill, Wilhelmina broadcast messages to the Dutch people over Radio Oranje. She called Adolf Hitler "the arch-enemy of mankind". Her late-night broadcasts were eagerly awaited by her people, who had to hide to listen to them illegally. An anecdote published in her New York Times obituary illustrates how she was valued by her subjects during this period:

Although celebration of the Queen's birthday was forbidden by the Germans, it was commemorated nevertheless. When churchgoers in the small fishing town of Huizen rose and sang one verse of the Dutch national anthem, Wilhelmus van Nassauwe, on the Queen's birthday, the town paid a fine of 60,000 guilders.[1]

Queen Wilhelmina speaking to the US Congress, 1942

Queen Wilhelmina visited the United States from 24 June to 11 August 1942 as a guest of the U.S. government. She vacationed in Lee, Massachusetts and visited New York City, Boston, and Albany, New York. In the latter city, she attended the 300th anniversary celebration of the First Church in Albany, established by Dutch settlers in the 17th century. She addressed the U.S. Congress on 5 August 1942 and was the first queen to do so. Shortly afterwards, Wilhelmina went to Canada in 1943 to attend the christening of her new granddaughter Margriet on 29 June 1943 in Ottawa and stayed a while with her family before returning to the United Kingdom.

During Operation Steinbock, Queen Wilhelmina was almost killed by a bomb that took the lives of several of her guards and severely damaged her residence near South Mimms in England. In 1944, Wilhelmina became the first woman since the 15th century, other than queens of the United Kingdom, to be inducted into the Order of the Garter. Churchill described her as "the only real man among the governments-in-exile" in London.[15]: 146 [16]: 193 

In England, Queen Wilhelmina developed ideas about a new political and social life for the Dutch after the liberation, wanting to create a strong cabinet formed by people active in the resistance. She dismissed De Geer and installed a new prime minister with the approval of other Dutch politicians. When the Netherlands was liberated in 1945, the queen was disappointed to see the same political factions taking power as before the war. In mid-March 1945, she travelled to the liberated areas of the southern Netherlands, visiting the region of Walcheren and the city of Eindhoven where she received a rapturous welcome from the local population.[17] On 2 May 1945, she came to stay in a small country estate called Anneville located just south of Breda with Juliana and adjuncts Peter Tazelaar, Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema and fellow Engelandvaarder Rie Stokvis.[18] Anneville was the scene of a number of processions where the residents of Breda and the surrounding communities came to greet their Queen. She remained there for a little over six weeks.

Shortly after the war, Queen Wilhelmina wanted to give an award to the Polish Parachute Brigade for their actions during Operation Market Garden and wrote the government a request. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Eelco van Kleffens, opposed the idea because he thought an award for the Poles would upset relations with the 'Big Three' and harm national interests.[19] The Polish Parachute Brigade were just awarded the Military Order of William on 31 May 2006 after 61 years.

Later years[]

Statue of Queen Wilhelmina in Noordwijk
Collecting signatures for the queen, 1948

Following the end of World War II, Queen Wilhelmina made the decision not to return to her palace but to move into a mansion in The Hague, where she lived for eight months. She travelled through the countryside to motivate people, sometimes using a bicycle instead of a car. However, in 1947, while the country was still recovering, the revolt in the oil-rich Dutch East Indies saw the sharp criticism of the queen by the Dutch economic elite.

Around the same time, Queen Wilhelmina's health started failing, forcing her to cede her monarchial duties to Princess Juliana temporarily towards the end of 1947 (14 October through 1 December). She considered abdication, but her daughter pressed her to stay on for the stability of the nation. Wilhelmina had every intention of doing so, but exhaustion forced her to relinquish monarchial duties to Juliana again on 12 May 1948, which left the princess to deal with the early elections caused by the ceding of the Indonesian colonies.

Dismayed by the return to pre-war politics and the pending loss of Indonesia, Wilhelmina abdicated on 4 September 1948 after a reign of 57 years and 286 days due to advancing age and illness. She passed the crown to Juliana and was thenceforward styled "Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands". Since then, the influence of the Dutch monarchy continued to decline but the country's love for its royal family continued.

No longer queen, Wilhelmina retreated to Het Loo Palace, making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the North Sea flood of 1953. Once again, she travelled around the country to encourage and motivate the Dutch people. During her last years, she wrote her autobiography, entitled Eenzaam, maar niet alleen (Lonely but Not Alone), in which she gave her account of the events in her life and revealed her strong religious feelings.

Wilhelmina died of cardiac arrest in Het Loo Palace at the age of 82 on 28 November 1962. She was buried in the Dutch royal family crypt in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft, on 8 December. At her request and contrary to protocol, the funeral was completely in white to give expression to her belief that earthly death was the beginning of eternal life.[20] According to German Salic law, the House of Orange-Nassau-Dietz became extinct upon her death, but this rule is not recognised by royal Dutch succession laws.

In addition to being the last male-line descendant of House Orange-Nassau, she was also the last great-grandchild of Emperor Paul I of Russia.

In popular culture[]

Titles, styles and honours[]

Titles and styles[]

Royal Monogram
  • 31 August 1880 – 21 June 1884: Her Royal Highness Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau[23]
  • 21 June 1884 – 23 November 1890: Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of Orange-Nassau[23]
  • 23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948: Her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau[23]
  • 4 September 1948 – 28 November 1962: Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands[23]

Wilhelmina's full regnal title from her accession to her marriage was: "Wilhelmina, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Limburg, etc." She adopted her husband's ducal title upon marriage as customary, becoming also a duchess of Mecklenburg.[24]

Honours[]

Since Wilhelmina received no Dutch honours before ascending the throne aged ten and resigned the position of grand master when she abdicated in 1948, she was in the unusual position of being a Dutch princess and former queen who did not hold a Dutch honour. Her daughter and successor therefore appointed her Grand Cross of the Military William Order. This was the only Dutch honour she ever held in her life in a personal capacity.[27][28]

Foreign[]

Garter-encircled Royal Arms of Queen Wilhelmina displayed on her Order of the Garter placard on display in St. George's Hall, Windsor Castle

Eponyms[]

Wilhelmina Bay
  • Queen Wilhelmina State Park in Arkansas, and Wilhelmina Bay in Antarctica are named for Queen Wilhelmina.
  • In 1892, the company Fortuin celebrated its 50th anniversary by producing peppermint candy with the image of the 12-year-old Princess Wilhelmina, which have continued in production since then.[44] Among Dutch sweets, these mints have become the "most Dutch of all".[45]

Ancestry[]

See also: Dutch monarchs family tree

After Wilhelmina had taken office in 1890, rumours were spread by Socialist satirical magazine De Roode Duivel ("The Red Devil") that William III was not her real father, but Emma's confidant, S.M.S. de Ranitz. This would undermine the legitimacy of the Queen's reign. Although no hard evidence exists for the allegations and the consensus amongst historians is that they are false,[46][47][48] the rumours were stubborn and still feature in conspiracy theories circulating in republican circles.[49][50][note 1] The author of the rumour, the later parliamentarian and senator Louis Maximiliaan Hermans, was sentenced to six months imprisonment for lèse-majesté in 1895 for a different article and cartoon in De Roode Duivel, mocking the two queens.[53][54]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d "Wilhelmina of Netherlands Dies" (UPI), The New York Times, 28 November 1962. pp. A1–A39.
  2. ^ "Queen Wilhelmina". Life. Vol. 25 no. 7. 16 August 1948. p. 83. ISSN 0024-3019.
  3. ^ Fitzwilliams, Richard (30 April 2013). "What Dutch 'Bicycling Royals' Can Teach World's Royals". Cable News Network (CNN).
  4. ^ "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Wilhelmina". United States Navy. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
  5. ^ Cees Fasseur, Wilhelmina: De jonge koningin, 1998, ISBN 9050185045
  6. ^ a b "Genealogy of the Royal Family of the Netherlands". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  7. ^ "Were A Monarch To Fall Dead", The Washington Post, 7 May 1905
  8. ^ [1] Archived 14 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Caged no more". Time. 7 December 1962. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008.
  10. ^ "Ontsporing koninklijke trein" [Royal train derailment] (in Dutch). Oudhouten.
  11. ^ "Worried Queen". Time. 27 November 1939. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
  12. ^ van der Zee, Nanda (1997). Om erger te voorkomen. De voorgeschiedenis en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog [To avoid worse. The history and implementation of the destruction of Dutch Jewry during the Second World War] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. ISBN 978-90-290-7338-7.
  13. ^ Blom, Hans (1997). "Een droevig boek. RIOD-directeur vindt Om erger te voorkomen totaal mislukt" [A sad book. RIOD director finds 'To prevent worse' completely unsuccessful]. Historisch Nieuwsblad (in Dutch).
  14. ^ Reston, James R. (14 May 1940). "Queen Wilhelmina goes to England". The New York Times.
  15. ^ Hicks, Pamela (2012). Daughter of Empire: My Life as a Mountbatten. Toronto: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-3382-1.
  16. ^ State, Paul F. (2008). A Brief History of the Netherlands. New York: Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-0832-2.
  17. ^ van der Zee, Henri A. (1998). The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 200–203. ISBN 978-0-8032-9618-3.
  18. ^ Hazelhoff, Erik (2003). In Pursuit of Life. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7509-3281-3.
  19. ^ Van Kleffens, Eelco (1983). Belevenissen II 1940–1958 [Experiences II 1940–1958] (in Dutch). Alphen aan de Rijn. pp. 115–117. ISBN 978-90-218-3095-7.
  20. ^ Wilhelmina (1959). Eenzaam maar niet alleen [Lonely but Not Alone] (in Dutch). p. 251.
  21. ^ Queen Wilhelmina Leads the Netherlands Into Civilization VI: Rise & Fall. PCGamer. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  22. ^ Bas Agterberg, George Sluizer & Daniel Biltereyst. The Cinema of the Low Countries. Wallflower Press, 2004. p.142
  23. ^ a b c d "H.M. (koningin Wilhelmina) koningin Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, koningin der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau – Parlement & Politiek". Parlement.com. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  24. ^ "The Netherlands: Princely and Royal Style: 1813–2013". Archontology.com. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Staatsalmanak voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 1921, "Koninkrijk Huis der Nederlanden" p. 1
  26. ^ "Militaire Willems-Orde: Oranje-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, Prinses van" [Military William Order: Orange-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, Princess of]. Ministerie van Defensie (in Dutch). 4 September 1948. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  27. ^ "De Huizen van Oranje en Nassau -Geschiedenis Militaire Willems Orde".
  28. ^ "Militaire Willems-Orde voor prinses Wilhelmina, 7 oktober 1948". www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl.
  29. ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royale Belgique (in French), Bruxelles, 1899, p. 74 – via hathitrust.org
  30. ^ "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" (in Czech), Czech Medals and Orders Society. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  31. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 467. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  32. ^ "Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen". ritarikunnat.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  33. ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 500, 598. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
  34. ^ "Luisen-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), Berlin, 1895, p. 193 – via hathitrust.org
  35. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 157.
  36. ^ Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008, 2008, s. 299
  37. ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 11–12. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  38. ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (7 May 1899). "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๕ หน้า ๖๔)" (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 8 May 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ^ "Real Orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1893. p. 159. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  40. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1925, p. 808, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  41. ^ "Piet Worm, Het gouden prentenboek 1898–1948 · dbnl". dbnl.org. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  42. ^ "St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  43. ^ List of Knights of the Garter – 1348 to present – via heraldica.org.
  44. ^ Wilhelmina Mints "History of Wilhelmina Mints" Archived 18 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ Sweets: A History of Candy "Europe: Wilhelmina Mints"
  46. ^ Jan Bank (2012). "Wilhelmina (1880–1962)". Historici.nl. Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  47. ^ Meulen, Dik van der; (2013) 'Koning Willem III 1817–1890', pp. 616–618 (e-book)
  48. ^ Cees Fasseur, De gekroonde republiek (2011) p. 56.
  49. ^ Ruud Verdonck (14 November 1998). "Zelfgebreide republikeinen". Trouw. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  50. ^ Laurens Dragstra (26 August 2014). "Het kind van de koning". KloptDatWel.nl. Stichting Skepsis. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  51. ^ J. van Bree (2013). "Koningskind. Royal Detective". Bol.com. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  52. ^ Jaap Pleij (26 February 2013). "Arjen Lubach schrijft adembenemende koninklijke thriller". Roosendaal24. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  53. ^ "Rechtzaken Majesteitschennis". De Tijd. 12 December 1895. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  54. ^ "Zaak-Hermans". De Tijd. 18 December 1895. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
Notes
  1. ^ The royal detective Koningskind (2011) by Rob van Hoorn and the thriller IV (2013) by Arjen Lubach both revolve around a fictional investigative journalist who tries finding out whether someone other than William III (perhaps De Ranitz) was the actual father of Wilhelmina, which might result in a constitutional crisis.[51][52]

Sources[]

  • Hubbard, Robert H. (1977). Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0310-6
  • Wilhelmina. (1959). Eenzaam maar niet alleen. Amsterdam: Ten Have Uitgevers Kok. ISBN 978-90-259-5146-7. Full text (pdf, 8 MB) online.

External links[]

Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
Cadet branch of the House of Nassau
Born: 31 August 1880 Died: 28 November 1962
Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen of the Netherlands
1890–1948 		Succeeded by

Retrieved from ""