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February 3

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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  2018 (Saturday)
  2017 (Friday)
  2016 (Wednesday)
  2015 (Tuesday)
  2014 (Monday)
  2013 (Sunday)
  2012 (Friday)

February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 331 days remain until the end of the year (332 in leap years).

Events[]

Pre-1600[]

  • 1112Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.[1]
  • 1451Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.[2]
  • 1488Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands in Mossel Bay after rounding the Cape of Good Hope, becoming the first known European to travel so far south.[3]
  • 1509 – The Portuguese navy defeats a joint fleet of the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut, and the Republic of Ragusa at the Battle of Diu in Diu, India.[4]

1601–1900[]

  • 1661Maratha forces under Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj defeat the Mughals in the Battle of Umberkhind.
  • 1690 – The colony of Massachusetts issues the first paper money in the Americas.
  • 1706 – During the Battle of Fraustadt Swedish forces defeat a superior Saxon-Polish-Russian force by deploying a double envelopment.
  • 1781American Revolutionary War: British forces seize the Dutch-owned Caribbean island Sint Eustatius.
  • 1783Spain–United States relations are first established.
  • 1787 – Militia led by General Benjamin Lincoln crush the remnants of Shays' Rebellion in Petersham, Massachusetts.
  • 1807 – A British military force, under Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty captures the Spanish Empire city of Montevideo, now the capital of Uruguay.
  • 1809The Territory of Illinois is created by the 10th United States Congress.
  • 1813José de San Martín defeats a Spanish royalist army at the Battle of San Lorenzo, part of the Argentine War of Independence.[5]
  • 1830 – The London Protocol of 1830 establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire as the final result of the Greek War of Independence.
  • 1870 – The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing voting rights to male citizens regardless of race.

1901–present[]

  • 1913 – The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect an income tax.
  • 1916 – The Centre Block of the Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada burns down with the loss of seven lives.
  • 1917World War I: The American entry into World War I begins when diplomatic relations with Germany are severed due to its unrestricted submarine warfare.
  • 1918 – The Twin Peaks Tunnel in San Francisco, California begins service as the longest streetcar tunnel in the world at 11,920 feet (3,633 meters) long.
  • 1927 – A revolt against the military dictatorship of Portugal breaks out at Oporto.[6]
  • 1930Communist Party of Vietnam is founded at a "Unification Conference" held in Kowloon, British Hong Kong.
  • 1931 – The Hawke's Bay earthquake, New Zealand's worst natural disaster, kills 258.
  • 1933Adolf Hitler announces that the expansion of Lebensraum into Eastern Europe, and its ruthless Germanisation, are the ultimate geopolitical objectives of Third Reich foreign policy.
  • 1943 – The SS Dorchester is sunk by a German U-boat. Only 230 of 902 men aboard survive.
  • 1944World War II: During the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, U.S. Army and Marine forces seize Kwajalein Atoll from the defending Japanese garrison.
  • 1945 – World War II: As part of Operation Thunderclap, 1,000 B-17s of the Eighth Air Force bomb Berlin, a raid which kills between 2,500 and 3,000 and dehouses another 120,000.
  • 1945 – World War II: The United States and the Philippine Commonwealth begin a month-long battle to retake Manila from Japan.
  • 1953 – The Batepá massacre occurred in São Tomé when the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners unleashed a wave of violence against the native creoles known as forros.
  • 1958 – Founding of the Benelux Economic Union, creating a testing ground for a later European Economic Community.[7]
  • 1959 – Rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson are killed in a plane crash along with the pilot near Clear Lake, Iowa.
  • 1960British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan speaks of "a wind of change", signalling that his Government was likely to support decolonisation.
  • 1961 – The United States Air Forces begins Operation Looking Glass, and over the next 30 years, a "Doomsday Plane" is always in the air, with the capability of taking direct control of the United States' bombers and missiles in the event of the destruction of the SAC's command post.
  • 1966 – The Soviet Union's Luna 9 becomes the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon, and the first spacecraft to take pictures from the surface of the Moon.[8]
  • 1971 – New York Police Officer Frank Serpico is shot during a drug bust in Brooklyn and survives to later testify against police corruption.[9]
  • 1972 – The first day of the seven-day 1972 Iran blizzard, which would kill at least 4,000 people, making it the deadliest snowstorm in history.[10]
  • 1984 – Doctor John Buster and a research team at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in the United States announce history's first embryo transfer, from one woman to another resulting in a live birth.[11]
  • 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B is launched using Space Shuttle Challenger.
  • 1989 – After a stroke two weeks previously, South African President P. W. Botha resigns as leader of the National Party, but stays on as president for six more months.
  • 1989 – A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954.
  • 1994Space Shuttle program: STS-60 is launched, carrying Sergei Krikalev, the first Russian cosmonaut to fly aboard the Shuttle.[12]
  • 1995 – Astronaut Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to pilot the Space Shuttle as mission STS-63 gets underway from Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
  • 1998Cavalese cable car disaster: a United States military pilot causes the death of 20 people when his low-flying plane cuts the cable of a cable-car near Trento, Italy.[13]
  • 2007 – A Baghdad market bombing kills at least 135 people and injures a further 339.
  • 2014 – Two people are shot and killed and 29 students are taken hostage at a high school in Moscow, Russia.

Births[]

Pre-1600[]

  • 1338Joanna of Bourbon (d. 1378)[14]
  • 1392Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, English nobleman and military commander (d. 1455)[15]
  • 1428Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1458)[citation needed]
  • 1478Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (d. 1521)[16]
  • 1504Scipione Rebiba, Italian cardinal (d. 1577)[17]

1601–1900[]

  • 1677Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect, designed the Karlova Koruna Chateau (d. 1723)
  • 1689Blas de Lezo, Spanish admiral (d. 1741)[18]
  • 1721Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, Prussian general (d. 1773)
  • 1736Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian composer and theorist (d. 1809)[19]
  • 1747Samuel Osgood, American soldier and politician, 1st United States Postmaster General (d. 1813)
  • 1757Joseph Forlenze, Italian ophthalmologist and surgeon (d. 1833)[citation needed]
  • 1763Caroline von Wolzogen, German author (d. 1847)[20]
  • 1777John Cheyne, Scottish physician and author (d. 1836)
  • 1790Gideon Mantell, English scientist (d. 1852)
  • 1795Antonio José de Sucre, Venezuelan general and politician, 2nd President of Bolivia (d. 1830)
  • 1807Joseph E. Johnston, American general and politician (d. 1891)
  • 1809Felix Mendelssohn, German pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1847)
  • 1811Horace Greeley, American journalist and politician (d. 1872)
  • 1816Ram Singh Kuka, Indian credited with starting the Non-cooperation movement
  • 1815Edward James Roye, 5th President of Liberia (d. 1872)[21]
  • 1817Achille Ernest Oscar Joseph Delesse, French geologist and mineralogist (d. 1881)
  • 1817 – Émile Prudent, French pianist and composer (d. 1863)
  • 1821Elizabeth Blackwell, American physician and educator (d. 1910)
  • 1824Ranald MacDonald, American explorer and educator (d. 1894)
  • 1826Walter Bagehot, English journalist and businessman (d. 1877)
  • 1830Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903)
  • 1842Sidney Lanier, American composer and poet (d. 1881)
  • 1843William Cornelius Van Horne, American-Canadian businessman (d. 1915)
  • 1857Giuseppe Moretti, Italian sculptor, designed the Vulcan statue (d. 1935)
  • 1859Hugo Junkers, German engineer, designed the Junkers J 1 (d. 1935)
  • 1862James Clark McReynolds, American lawyer and judge (d. 1946)
  • 1867Charles Henry Turner, American biologist, educator and zoologist (d. 1923)
  • 1872Lou Criger, American baseball player and manager (d. 1934)
  • 1874Gertrude Stein, American novelist, poet, playwright, (d. 1946)
  • 1878Gordon Coates, New Zealand soldier and politician, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1943)
  • 1887Georg Trakl, Austrian pharmacist and poet (d. 1914)
  • 1889Artur Adson, Estonian poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1977)
  • 1889 – Carl Theodor Dreyer, Danish director and screenwriter (d. 1968)
  • 1892Juan Negrín, Spanish physician and politician, 67th Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1956)
  • 1893Gaston Julia, Algerian-French mathematician and academic (d. 1978)
  • 1894Norman Rockwell, American painter and illustrator (d. 1978)
  • 1898Alvar Aalto, Finnish architect, designed the Finlandia Hall and Aalto Theatre (d. 1976)
  • 1899Café Filho, Brazilian journalist, lawyer, and politician, 18th President of Brazil (d. 1970)
  • 1900Mabel Mercer, English-American singer (d. 1984)

1901–present[]

  • 1903Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish soldier, pilot, and politician (d. 1973)
  • 1904Pretty Boy Floyd, American gangster (d. 1934)
  • 1905Paul Ariste, Estonian linguist and academic (d. 1990)
  • 1905 – Arne Beurling, Swedish-American mathematician and academic (d. 1986)
  • 1906George Adamson, Indian-English author and activist (d. 1989)
  • 1907James A. Michener, American author and philanthropist (d. 1997)
  • 1909André Cayatte, French lawyer and director (d. 1989)
  • 1909 – Simone Weil, French mystic and philosopher (d. 1943)
  • 1911Jehan Alain, French organist and composer (d. 1940)
  • 1912Jacques Soustelle, French anthropologist and politician (d. 1990)
  • 1914Mary Carlisle, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2018)
  • 1915Johannes Kotkas, Estonian wrestler and hammer thrower (d. 1998)
  • 1917Shlomo Goren, Polish-Israeli rabbi and general (d. 1994)
  • 1918Joey Bishop, American actor and producer (d. 2007)
  • 1918 – Helen Stephens, American runner, baseball player, and manager (d. 1994)
  • 1920Russell Arms, American actor and singer (d. 2012)
  • 1920 – Tony Gaze, Australian race car driver and pilot (d. 2013)
  • 1920 – Henry Heimlich, American physician and author (d. 2016)
  • 1924E. P. Thompson, English historian and author (d. 1993)
  • 1924 – Martial Asselin, Canadian lawyer and politician, 25th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 2013)
  • 1925Shelley Berman, American actor and comedian (d. 2017)
  • 1925 – John Fiedler, American actor (d. 2005)
  • 1926Hans-Jochen Vogel, German lawyer and politician, 8th Mayor of Berlin (d. 2020)
  • 1927Kenneth Anger, American actor, director, and screenwriter
  • 1927 – Blas Ople, Filipino journalist and politician, 21st President of the Senate of the Philippines (d. 2003)[22]
  • 1933Paul Sarbanes, American lawyer and politician (d. 2020)
  • 1934Juan Carlos Calabró, Argentinian actor and screenwriter (d. 2013)
  • 1935Johnny "Guitar" Watson, American blues, soul, and funk singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1996)[23]
  • 1936Elizabeth Peer, American journalist (d. 1984)
  • 1936 – Bob Simpson, Australian cricketer and coach
  • 1937Billy Meier, Swiss author and photographer
  • 1938Victor Buono, American actor (d. 1982)
  • 1938 – Emile Griffith, American boxer and trainer (d. 2013)
  • 1939Michael Cimino, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2016)[24]
  • 1940Fran Tarkenton, American football player and sportscaster
  • 1941Dory Funk, Jr., American wrestler and trainer
  • 1941 – Howard Phillips, American lawyer and politician (d. 2013)
  • 1943Blythe Danner, American actress
  • 1943 – Dennis Edwards, American soul/R&B singer (d. 2018)
  • 1943 – Eric Haydock, English bass player (d. 2019)
  • 1943 – Shawn Phillips, American-South African singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1945Johnny Cymbal, Scottish-American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1993)
  • 1945 – Bob Griese, American football player and sportscaster
  • 1947Paul Auster, American novelist, essayist, and poet
  • 1947 – Stephen McHattie, Canadian actor and director
  • 1948Henning Mankell, Swedish author and playwright (d. 2015)
  • 1949Jim Thorpe, American golfer
  • 1950Morgan Fairchild, American actress
  • 1950 – Grant Goldman, Australian radio and television host (d. 2020)
  • 1951Eugenijus Riabovas, Lithuanian footballer and manager
  • 1951 – Michael Ruppert, American journalist and author (d. 2014)
  • 1952Fred Lynn, American baseball player and sportscaster
  • 1954Tiger Williams, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
  • 1956John Jefferson, American football player and coach
  • 1956 – Nathan Lane, American actor and comedian
  • 1957Eric Lander, American mathematician, geneticist, and academic
  • 1958Joe F. Edwards, Jr., American commander, pilot, and astronaut
  • 1958 – Douglas Holtz-Eakin, American economist
  • 1958 – Greg Mankiw, American economist and academic
  • 1959Óscar Iván Zuluaga, Colombian economist and politician, 67th Colombian Minister of Finance
  • 1960Joachim Löw, German footballer and manager
  • 1961Linda Eder, American singer and actress
  • 1963Raghuram Rajan, Indian economist and academic
  • 1963Vũ Đức Đam, Vietnamese politician[25]
  • 1964Indrek Tarand, Estonian historian, journalist, and politician
  • 1965Maura Tierney, American actress and producer
  • 1966Frank Coraci, American director and screenwriter
  • 1966 – Danny Morrison, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster
  • 1967Tim Flowers, English footballer and coach
  • 1967 – Mixu Paatelainen, Finnish footballer and coach
  • 1968Vlade Divac, Serbian-American basketball player and sportscaster
  • 1968 – Marwan Khoury, Lebanese singer, songwriter, and composer
  • 1969Beau Biden, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 44th Attorney General of Delaware (d. 2015)
  • 1969 – Retief Goosen, South African golfer
  • 1970Óscar Córdoba, Colombian footballer
  • 1970 – Warwick Davis, English actor, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1971Hong Seok-cheon, South Korean actor
  • 1972Jesper Kyd, Danish pianist and composer
  • 1973Ilana Sod, Mexican journalist and producer
  • 1976Isla Fisher, Australian actress.
  • 1976 – Daddy Yankee, American-Puerto Rican singer, songwriter, rapper, actor and record producer[26][27]
  • 1977Marek Židlický, Czech ice hockey player
  • 1978Joan Capdevila, Spanish footballer
  • 1979Paul Franks, English cricketer and coach
  • 1982Becky Bayless, American wrestler
  • 1982 – Marie-Ève Drolet, Canadian speed skater
  • 1984Elizabeth Holmes, American fraudster, founder of Theranos[28]
  • 1985Angela Fong, Canadian wrestler and actress
  • 1985 – Andrei Kostitsyn, Belarusian ice hockey player
  • 1986Lucas Duda, American baseball player
  • 1986 – Mathieu Giroux, Canadian speed skater
  • 1986 – Kanako Yanagihara, Japanese actress
  • 1988Cho Kyuhyun, South Korean singer
  • 1989Slobodan Rajković, Serbian footballer
  • 1990Sean Kingston, American-Jamaican singer-songwriter
  • 1990 – Martin Taupau, New Zealand rugby league player
  • 1991Corey Norman, Australian rugby league player
  • 1992Olli Aitola, Finnish ice hockey player

Deaths[]

Pre-1600[]

  • 0006Ping, emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 9 BC)
  • 0456Sihyaj Chan K'awiil II, ruler of Tikal
  • 0639K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I, ruler of Piedras Negras
  • 0699Werburgh, English nun and saint
  • 0865Ansgar, Frankish archbishop (b. 801)
  • 0929Guy, margrave of Tuscany
  • 0938Zhou Ben, Chinese general (b. 862)
  • 0994William IV, duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
  • 1014Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and England (b. 960)
  • 1116Coloman, king of Hungary
  • 1161Inge I, king of Norway (b. 1135)
  • 1252Sviatoslav III, Russian Grand Prince (b. 1196)
  • 1399John of Gaunt, Belgian-English politician, Lord High Steward (b. 1340)[29]
  • 1428Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1386)
  • 1451Murad II, Ottoman sultan (b. 1404)
  • 1468Johannes Gutenberg, German publisher, invented the Printing press (b. 1398)
  • 1537Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (b. 1513)
  • 1566George Cassander, Flemish theologian and author (b. 1513)

1601–1900[]

  • 1618Philip II, duke of Pomerania (b. 1573)
  • 1619Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1564)
  • 1737Tommaso Ceva, Italian mathematician and academic (b. 1648)
  • 1802Pedro Rodríguez, Spanish statesman and economist (b. 1723)
  • 1813Juan Bautista Cabral, Argentinian sergeant (b. 1789)
  • 1820Gia Long, Vietnamese emperor (b. 1762)
  • 1832George Crabbe, English surgeon and poet (b. 1754)
  • 1862Jean-Baptiste Biot, French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1774)
  • 1866François-Xavier Garneau, Canadian poet, author, and historian (b. 1809)
  • 1873Isaac Baker Brown, English gynecologist and surgeon (b. 1811)

1901–present[]

  • 1922Christiaan de Wet, South African general and politician, State President of the Orange Free State (b. 1854)
  • 1922 – John Butler Yeats, Irish painter and illustrator (b. 1839)
  • 1924Woodrow Wilson, American historian, academic, and politician, 28th President of the United States, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
  • 1929Agner Krarup Erlang, Danish mathematician and engineer (b. 1878)
  • 1935Hugo Junkers, German engineer, designed the Junkers J 1 (b. 1859)
  • 1944Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1865)[30]
  • 1945Roland Freisler, German lawyer and judge (b. 1893)
  • 1947Marc Mitscher, American admiral and pilot (b. 1887)
  • 1952Harold L. Ickes, American journalist and politician, 32nd United States Secretary of the Interior (b. 1874)
  • 1955Vasily Blokhin, Russian general (b. 1895)
  • 1956Émile Borel, French mathematician and academic (b. 1871)
  • 1956 – Johnny Claes, English-Belgian race car driver and trumpet player (b. 1916)
  • 1959The Day the Music Died[31]
    • The Big Bopper, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1930)
    • Buddy Holly, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1936)
    • Ritchie Valens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941)
  • 1960Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (b. 1921)
  • 1961William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil, Scottish-Australian captain and politician, 14th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1893)
  • 1961 – Anna May Wong, American actress (b. 1905)
  • 1963Benjamin R. Jacobs (b. 1879)[32]
  • 1967Joe Meek, English songwriter and producer (b. 1929)
  • 1969C. N. Annadurai, Indian journalist and politician, 7th Chief Minister of Madras State (b. 1909)
  • 1969 – Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambican activist and academic (b. 1920)
  • 1975William D. Coolidge, American physicist and engineer (b. 1873)
  • 1975 – Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer-songwriter and actress (b. 1904)
  • 1985Frank Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (b. 1912)
  • 1989John Cassavetes, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1929)
  • 1989 – Lionel Newman, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1916)
  • 1991Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921)
  • 1993Françoys Bernier, Canadian pianist and conductor (b. 1927)
  • 1996Audrey Meadows, American actress and banker (b. 1922)
  • 1999Gwen Guthrie, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1950)
  • 2005Zurab Zhvania, Georgian biologist and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Georgia (b. 1963)
  • 2005 – Ernst Mayr, German-American biologist and ornithologist (b. 1904)
  • 2006Al Lewis, American actor and activist (b. 1923)
  • 2009Sheng-yen, Chinese monk and scholar, founded the Dharma Drum Mountain (b. 1930)
  • 2010Dick McGuire, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926)
  • 2010 – Frances Reid, American actress (b. 1914)
  • 2011Maria Schneider, French actress (b. 1952)
  • 2012Toh Chin Chye, Singaporean academic and politician, 1st Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (b. 1921)
  • 2012 – Ben Gazzara, American actor and director (b. 1930)
  • 2012 – Terence Hildner, American general (b. 1962)
  • 2012 – Raj Kanwar, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1961)
  • 2012 – Zalman King, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1942)
  • 2012 – Andrzej Szczeklik, Polish physician and academic (b. 1938)
  • 2013Cardiss Collins, American politician (b. 1931)
  • 2013 – Oscar Feltsman, Ukrainian-Russian composer and producer (b. 1921)
  • 2013 – James Muri, American soldier and pilot (b. 1918)
  • 2013 – Jam Mohammad Yousaf, Pakistani politician, Chief Minister of Balochistan (b. 1954)
  • 2015Martin Gilbert, English historian, author, and academic (b. 1936)
  • 2015 – Mary Healy, American actress and singer (b. 1918)
  • 2015 – Charlie Sifford, American golfer (b. 1922)
  • 2015 – Nasim Hasan Shah, Pakistani lawyer and judge, 12th Chief Justice of Pakistan (b. 1929)
  • 2016Joe Alaskey, American actor (b. 1952)[33]
  • 2016 – Balram Jakhar, Indian lawyer and politician, 23rd Governor of Madhya Pradesh (b. 1923)
  • 2016 – József Kasza, Serbian politician and economist (b. 1945)
  • 2017Dritëro Agolli, Albanian poet, writer and politician (b. 1931)
  • 2019Julie Adams, American actress (b. 1926)[34]
  • 2019 – Kristoff St. John, American actor (b. 1966)[35]
  • 2020George Steiner, French-American philosopher, author, and critic (b. 1929)[36]

Holidays and observances[]

References[]

  1. ^ Damian J. Smith (2010). Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon: (c. 1167-1276). BRILL. p. 27. ISBN 978-90-04-18289-9.
  2. ^ Kenneth Meyer Setton (1975). A History of the Crusades. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 675. ISBN 978-0-299-06670-3.
  3. ^ Alex Hepple (1966). South Africa, a Political and Economic History. F. A. Praeger. p. 30.
  4. ^ William Oliver Stevens; Allan Ferguson Westcott (1920). A History of Sea Power. G. H. Doran Company. p. 118.
  5. ^ Franklin D. Margiotta (1994). Brassey's Encyclopedia of Military History and Biography. Brassey's. p. 835. ISBN 978-0-02-881096-6.
  6. ^ James M. Anderson, The History of Portugal (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p. 144-145
  7. ^ United States. Bureau of Foreign Commerce (1959). World Trade Information Service. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 24.
  8. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Soviet probe makes world's first soft landing on the Moon". Russian Space Web. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  9. ^ Wilbur R. Miller (July 20, 2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1110. ISBN 978-1-4833-0593-6.
  10. ^ Marlene Bradford; Robert S. Carmichael; Tracy Irons-Georges (January 1, 2001). Natural Disasters: Avalanches-explosions. Salem Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89356-072-0.
  11. ^ Great Events: 1971-1984. Salem Press. 2002. p. 2092. ISBN 978-1-58765-058-1.
  12. ^ "STS-60: A Cosmonaut Flies on the Shuttle". NASA History Program Office. NASA. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  13. ^ John Tagliabue with Matthew L. Wald, "Death in the Alps: a special report.; How Wayward U.S. Pilot Killed 20 on Ski Lift", The New York Times, 18 February 1998.
  14. ^ Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (2000). Women in World History: Jab-Kyt. Yorkin Publications. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7876-4067-5.
  15. ^ Collectanea topographica et genealogica (1840). Collectanea topographica et genealogica. pp. 275.
  16. ^ Ann Hoffmann (1977). Lives of the Tudor Age, 1485-1603. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-06-494331-4.
  17. ^ Francis J. Weber (1992). Catholic California: some historical reflections. printed by BookMasters, Inc. p. 54.
  18. ^ García Rivas, Manuel (2012). "En torno a la biografía de Blas de Lezo" (PDF). Itsas Memoria. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del País Vasco (7): 491. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  19. ^ David Mason Greene; Constance Green (1985). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-385-14278-6.
  20. ^ Gabriele von Humboldt Freifrau von Bülow (1897). Gabriele Von Bülow, Daughter of Wilhelm Von Humboldt: A Memoir Compiled from the Family Papers of Wilhelm Von Humboldt and His Children, 1791-1887. Smith, Elder. p. 36.
  21. ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. p. 284.
  22. ^ Dictionary of International Biography. International Biographical Centre. 1967. p. 398.
  23. ^ Robert Santelli (2001). The Big Book of Blues: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Penguin Books. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-14-100145-6.
  24. ^ Benjamin F. Shearer, ed. (September 2006). Home Front Heroes [Three Volumes]. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-313-04705-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Biography of Deputy Prime Minister Vũ Đức Đam". Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
  26. ^ "Daddy Yankee". Biography.
  27. ^ "Daddy Yankee | Biography & History". AllMusic.
  28. ^ businessinsider.com/theranos-founder-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-life-story-bio-2018-4
  29. ^ "John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster | English prince". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  30. ^ Jiminez, Jill Berk (2001). Dictionary of Artists' Models. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-57958-233-3.
  31. ^ Associated Press staff (1959). "Iowa Crash Kills 3 Singers; Rock 'n' Roll Stars and Pilot Die as Chartered Craft Falls After Its Take-Off". New York Times. Associated Press. p. 1. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
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  33. ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (February 4, 2016). "Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck voice actor Joe Alaskey dies at 63". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
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  35. ^ "Kristoff St. John Dead Young and the Restless Star Dies at 52". GlobalNews.
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