0s

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For other uses, see 0s (disambiguation) and 0S (disambiguation).
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Map of the world in 1 AD.

The 0s began on January 1, 1 AD and ended on December 31, 9 AD, covering the first nine years of the Common Era. It is one of the two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans (along with 0s BC) that contain 9 years, and thus are not true decades (a span of 10 years). Estimates for the world population by 1 AD range from 150 to 300 million.[1][2]

In Europe, the 0s saw the continuation of conflict between the Roman Empire and Germanic tribes in the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania. Tiberius, Ahenobarbus, Vinicius and Varus led Roman forces in multiple punitive campaigns, before sustaining a major defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Concurrently, the Roman Empire fought the Bellum Batonianum against an alliance of native peoples of in two regions of Illyricum, Dalmatia and Pannonia, led by Bato the Daesitiate. In AD 8, the Breuci of the Sava valley surrendered, but it took a winter blockade and another season of fighting before the surrender in Dalmatia in AD 9. A conflict also took place in Korea, where Daeso, King of Dongbuyeo invaded Goguryeo with a 50,000-man army in 6 AD. He was forced to retreat when heavy snow began to fall, stopping the conflict until the next decade. In China, Wang Mang established the Xin dynasty.

Literary works from the 0s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid; the Ars Amatoria, an instructional elegy series in three books, Metamorphoses, a poem which chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework, and Ibis, a curse poem written during his years in exile across the Black Sea for an offense against Augustus. Nicolaus of Damascus wrote the 15-volume History of the World.

A census was concluded in China in 2 AD: final numbers showed a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. Dionysius Exiguus assigned Jesus's birth date in 1 AD, in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).

Events

This section is transcluded from AD 1. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).[3]
Asia[]
  • Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.[citation needed]
Americas[]
  • The Olmec 2 phase of the Olmec civilization begins; San Lorenzo and La Venta grow in population.[citation needed]

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar.[4][5] However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.[4][5] Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).[6]

This section is transcluded from AD 2. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla persuades Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years of enforced retirement on Rhodes.
  • Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia, on the Euphrates. Rather than invade the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.
Europe[]
Africa[]
  • Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and becomes enamoured of her.
China[]
  • Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan.
  • The first census is concluded in China after having begun the year before: final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.[7]

This section is transcluded from AD 3. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.[8]
Europe[]
  • Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, king of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.[citation needed]
China[]
  • Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.[9]

This section is transcluded from AD 4. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
  • Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
  • The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
  • A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.
  • Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
  • Augustus pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, along with Aemilia Lepida, the granddaughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
Middle East[]
  • King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia—the beginning of the interregnum.
Korea[]
China[]

By topic[]

Arts and sciences[]

This section is transcluded from AD 5. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, king of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain.
  • The Germanic tribes of Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome.
  • Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior.
  • Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin.
  • Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius.

This section is transcluded from AD 6. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system - the vigiles, initially manned only by freedmen - is created by the Princeps Augustus to allow quicker response to outbreaks of fire in the city.[11]
  • Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the grain rations distributed to the people, sends away his slave retinue, and places the senate in recess indefinitely. [12]
  • The Princeps Augustus sets up a treasury, the aerarium militare (170 million sestertii), with the specific purpose of paying bonuses to retiring legion veterans. This is financed by a 5% tax on inheritances, a system said to have been suggested in Julius Caesar's memoirs.[13]
  • The Temple of Castor and Pollux is rededicated in Rome to Tiberius.
  • A pamphletting campaign in Rome is quashed by the Princeps Augustus. Publius Plautius Rufus is accused but found innocent of the crime.[14]
  • Princeps Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.
  • Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX Valeria Victrix fight with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.[15]
  • The building of a Roman fort signifies the origin of the city of Wiesbaden.
  • The Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia and Pannonia revolt and begin the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt. [15][16]
  • Troops are levied in Rome to send to Illyricum from freedmen and slaves freed specifically for the purpose.[16]
  • Tiberius marches back from the northern border to Illyricum to commence operations against the Illyrians.[17][18]
  • Gaius Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia, and is heavily involved in the first battles of the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt.[19][20]
  • Marcus Plautius Silvanus is made governor of Galatia and Pamphylia and suppresses an uprising of the Isaurians in Pamphylia. [21]
  • Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.[14]
  • Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces destroying the Dardani.
  • Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas of Galilee, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master.
China[]
  • January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.[22]
  • February 3 – The boy emperor, Ping Di, dies of unexpected causes at age 14; Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, Ruzi Ying, age 2,[22] starting the Jushe era of the Han Dynasty.
  • Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations.
  • The imperial Liu clan suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June.[22]

This section is transcluded from AD 7. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
China[]
  • Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong), emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
  • Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.
Persia[]

This section is transcluded from AD 8. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
Europe[]
Persia[]
Judea[]
  • Jesus is found in the Temple of Jerusalem reasoning with the learned men of Judea.[citation needed]
China[]
  • Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
  • Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin Dynasty.[22]

By topic[]

Arts[]
  • After completing Metamorphoses, Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman calendar.

This section is transcluded from AD 9. ( | )

By place[]

China[]
  • January 10 – Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until AD 25). Wang Mang names his wife, Wang, empress and his son, Wang Lin Crown Prince, heir to the throne.
  • Empress Wang is given the title of Duchess Dowager of Ding'an, while Ruzi Ying, the former Emperor of Han, becomes the Duke of Ding'an. Ruzi Ying is placed under house arrest.
  • Lui Kuai, Marquess of Zuziang, attacks the Dukedom of Fuchong under his brother Liu Ying. Lui Kuai is defeated and killed in the ensuing battle.
Roman Empire[]

By topic[]

Literature[]
  • Ovid completes the curse poem Ibis.

Significant people[]

  • Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, 8–5 BC, 2 BC – 2 AD, 6–11
  • , Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC – 2 AD
  • , Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
  • Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
  • Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC – 5 AD
  • Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
  • Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China r. 9–23
  • Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC – 17 AD
  • Arminius, German war chief
  • Arshak II, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 20 BC-1 AD
  • Pharasmanes I, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 1-58
  • Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC – 10 AD
  • Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC – AD 9
  • Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
  • Suinin, Legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – 70 AD
  • Natakamani, King of Kush, r. (1 BC – AD 20)
  • Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, 4 BC–AD 7, 13–50
  • , King of Osroene, 7–13
  • Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC – 4 AD
  • Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC – 4 AD
  • Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
  • Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
  • Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
  • Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – AD 14)
  • Gaius Caesar, Roman general
  • Livy, Roman historian
  • Ovid, Roman poet
  • Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
  • Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC – 9 AD
  • Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC – 20 AD
  • Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
  • Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC – 4 AD
  • Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24

Births[]

Transcluding articles: AD 1, AD 2, AD 3, AD 4, AD 5, AD 6, AD 7, AD 8, and AD 9

AD 1

AD 2

AD 3

AD 4

AD 5

AD 6

AD 7

AD 8

AD 9

Deaths[]

Transcluding articles: AD 1, AD 2, AD 3, AD 4, AD 5, AD 6, AD 7, AD 8, and AD 9

AD 1

AD 2

AD 3

  • Bao Xuan, Chinese politician of the Han Dynasty

AD 4

AD 6

AD 7

AD 8

AD 9

See also[]

  • 00s (disambiguation)

References[]

  1. ^ Jerome (Chronicon 2020) says he died in AD 4 in the 70th year of his life, which would place the year of his birth at 65 BC.
  1. ^ John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch? Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173.
  2. ^ (s) Carl Haub, 1995, "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" Population Today, Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6.
  3. ^ Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History, Book II. p 271.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Declercq 2000.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Declercq 2002.
  6. ^ Dunn 2003.
  7. ^ Klingaman 1990, p. 56.
  8. ^ History.com Editors. "Augustus". HISTORY. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  9. ^ "Wang Mang | emperor of Xin dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  10. ^ Klingaman 1990, p. 64.
  11. ^ Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 26.
  12. ^ Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 26-27.
  13. ^ Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 25.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 27.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 29.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Velleius Paterculus, Book 2, Ch 110.
  17. ^ Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 30.
  18. ^ Velleius Paterculus, Book 2, Ch 111.
  19. ^ Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 25-30.
  20. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius, ch 9 & ch 16.
  21. ^ Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 28.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Klingaman 1990.
  23. ^ Radman-Livaja, I., Dizda, M., Archaeological Traces of the Pannonian Revolt 6–9 AD: Evidence and Conjectures, Veröffentlichungen der Altertumskommiion für Westfalen Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Band XVIII, p. 49
  24. ^ "Ban Biao - Chinese official". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  25. ^ Sanders, E. P. (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus (1st ed.). London: Allen Lane. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0713990591.
  26. ^ Mommsen 1996.
  27. ^ Roberts, John. The Oxford dictionary of the classical world. Oxford University Press. p. 799. ISBN 9780192801463.

Sources[]

  • Declercq, Georges (2000). Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 143–147. ISBN 978-2503510507.
  • Declercq, Georges (2002). "Dionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Era". Sacris Erudiri. Brussels: Brepols. 41: 165–246. doi:10.1484/J.SE.2.300491. ISSN 0771-7776. Annotated version of a portion of Anno Domini
  • Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered. Christianity in the Making. 1. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-0802839312.
  • Klingaman, William K. (1990). The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman. Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0785822561.
  • Mommsen, Theodore (1996), A History of Rome Under the Emperors, UK: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10113-1
  • Sanders, Ed P. (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Allen Lane Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-14-192822-7.
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