Wong Nai Siong

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Huang (surname).
Wong Nai Siong
Wong Nai-siong in 1911.jpg
Personal details
Political party
Spouse(s)[First wife - Mdm Xie] [Second Wife - Mdm Qian]

Wong Nai Siong (Chinese: 黄乃裳) (1849—1924) as a Chinese revolutionary leader and educator from Minqing county in Fuzhou, Fujian province, China. He served in The Methodist Episcopal Church for many years and participated in the "Ten Thousand Word Memorial" or the "Memorial of the Examination Candidates" Petition (Gongche Shangshu movement) in 1895.[1] He also took part in the Hundred Days' Reform in 1898[1] and the 1911 Xinhai Revolution[2] which resulted in the founding of the Republic of China. Wong Nai Siong led people from Fujian province of China to migrate to Sibu , Sarawak.[3]

Early life, conversion and education[]

Wong Nai Siong was born in Minqing County, Fujian Province, where his father was a carpenter.[4][5] He did farm work to help provide for his family, studying at the same time. In 1866, missionaries from the Methodist Episcopal came; Wong Nai Siong was baptized and converted to Christianity on December the 16th that year.[6] The villagers disapproved, but didn't ostracize him, as they were from the same clan. As time went by, many villagers also converted to Christianity.

In the winter of 1867, priest Xu Yang Mei took Wong Nai Siong as an assistant and taught him the Bible. This led to Wong Nai Siong's being exposed to Western culture and thinking. When asked his reason for converting to Christianity, Wong Nai Siong remarked on the disparity between the teachings of Confucius and the actions of those who professed Confucianism.

Imperial Examination[]

During his missionary time, Wong Nai Siong noted that few Christians among the influential people in the area, so he decided to take part in the Imperial Examination. In 1877, he became a scholar and was successful in obtaining the shenyuan licentiate degree.[7] His father died in 1884. In 1894, Wong Nai Siong graduated with a 30th position in the Imperial Examination attaining the degree of Juren.[7]

Hundred Days reform[]

In 1894, Wong Nai Siong's third brother was killed in the First Sino-Japanese War. Believing that government incompetence and corruption had led to the downfall of his country, he met Kang Youwei in Beijing and participated in the Gongche Shangshu movement in 1895.[7] In 1896, Wong founded the first modern Chinese newspaper called Fubao and advocated socio-political reform and education of the masses.[7] In 1897, he once again sat for the Imperial Exam. In 1898 following the leading reformers of the hundred Day's reform, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, Wong submitted eight memorials for modernization of China.[7] Wong's most well known memorial was 'petition for the Romanization of Chinese characters or Pinyin. Empress Dowager Cixi however, found these reforms far to radical and attempted to arrest the reformers and executed some of the leaders of the Reform.[7] Wong was number eleventh on the list of wanted Imperials Criminals pursued by the Qing Imperial army. He managed to escape pursuit and returned to Fujian.[7]

young Wong Nai Siong

Reconnaissance for resettlement[]

In September 1899, Wong Nai Siong came to Singapore and worked as an editor for a local newspaper. During his stint, knowing that life was difficult for the people of Fujian, he went to Malaya, Sumatra and the Dutch East Indies to search for locations for immigrant resettlement and escape from Empress CiXi's authoritarian rule.

In April 1900, at the recommendation of his son-in-law, he investigated Sarawak's Rejang River Basin. In this area with a small population and large amount of undeveloped land, immigrants were welcomed. In late May 1900, Wong Nai Siong, acting as the harbour master, signed a resettlement contract with the Brooke government for the Rejang Riverbanks area.

Resettlement at Sibu[]

In September 1900, Wong Nai Siong and his party started recruiting villagers to immigrate to Sibu; they were able to recruit over 500. On 23 December 1900, the first batch of 91 immigrants left for Sibu, arriving on 12 January 1901. Some of the prospective immigrants changed their minds during the journey, so only 72 people reached Sibu.

The second batch of immigrants was led by Wong Nai Song personally from Fujian.[8] However, during their stop in Singapore, rumours of the villagers being sold as coolies resulted in a riot. Wong Nai Siong, with the help of the priest from the Methodist Episcopal Church, was able to stop the rioting. On 5 March 1901, the immigrants left Singapore; they reached Sibu eleven days later.[9]

The third batch of immigrants totalled 1118, of whom two-thirds were Christians. They reached Sibu on 7 June 1902.

Wong Nai Siong renamed Sibu as New Fu Zhou. He took out a loan of to build six atap houses in New Zhushan to accommodate the farmers.[10] Later, he changed the name of New Zhushan to New Cuo Ann, reflecting the prosperity of the new settlement.

Wong Nai Siong gave each farmer 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land for farming. However, the new immigrants were not accustomed to the local climate and many fell ill. On top of that, they had to explore new techniques of farming, which made their life more difficult.

Wong Nai Siong established the New Fuzhou Company, which sold basic necessities, including rice and salt, to the immigrants. He built five churches and a primary school during his stint in Sibu.

During a lion dance event on the Yuan Xiao of 1930 (15 January of the Lunar Calendar), there was a gang fight between the Fuzhou immigrants and the immigrants from Guangdong. This had to be settled by Wong Nai Siong and the Guangdong immigrant leader. To prevent future conflicts, the Brooke government directed immigrants from Fuzhou to develop the area below Rejang Sibu.

In June 1904, Wong Nai Siong passed the managing duties to American priest James Hoover, and returned to Fujian. There were many rumours regarding his departure, including poor health, his yearning for revolutionary work, huge debt and his reluctance to deal opium. After this departure, Hoover introduced rubber-tree planting; the boom in latex propelled Sibu's economy.

1911; Wong Nai Siong, first row, fourth from left

Return to China[]

In June 1906, Wong Nai Siong met Sun Yat-sen in Singapore and joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance. He started disseminating revolutionary propaganda in China, and was involved in the planning of the Chaozhou Huanggang Uprising and the promoting of Fuzhou's education and industrialisation.

Constitution revolution[]

In 1909, the government began promoting the establishment of a constitution. Wong Nai Siong was elected as a committee member for the Fujian Province. During his term, he submitted several detailed proposals regarding such matters as the establishment of a coastal police, the promotion of farming and industrialisation, and the prohibition of the sale of opium. In 1910, he became the chairman of the Fuzhou YMCA.

Resignation[]

In 1912, Wong Nai Siog quit his position due to poor health, although rumours suggested that it was due to his support for the prosecution of Pengshou Song, Secretary of the Fujian Provincial Government Administration Council (Hunan). In 1914, Yuan Shi Kai framed Wong Nai Song for obstructing the "smoke ban" campaign, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Upon pressures from abroad, he was released a few months later.

Later years[]

Wong Nai Siong in his later years
Wong Nai Siong, first row, seventh from right

In 1920, Wong Nai Siong was appointed the higher consultant in the Marshal Office by Sun Yat Sen. In 1921, while on leave in Fujian, he was also appointed a senior consultant in the Fujian Province Office.

In July 1923, he returned to Minqing County due to liver illness. He died on 22 September 1924.

After death[]

In China[]

On 13 May 1947, Fujian Province changed the name of Wang Hou Street to Nai Siong Road, to commemorate Wong Nai Siong's lectures in the Ming Qing Hall located on the street. The road was renamed as Shu Xin Road during the Cultural Revolution, but the name was later changed back to Nai Siong Road.

In December 1979, Ming Qing County of Fujian built a memorial museum at the Ban Tou River. A statue of Wong Nai Siong was erected the following year.

In 1995, the Ming Qing Ban Dong Town Lake Street was renamed "Nai Siong Street", and the Wong Nai Siong memorial museum in Ming Qing Tai Shan Park was completed.

In 1991, the graves of Wong Nai Siong and his brother Wong Nai Mo were declared provincial cultural relics. In 2001, they became a base for patriotism education.

Overseas[]

In 1958, Sibu Municipal named one of the streets to Nai Siong Road. On 16 March 1961, Sibu celebrated its 60th year of resettlement and unveiled the statue of Wong Nai Siong. In 1967, the "Wong Nai Siong Secondary School" was established. On 16 March 2001, Wong Nai Siong Park and Wong Nai Siong Monument were opened to the public. On 23 November 2007, during the twentieth anniversary of Hong Kong's Asia Week, Taiwanese author and Taiwan's minister of culture Lung Ying-tai mentioned Wong Nai Siong's accomplishments and expressed her disappointment that not many people know of Wong Nai Siong. On 24 November 2012, during a seminar on "Wong Nai Siong and the Fujian Spirit", participants from both China and Taiwan suggested shooting a feature film on Wong Nai Siong. Wong Nai Siong's great granddaughter Wong Bi Yao (Anne Pang) revealed that she would be meeting Lung Ying_tai in late 2012 to discuss Lung's suggestion.

Tribute[]

In 1950, in honor of Wong Nai Siong's dedication, a Sibu-based private secondary school was established and named S.M. Wong Nai Siong, named after him.

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Pang, Anne (2011). Huang Naishang: a Chinese Christian reformer in late Qing and early republican China (1st ed.). Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia: Sibu Foochow Association. pp. 43, 73. ISBN 978-983-42523-4-2. OCLC 793169651.
  2. ^ Pang, Anne (2011). Huang Naishang: a Chinese Christian reformer in late Qing and early republican China (1st ed.). Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia: Sibu Foochow Association. pp. 91–117. ISBN 978-983-42523-4-2. OCLC 793169651.
  3. ^ Pang, Anne (2011). Huang Naishang: a Chinese Christian reformer in late Qing and early republican China. Sibu, Sarawak: Sibu Foochow Association. pp. 210–337. ISBN 978-983-42523-4-2. OCLC 793169651.
  4. ^ Pang, Anne (2011). Huang Naishang: a Chinese Christian reformer in late Qing and early republican China (1st ed.). Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia: Sibu Foochow Association. p. 23. ISBN 978-983-42523-4-2. OCLC 793169651.
  5. ^ Lee Khoon Choy (26 March 2013). Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their Multi-ethnic Descendants In Southeast Asia. World Scientific. p. 462. ISBN 978-981-4518-49-9.
  6. ^ Pang, Anne (2011). Huang Naishang: a Chinese Christian reformer in late Qing and early republican China (1st ed.). Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia: Sibu Foochow Association. p. 24. ISBN 978-983-42523-4-2. OCLC 793169651.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pang, Anne (2011). Huang Naishang: a Chinese Christian reformer in late Qing and early republican China (1st ed.). Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia: Sibu Foochow Association. pp. 40–79. ISBN 978-983-42523-4-2. OCLC 793169651.
  8. ^ Patricia Pui Huen Lim; Chong Guan Kwa; James H. Morrison (1998). Oral History in Southeast Asia: Theory and Method. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 127. ISBN 978-981-230-027-0.
  9. ^ David W. Scott (26 July 2016). Mission as Globalization: Methodists in Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4985-2664-7.
  10. ^ Pat Foh Chang (1999). Legends & History of Sarawak. Chang Pat Foh. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-983-9475-06-7.
  • [1] - Wong Nai Siong and Sun Yat Sen
  • [2] - Remembering Wong Nai Siong
  • [3] - Wong Nai Siong's Status

External links[]

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