Zafarnama (letter)

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Zafarnamah
ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ
‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ظفرنامہ
by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Zafarnama.jpg
Original titleZafarnāmāh
Written1705
CountryMughal Empire (present day India)
LanguagePersian
Subject(s)Apostlicity of Humanity
Genre(s)Religion, Letter
MeterChantt
Followed byAkal Ustat
Part of a series on
Dasam Granth
Dasam Granth frontispiece British Library Manuscript Or 6298 1825-1850 CE.jpg
Dasam Granth - (ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ)
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The Zafarnāma (Punjabi: ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ, Persian: ظفرنامہ, lit. Epistle of Victory) was a spiritual victory letter sent by Sri Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to the Mughal Emperor of India, Aurangzeb, after the Battle of Chamkaur. The letter is written in Persian script and verse.[1] The version currently in circulation found in the Dasam Granth, the compilation of Guru Gobind Singh’s poetry, is in Gurmukhi script and Persian verse. Guru Gobind Singh sent Bhai Daya Singh with the help of Naib Subedar Haji Sardar Shah to deliver the Zafarnama to Emperor Aurangzeb in Ahmednagar on 5 January 1707, the last day of Ramadaan that year.

Content[]

In this letter, Guru Gobind Singh Ji reminds Aurangzeb how he and his soldiers had broken their oaths sworn upon the Qur'an when they promised safe passage to the Guru but launched a hidden attack of 10,00,000 men on forty famished Sikh soldiers. He tells Aurangzeb this was not a battle, it was a slaughter. As such, in spite of losing most of his Sikhs in this attack, he had won a moral victory over the Emperor who had broken his vows to Allah. He also states that despite sending a huge army to capture or kill the Guru, the Mughal forces did not succeed in their mission.

In the 111 verses of this notice, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji rebukes Aurangzeb for his weaknesses as a human being and for excesses as a leader. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji also confirms his confidence and his unflinching faith in the Almighty even after suffering extreme personal loss of his father, mother, all four of his sons, and many fellow Sikhs to Aurangzeb's tyranny. Sri Guru Guru Gobind Singh then invites Aurangzeb to meet him in Kangar village near Bathinda (Punjab) and assures him the Brar tribe will not harm him (Aurangzeb) as they are under his command. "On the way there will be no danger to your life, for, the whole tribe of Brars accepts my command. (59)"

Of the 111 verses, the maximum numbers of 34 verses are to praise God; 32 deal with Aurangzeb’s invitation for the Guru to meet him and the Guru's refusal to meet the Emperor – instead the Guru asks Aurangzeb to visit him; 24 verses detail the events in the Battle of Chamkaur, which took place on 22 December 1704; 15 verses reprove Aurangzeb for breaking promise given by him and by his agents to the Guru; In verses 78 and 79, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji had also warned Aurangzeb about the resolve of the Khalsa not to rest till his evil empire is destroyed; 6 verses praise Aurangzeb. In spite of losing his four beloved sons, his Kingdom of Anandpur Sahib, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji thanked the God for everything. He accepted the fortune and mentioned in Zafarnama that he still won as he didn't betray or cheat. He and his Sikh army fought courageously and laid their lives for the good. They fought a war against evil with pristine intention and no one with bad intentions can defeat him as God is always by his side.

One of the most quoted verses from the Zafarnama is verse 22:

"Chun kar az hameh heelate dar guzasht,
Halal ast burdan bi-shamsheer dast."

"When all has been tried, yet
Justice is not in sight,
It is then right to pick up the sword,
It is then right to fight"[2]

History[]

Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote this letter from the village of Dina in Malwa region of the Punjab. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji spent few days at Dina and then moved to Dod, Kotkapura, Dhilwan Kalan, Jaitu, Shri Muktsar Sahib, , and Damdama Sahib. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji's last fight with Mughal Army happened at Khidrane Di Dhaab, now called Sri Muktsar Sahib.

It is said that a copy of the Zafarnama, written by the Guru himself, was found with the Mahant of Patna Sahib in 1890 and one Babu Jagan Nath made a copy; this copy was somehow misplaced by him. Since Babu Jagan Nath was himself a scholar in Persian language, he could reproduce it from his memory and got it printed in Nagri Parcharni Patrika in Benaras. He is also believed to have sent a copy to Sardar Umrao Singh Shergill in Amritsar who is said to have given it to Khalsa college and which in turn reproduced in Makhzan-e-Twarikh Sikhan. In Punjab newspapers, it first appeared in the Khalsa Samachar of 16 July 1942. Then in 1944, Kapur Singh ICS published it in Urdu Ajit of Lahore under the heading "Fatehnama". It is quite possible that in the process of translations and publications of the Zafarnama at different stages, some verses were not reproduced correctly and what we have today is not the original Zafarnama of the Guru in its entirety. The abrupt end of the Zafarnama also indicates that it is not complete and that some verses have been left out. Objections raised by some scholars on the authenticity of a few verses may be viewed in this context.

References[]

  1. ^ Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace. ISBN 9380213646.
  2. ^ Singh, Guru Gobind (2011). Zafarnama. Translated by Sarna, Navtej. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books India. p. 23. ISBN 9780670085569.

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