1120s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
  • 11th century
  • 12th century
  • 13th century
Decades:
Years:
  • 1120
  • 1121
  • 1122
  • 1123
  • 1124
  • 1125
  • 1126
  • 1127
  • 1128
  • 1129
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

The 1120s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1120, and ended on December 31, 1129.

Events

1120

This section is transcluded from 1120. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • Siege of Sozopolis: Byzantine forces under Emperor John II Komnenos conquer Sozopolis in Pisidia, from the Sultanate of Rum. The Seljuk garrison is defeated while they are trapped between the Byzantine cavalry and the army (who is besieging the fortress).[1]
Levant[]
  • January 16 – Council of Nablus: King Baldwin II and Patriarch Warmund convenes an assembly at Nablus – establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. The prelates and noblemen who attend the meeting confirm the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense".[2]
  • Baldwin II grants the Knights Templar under Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the Temple Mount in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem.
  • Summer – Baldwin II leads a expedition to Antioch to defend the northern Crusader states. He signs a 1-year truce with Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin, securing the possession of Kafartab and other fortresses in Syria.[3]
Europe[]
  • June 17 – Battle of Cutanda: The combined forces of Aragon and Navarre under King Alfonso the Battler crush the Almoravid army near Calamocha. Alfonso recaptures the fortified towns of Calatayud and Daroca.[4]
  • The Almoravid fleet under Amirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria, and Isa ibn Maymum of Sevilla attacks the coastline of the Christian Kingdom of Galicia.[5][page needed]
  • Freiburg is founded by Conrad I and his elder brother, Duke Berthold III of Zähringen, as a free market town.
England[]
  • King Henry I gives a portion of the Stoneleigh estate (located in Warwickshire) to Geoffrey de Clinton, his chamberlain and treasurer. He builds a motte and bailey castle and forms a lake to provide better defences.
  • November 25 – The White Ship is sunk in the English Channel, off Barfleur. Henry I's only legitimate son, William Adelin, is among 300 (many of them Anglo-Norman nobility) who drown.
  • The Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle records Cornwall, as a nation distinct from England.
Asia[]
  • Fang La, a Chinese rebel leader, leads an uprising against the Song Dynasty in Qixian Village (modern-day Zhejiang) in southeast China. He raises an army and captures Hangzhou.
  • August – September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin, a Jurchen nobleman and minister, completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script.
  • The flourishing south Chinese coastal city of Quanzhou claims a population of 500,000 citizens, including the hinterland.[6]

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • Order of Premonstratensians founded by Norbert of Xanten at Prémontré in Picardy.
  • Bishop Urban begins the construction on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
Science[]
  • Walcher of Malvern, an English astronomer and mathematician, creates a system of measurement for the Earth using degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude.

1121

This section is transcluded from 1121. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • Emperor John II (Komnenos) recovers southwestern Anatolia (modern Turkey) from the Seljuk Turks and then hastens to the Balkans, where the Pechenegs are continuing their incursions. He transfers Byzantine troops to the Danube frontier at Paristrion.
Levant[]
  • Summer – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin make extensive raids into Galilee. King Baldwin II, in reprisal, crosses the Jordan River with a Crusader army, and ravages the countryside. He occupies and destroys a fortress that Toghtekin has built at Jerash.[7]
Europe[]
  • March 2 – Petronilla of Lorraine becomes regent of Holland (Low Countries) after her husband, Floris II (the Fat) dies. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Dirk VI (or Theodoric).
  • A large rebellion takes place in Córdoba (modern Spain) against the ruling Almoravid Dynasty.[8]
England[]
  • January 24 – Adeliza of Louvain, age 17, marries King Henry I two months after the accidental death of the heir to the English throne, Henry's only legitimate son, William Adelin.
Eurasia[]
  • Summer – Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire declares a Holy War on Georgia. He sends an expedition under Ilghazi ibn Arttuq, Artukid ruler of Mardin, to invade Georgia.
  • August 12 – Battle of Didgori: King David IV (the Builder) of Georgia, with a Georgian army (55,600 men), defeats the 300,000-strong Seljuk coalition forces at Mount Didgori.
Asia[]
  • Emperor Hui Zong sends an expedition to crush the rebellion at Hangzhou (modern-day Zhejiang) in China. The rebels are defeated, their leader Fang La is captured and executed.

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • Spring – Peter Abelard, a French theologian and philosopher, is condemned and charged with the heresy of Sabellius in a synod at Soissons. Abelard writes Sic et Non.
  • April 22 – Antipope Gregory VIII (supported by Emperor Henry V) is arrested by papal troops at Sutri. He is taken to Rome and imprisoned in the Septizonium.
  • December 25 (Christmas Day) – The Praemonstratensian Order (Norbertines) is formed, when a group of canons make solemn vows at Prémontré.[9]
  • Henry I founds Reading Abbey in England. The Cluniac Order populates the abbey.
  • The third and largest church is completed at Cluny Abbey (modern France).[10]
  • L'Aumône Abbey is founded by Count Theobald IV of Blois at Loir-et-Cher.[11]

1122

This section is transcluded from 1122. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.[12]
Levant[]
  • September 13 – Count Joscelin I and Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by Belek Ghazi near Saruj in northern Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at Kharput.[13]
Europe[]
  • August 8 – A Venetian fleet under Doge Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material. The fleet departs for Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island.[14]
  • King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon creates the lay community of knights known as the Confraternity of Belchite. It is the first local attempt to imitate the Order of the Knights Templar created in Palestine.[15]
  • The Almoravid fleet attacks Sicily to suppress the Italo-Norman raiders.[16][page needed] The same year (related?), the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans.
Eurasia[]
  • : The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and unifies the Georgian State.

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • September 23 – The Concordat of Worms: Emperor Henry V recognizes freedom of election of the clergy and promises to restore all Church property. This bringing an end to the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, known as the Investiture Controversy. In the aftermath, Cappenberg Abbey is founded by Count Gottfried II for the new order of Premonstratensians.

1123

This section is transcluded from 1123. ( | )

By place[]

Levant[]
  • April 18 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is captured by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – while preparing to practice falconry near Gargar on the Euphrates. Most of the Crusader army is massacred, and Baldwin is taken to the castle at Kharput. To save the situation the Venetians are asked to help. Doge Domenico Michiel lifts the siege of Corfu (see 1122) and takes his fleet to Acre, arriving at the port in the end of May.[17]
  • May – Baldwin II and Joscelin I are rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of Harran.[18]
  • May 29 – Battle of Yibneh: A Crusader army led by Eustace Grenier defeats the Fatimid forces (16,000 men) near Ibelin. Despite the numerical superiority, Vizier Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi is forced to withdraw to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15.[19]
  • May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at Ascalon and instantly set about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten richly laden vessels.[20]
  • The Pactum Warmundi: A treaty of alliance, is established between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice at Acre. The Venetians receive a street, with a church, baths and a bakery, free of all obligations, in every town of the kingdom. They are also excused of all tolls and taxes.[21]
Europe[]
  • August 29 – King Eystein I (Magnusson) dies during a feast at Hustad after a 20-year reign, leaving his brother Sigurd I (the Crusader) to rule over Norway.
  • Sigurd I performs a Crusade, the Kalmare ledung, to Christianize the Swedish province of Småland. He makes a pact with King Niels of Denmark.
England[]
  • May 9 – A fire in the city of Lincoln nearly destroys the Lincolnshire town; it is memorialized 600 years later by historian Paul de Rapin.[22]
Africa[]
  • August 9 – Battle of Al-Dimas: A Norman campaign in North Africa ends with their troops being massacred by Zirid forces near Mahdia (modern Tunisia).[23][24]
Asia[]
  • February 25 – Emperor Toba abdicates in favor of his 3-year-old son Sutoku after a 16-year reign. Retired-Emperor Shirakawa rules as regent over Japan.

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • March 18 – First Council of the Lateran convenes in Rome; it confirms the Concordat of Worms (see 1122) and demands clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church.
  • Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, declares a Crusade in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.[25]
  • The priory church of St Bartholomew-the-Great and St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) in London are founded by Rahere.
  • Furness Abbey (or St Mary of Furness) is founded in England by Stephen, count of Boulogne, for the Order of Savigny.

1124

This section is transcluded from 1124. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde.[26][27][28]
  • April 27 – David I succeeds Alexander I, to become King of Scotland.[29][30][31]
  • December 21 – Pope Honorius II succeeds Pope Callixtus II, as the 163rd pope.[32][33][34]
  • Gaufrid is consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.[35][36][37]
  • The Dun Beal Gallimhe is erected by King Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair of Connacht.[38][39]
  • In Ireland, Saint Malachy, the great reformer of the Church, is made a bishop.[40][41][42]
  • (Approximate date) – The High School of Glasgow is founded as the choir school of Glasgow Cathedral, in Scotland.
North America[]
Middle East[]

1125

This section is transcluded from 1125. ( | )

By place[]

Levant[]
  • June 11 – Battle of Azaz: The Crusader states led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem defeat the Seljuk forces at Azaz and raise the siege of the town. Baldwin mobilizes a force of 1,100 armoured knights (from Antioch, Edessa and Tripoli) and 2,000 foot-soldiers. The Crusaders capture the Seljuk camp and Baldwin takes enough loot to ransom the prisoners taken by the Seljuk Turks (including his 4-year-old daughter Ioveta and Joscelin II who are taken hostage). Aq-Sunqur al-Bursuqi, governor (atabeg) of Mosul, withdraws to Aleppo and is forced to make a truce, leaving the frontier in northern Syria in peace for 18 months.[49]
Europe[]
  • May 23 – Emperor Henry V dies of cancer in Utrecht after leading an expedition against King Louis VI (the Fat) of France and then against the citizens of Worms. Having no legitimate children, Henry leaves his possessions to his nephew, Frederick II (the One-Eyed), duke of Swabia. At the Hoftag diet in Regensburg, Lothair II (duke of Saxony) is elected King of Germany and crowned at Aachen on September 13.
  • Lothair II (supported by Pope Honorius II) asks Frederick II to restore to the crown the estates that he has inherited from Henry V. Frederick refuses, and by year's end a succession dispute breaks out between the House of Welf and the House of Hohenstaufen. The latter is led by Frederick and his brother Conrad III, duke of Franconia.
  • King Inge the Younger of Sweden is murdered in Vreta Abbey, instigated by Queen Ulvhild Håkansdotter after a 20-year reign. Her cousin Magnus I (the Strong) proclaims himself ruler over the Lands of Sweden (Norrland, Svealand and Gothenland) (until 1134).
  • The Venetians pillage the islands of Rhodes, ravage Samos and Lesbos, and occupy Chios (controlled by the Byzantine Empire). The Florentines sack and conquer the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole in Italy.
  • Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands (French Riviera).[50]
  • The first fair in Portugal is created in Ponte de Lima; it is an early sign of the commercialization and economic development.[51]
  • King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain).[52]
England[]
  • King Henry I arranges the marriage between his nephew Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old Matilda, daughter and heiress of Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the County of Boulogne and also lands in England that has belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the Holy Land).
Asia[]
  • November – Jin–Song War: Emperor Tai Zong of the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty declares war on the Chinese Song Dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of Taiyuan in Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard.[53]
  • The Khamag Mongol, a Mongolic tribal confederation, begins to play an important role on the Mongolian Plateau. They occupy the fertile lands of the basins of the rivers Onon, Kherlen and Tuul in the Khentii Mountains.

By topic[]

Arts[]
  • Albert of Aix, German historian and writer, begins his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (approximate date).
Education[]
  • March 29 – Reading School is founded in Berkshire in England.
Religion[]
  • A collection of Zen Buddhist koans is compiled, in the Chinese Blue Cliff Record.

1126

This section is transcluded from 1126. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • Summer – Emperor John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of 1082. This ends the hostilities with Hungary and Venice. John secures Braničevo, and recovers the region of Sirmium on the Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.
Levant[]
  • Spring – The Crusaders under Pons, count of Tripoli, attack the fortress of Rafaniya (once held by Pons' grandfather Raymond IV), which dominates the entry of the Buqaia from the Orontes Valley. They besiege the fortress for 18 days and capture it on March 31.[54]
  • Autumn – Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch.[54]
Europe[]
  • February 18 – Battle of Chlumec: Duke Soběslav I defeats a German army under King Lothair III and his Moravian ally, Duke Otto II the Black. Soběslav becomes the head of the Bohemian Principality.[55]
  • March 8 – Queen Urraca of León ("the Reckless") dies after a 17-year reign. She is succeeded by her 21-year-old son Alfonso VII el Emperador who becomes king of León (until 1157).
  • Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without a ruler, but Magnus I ("the Strong") claims sovereignty over Gothenland.
  • Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.
  • Winter – King Lothair III makes Henry X ("the Proud"), duke of Bavaria to succeed his late father, Henry IX ("the Black"), who has died on December 13.
Britain[]
  • Shrewsbury Castle is granted by King Henry I to his second wife, Queen Adeliza of Louvain (or Adelicia). The command of the castle is given to William FitzAlan.
  • Rutherglen (located in South Lanarkshire) becomes one of the first of the Royal Burghs in Scotland.
Asia[]
  • Spring – In China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.
  • January 18 – Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty abdicates in favour of his eldest son, Qin Zong after a 24-year reign. Hui Zong assumes the honorary title of Taishang Huang (or "Retired Emperor").
  • Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the Yellow River Valley, two days after New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.[56]
  • January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song.

By topic[]

Literature[]
  • Adelard of Bath, an English philosopher, translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical works into Latin.
  • Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and the another Su Shi, are combined in one written work.
Religion[]
  • Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the "Confraternity of Tarragona"), to combat the Almoravids in Catalonia.[57]

1127

This section is transcluded from 1127. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • March 2 – Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders, is murdered; he leaves no children. King Louis VI (the Fat) appoints William Clito (son of Robert Curthose) as new ruler. But the Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, Saint-Omer and Ypres recognize (with English financial support) Thierry of Alsace as rival count.
  • Summer – King Roger II of Sicily claims the Hauteville possessions in Italy as well the overlordship of Capua. However, a coalition of Norman noblemen in Apulia and Calabria resist (supported by Pope Honorius II) against Sicilian rule. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion.[58]
  • Roger II establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of Savona to guarantee the security of the Mediterranean Sea,[59] probably following an Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm.[60]
  • December 18 – Conrad III (with support of the imperial cities, Swabia and Austria) is elected and crowned as anti-king of Germany at Nuremberg.
England[]
  • King Henry I arranges the marriage of his daughter Matilda (the widow of Emperor Henry V) to the 14-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou (son of Count Fulk V). This is done to ensure an alliance between England and Anjou, and to prevent Fulk allying with Louis VI.
  • Henry I has the English nobles swear allegiance to Matilda as the rightful heir to the throne. She becomes Queen of England and Normandy when he dies.
Levant[]
  • Imad ad-Din Zengi, a Turkish military leader, becomes governor (atabeg) of Mosul. He seizes the cities of Nisibin, Sinjar and Harran in the Jazira Region (Northern Mesopotamia).
Asia[]
  • January 9 – Jin–Song Wars: Jurchen forces sack the Chinese capital of Kaifeng of the Northern Song Dynasty during the Jingkang Incident. They capture Emperor Qin Zong, along with his father, Hui Zong, and members of the House of Zhao.[61]
  • June 12 – Qin Zong's younger brother, the 20-year-old Gao Zong, re-establishes the Song Dynasty (as the Southern Song Dynasty) in Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou) and is proclaimed emperor.

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • The Kalyan minaret (as part of the Po-i-Kalyan mosque complex) is completed in Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan).

1128

This section is transcluded from 1128. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
Europe[]
  • June 24 – Battle of São Mamede: Count Alfonso I (Henriques) defeats the forces led by his mother, Queen Theresa of Portugal, near Guimarães, and gains control of the county. Alfonso styles himself "Prince of Portugal".
  • June 29 – Conrad III, anti-king of Germany, is crowned "King of Italy" by Archbishop Anselmo della Pusterla at Monza in Lombardy.
  • July 27 – The city of Bruges (modern Belgium) is founded. It receives its city charter – as well new walls and canals are built.
  • Pope Honorius II invests Roger II of Sicily as duke of Apulia at Benevento, after his failure to form an coalition against Roger.
  • King Louis VI (the Fat) of France agrees to the accession of Thierry of Alsace (or Theoderic), as count of Flanders.
England[]
  • June 17 – King Henry I marries his only legitimate daughter, dowager Empress Matilda, to the 14-year-old Geoffrey V (the Fair), count of Anjou.
Britain[]
  • Hugues de Payens, French Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Templar, visits both England and Scotland, where he raises men and money for the Order.
Asia[]
  • Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty establishes a new capital at Yangzhou, while the government retreats south, after Jurchen forces capture the previous capital of Kaifeng, in the Jingkang Incident.
  • Forces of the Kingdom of Champa invade Vietnam.[63]

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • November 24 – Waverley Abbey is founded by Bishop William Giffard. The first abbot and 12 Cistercian monks are brought from L'Aumône Abbey in Normandy.[64]
  • Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. The French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux codifies the rule of the Order.[65]
  • Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh by King David I of Scotland.
  • Kelso Abbey is founded by Scottish monks of the Tironensian Order.

1129

This section is transcluded from 1129. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • April 14 – Following the Capetian tradition, King Louis VI (the Fat) has his eldest son Philip crowned as co-ruler of France at Rheims Cathedral. Louis himself becomes the national protector of all France.
  • June 2 – Fulk V, count of Anjou, marries Melisende (daughter of King Baldwin II) the heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk gives up his title which passes to his 15-year-old son, Geoffrey V (the Fair).
  • September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him.
  • Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany).
Asia[]
  • Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin Dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.
  • March 26 – Gao Zong abdicates the throne after a mutiny of the palace guard. His 2-year-old son Zhao Fu succeeds him, but Empress Meng becomes regent and the sole ruler.
  • April 20 – Gao Zong regains the throne (with the support of the imperial army led by General Han Shizhong). Zhao Fu is forced the abdicate with Meng having ruled for 25 days.
  • July 24 – Former Emperor Shirakawa dies at his native Kyoto. His son Toba begins his cloistered rule, sharing power with Sutoku, a grandson of Shirakawa.

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • January 23 – Henry of Blois becomes bishop of Winchester after the death of William Giffard (who was also Lord Chancellor to King Henry I) in England.

Significant people[]

Births[]

Transcluding articles: 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, and 1129

1120

  • Alfonso of Capua, Italo-Norman nobleman (d. 1144)
  • Arnold I of Vaucourt, archbishop of Trier (d. 1183)
  • Frederick II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1158)
  • Fujiwara no Yorinaga, Japanese statesman (d. 1156)
  • Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1190)
  • Ioveta of Bethany, princess and daughter of Baldwin II
  • Jaksa Gryfita, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1176)
  • Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Arab-Jewish translator
  • Louis VII (le Jeune), king of France (d. 1180)
  • Philip of Milly, French nobleman and knight (d. 1171)
  • Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1167)
  • Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman (d. 1188)
  • Urban III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1187)
  • William I ("the Wicked"), king of Sicily (d. 1166)
  • Zhao Boju, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1182)

1121

  • Ascelina, French Cistercian nun and mystic (d. 1195)
  • Chōgen, Japanese Buddhist monk (kanjin) (d. 1206)
  • Henry of France, archbishop of Reims (d. 1175)
  • Joscelin of Louvain, Flemish nobleman (d. 1180)
  • Kojijū, Japanese noblewoman and poet (d. 1202)

1122

  • February 24 – Wanyan Liang, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)
  • date unknown
    • Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England (d. 1204)
    • Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1190)
    • Fujiwara no Kiyoko, Japanese empress consort (d. 1182)
    • Ibn Hubal, Arab physician and scientist (approximate date)
    • Isaac ben Abba Mari, French Jewish rabbi (approximate date)
    • Jayavarman VII, Cambodian ruler of the Khmer Empire (d. 1218)

1123

  • March 29 – Shi Zong (or Wulu), Chinese emperor (d. 1189)
  • Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (d. 1160)
  • Osbern of Gloucester, English lexicographer (d. 1200)
  • Parakramabahu I, Sri Lankan king of Polonnaruwa (d. 1186)
  • Robert I (the Great), count of Dreux (approximate date)

1124

  • Ottokar III of Styria, Margrave (d. 1164)[66]
  • Possible date – Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, queen consort successively of France and England, and patron of the arts (d. 1204)[67][68][69]

1125

  • October 17 – Lu You, Chinese poet and writer (d. 1209)
  • date unknown
    • Abraham ben David, French rabbi (approximate date)
    • Baldwin of Forde, English archbishop (approximate date)
    • Bolesław IV (the Curly), duke of Poland (approximate date)
    • Chueang, Thai ruler of the Ngoenyang Kingdom (d. 1192)
    • Eystein II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)
    • Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, Spanish nobleman (d. 1185)
    • Giovanni de Surdis Cacciafronte, Italian bishop (d. 1184)
    • Guigues V, count of Albon and Grenoble (approximate date)
    • Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Persian historian and writer (d. 1201)
    • Matilda of Savoy, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1157)
    • Otto II (the Rich), margrave of Meissen (d. 1190)
    • Reginald of Châtillon, French nobleman (d. 1187)
    • William de Vesci, Norman High Sheriff (d. 1184)
    • William of Æbelholt, French churchman (d. 1203)

1126

  • Abu Madyan, Andalusian mystic and Sufi master (d. 1198)
  • Averroes ibn Rushd, Andalusian judge and physician (d. 1198)
  • Eynion de Tilston, Norman knight and lord of Tilston (approximate date)
  • Fan Chengda, Chinese politician, poet and geographer (d. 1193)
  • Michael the Syrian ("the Great"), Syriac patriarch (d. 1199)
  • Mieszko III the Old, duke of Greater Poland (d. 1202)
  • Muneko, Japanese princess and empress (d. 1189)
  • Peter I of Courtenay, French nobleman (d. 1183)
  • Sibylla of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1150)
  • Sviatoslav III, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1194)
  • Taira no Tokiko, Japanese Buddhist nun (d. 1185)

1127

  • April 16 – Felix of Valois, French nobleman and hermit (d. 1212)
  • May 23 – Uijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1173)
  • July 23 – Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1129)
  • October 18 – Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor (d. 1192)
  • November 27 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1194)
  • Bolesław I (the Tall), duke of Wrocław (d. 1201)
  • Henry I (the Liberal), count of Champagne (d. 1181)
  • Julian of Cuenca, Spanish bishop (approximate date)
  • Yang Wanli, Chinese politician and poet (d. 1206)

1128

  • March 18 – Stephen of Tournai, French bishop (d. 1203)
  • Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman (d. 1201)
  • Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein (d. 1164)
  • Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (approximate date)
  • Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid, Arab theologian (d. 1215)
  • Constance of Hauteville, princess of Antioch (d. 1163)
  • John Doukas (Komnenos), Byzantine governor (d. 1176)
  • John Kontostephanos, Byzantine aristocrat (approximate date)
  • Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Irish archbishop of Dublin (d. 1180)
  • Ludwig II (the Iron), landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1172)
  • Muhammad II ibn Mahmud, Seljuk sultan (d. 1159)
  • Ruzbihan Baqli, Persian poet and mystic (d. 1209)
  • Taira no Norimori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)

1129

  • Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti, Moroccan Sufi writer (d. 1204)
  • Date Tomomune, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1199)
  • Elisabeth of Schönau, German Benedictine abbess (d. 1164)
  • Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria (d. 1195)
  • Theophanes Kerameus, bishop of Rossano (d. 1152)

Deaths[]

Transcluding articles: 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, and 1129

1120

  • September 3 – Blessed Gerard, founder of the Knights Hospitaller
  • September 24 – Welf II ("the Fat"), duke of Bavaria (b. 1072)
  • November 25
  • Adelaide, countess of Vermandois and Valois (or 1124)
  • Afridun I (the Martyr), ruler (shah) of Shirvan (b. 1046)
  • Eudo Dapifer (or FitzHerbert), Norman nobleman
  • Fujiwara no Atsutaka, Japanese nobleman and poet
  • Fujiwara no Sadazane, Japanese calligrapher (b. 1076)
  • Ingegerd, queen of Denmark and Sweden (b. 1046)
  • Raymond Pilet d'Alès, French nobleman (b. 1075)

1121

  • January 7 – Erminold, German Benedictine abbot
  • January 18 – William of Champeaux, French philosopher
  • February 10 – Domnall Ua Lochlainn, Irish king (b. 1048)
  • March 2 – Floris II (the Fat), count of Holland (b. 1085)
  • April 23 – Jón Ögmundsson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1052)
  • August 7 – Ulrich I (or Udalrich), German bishop
  • December 11 – Al-Afdal Shahanshah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1066)
  • December 13 – Ulrich of Eppenstein, German abbot
  • Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, Hammadid governor and ruler
  • Alfanus II (or Alfano), Lombard archbishop of Salerno
  • Al-Tughrai, Persian official, poet and alchemist (b. 1061)
  • Bartolf Leslie (or Bartholomew), Scottish nobleman
  • Fang La, Chinese rebel leader (executed in Kaifeng)
  • Frederick of Liege, German prince-bishop and saint
  • Lü Shinang, Chinese religious leader (Manichaean cult)
  • Masud Sa'd Salman, Persian poet (approximate date)
  • Muireadhach Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iar Connacht
  • Robert of Bounalbergo, Norman nobleman and crusader
  • Zhou Bangyan, Chinese bureaucrat and ci poet (b. 1056)
  • Zhou Tong, Chinese archery teacher and martial artist

1122

  • January 18 – Christina Ingesdotter, Kievan princess
  • March 12 – Giso IV, count of Gudensberg (b. 1070)
  • May 15 – Yejong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1079)
  • August 9 – Cuno of Praeneste, German cardinal
  • September 9 – Al-Hariri of Basra, Abbasid poet (b. 1054)
  • October 20 – Ralph d'Escures, English archbishop
  • November 8 – Ilghazi, Artukid ruler of Mardin
  • November 28 – Ottokar II, margrave of Styria
  • December 3 – Berthold III, duke of Zähringen
  • December 4 – Henry III, duke of Carinthia
  • date unknown
    • Al-Baghawi, Persian hadith scholar and writer
    • Alberada of Buonalbergo, duchess of Apulia
    • John of Tours, Bishop of Wells
    • Sybilla of Normandy, queen of Scotland
    • Wang Jha-ji, Korean general (b. 1066)

1123

  • February 9 – Otto ( the Rich), count of Ballenstedt (b. 1070)
  • March 4 – Peter of Pappacarbone, Italian abbot and bishop
  • May 3 – Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre
  • June 15 – Eustace Grenier, French constable and regent
  • July 18 – Bruno di Segni, Italian prelate and bishop
  • August 29 – Eystein I (Magnusson), king of Norway
  • September 11 – Marbodius of Rennes, French archdeacon
  • September 19 – Taizu, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 1068)
  • September 27 – Fujiwara no Akisue, Japanese nobleman (b. 1055)
  • December 14 – Henry IV, duke of Carinthia (House of Sponheim)
  • Davyd Sviatoslavich, Kievan prince of Murom and Chernigov
  • Henry II, margrave of Meissen and the Saxon Ostmark (b. 1103)
  • Langri Tangpa, Tibetan Buddhist monk and master (b. 1054)
  • Louis the Springer (Leaper), German nobleman (b. 1042)

1124

Alexander I of Scotland
Pope Callixtus II

1125

1126

1127

  • February 7 – Ava (or Ava von Göttweig), German poet (b. 1060)
  • February 10 – William IX (the Troubador), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1071)
  • March 2 – Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (b. 1084)
  • March 23 – Ottone Frangipane, Italian Benedictine monk (b. 1040)
  • May 16 – Gens du Beaucet, French hermit and saint (b. 1104)
  • August 12 – Jordan of Ariano, Norman warrior and nobleman
  • September 1 – Álmos (or Almus), duke of Hungary and Croatia
  • October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, queen of Jerusalem (or 1126)
  • November 1 – Zhang Bangchang, ruler of Da Chu (b. 1081)
  • November 12 – Godbald (or Godebald), bishop of Utrecht
  • December 19 – Jordan II (or Giordano), prince of Capua
  • Fujiwara no Hiroko, Japanese empress consort (b. 1036)
  • Fulcher of Chartres, French priest and chronicler (b. 1059)
  • Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, Irish historian and abbot[86]
  • Gualfardo of Verona, Italian trader and hermit (b. 1070)
  • Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, Japanese samurai (b. 1045)
  • William II, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (b. 1095)
  • William III (the Child), count of Burgundy (b. 1110)
  • Zhu, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 1102)

1128

  • January 1 – Albero I, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1070)
  • February 12 – Toghtekin, Turkish ruler of Damascus
  • June 2 – Pier Leoni (or Petrus Leo), Roman consul
  • July 28 – William Clito, count of Flanders (b. 1102)
  • September 5 – Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham
  • December 4 – Henry II, German nobleman (b. 1102)
  • December 15 – Fulco I d'Este, Lombard nobleman
  • Abu Ibrahim ibn Barun, Andalusian Jewish rabbi
  • Conaing Ua Beigléighinn, Irish monk and abbot
  • Constantine I of Torres, ruler (judge) of Logudoro
  • Fujiwara no Kiyohira, Japanese nobleman (b. 1056)
  • Geoffrey Brito (or le Breton), archbishop of Rouen
  • Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader (or 1130)
  • Jimena Muñoz (or Muñiz), Spanish noblewoman
  • Rogvolod Vseslavich (Boris), prince of Polotsk
  • Warmund (or Gormond), patriarch of Jerusalem

1129

References[]

  1. ^ Harry J. Magoulias (1984). O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, p. 9. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1764-8.
  2. ^ Malcolm Barber (2012). The Crusader States, p. 131. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
  3. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 128. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  4. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 86.
  5. ^ Picard, C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  6. ^ John S. Brown (2000). Colombia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, p. 32. ISBN 0-231-11004-9.
  7. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 128. ISBN 978-0241-29876-3.
  8. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 87.
  9. ^ "History of the Norbertines and St. Norbert". Orange County, California: St Michael's Abbey. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  10. ^ Sutton, Ian (1999). Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20316-3.
  11. ^ Santoro, Nicholas J. (2011). Mary In Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, The Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion. Bloomington: University. p. 195.
  12. ^ Cinnamus, Ioannes (1976). Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, p. 16. New York, New York and West Sussex, United Kingdom: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-23-104080-8.
  13. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 130. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  14. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 134. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  15. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [45]. JSTOR 3679149.
  16. ^ Picard, C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  17. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 131. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  18. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  19. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  20. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 134. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  21. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 135. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  22. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p.72.
  23. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 56.
  24. ^ Johns, Jeremy (2002). Arabic administration in Norman Sicily: the royal dīwān. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-521-81692-0.
  25. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [43]. doi:10.2307/3679149. JSTOR 3679149.
  26. ^ Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (2016). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. London and New York: Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 9781135936747.
  27. ^ Freeman, Edward Augustus (1876). The History of the Norman Conquest of England: The effects of the Norman conquest. 1876. Vol. Volume V: The Effects of the Norman Conquest. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. p. 131. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  28. ^ Bliese, John R. E. (2009-12-11). "The Courage of the Normans. A Comparative Study of Battle Rhetoric". Nottingham Medieval Studies. 35: 1–26. doi:10.1484/J.NMS.3.189.
  29. ^ Keltie, Sir John Scott (1875). "Chapter V: A.D. 1107 - A.D. 1411". A History of the Scottish Highlands, Highland Clans and Highland Regiments: With an Account of the Gaelic Language, Literature, and Music. Vol. Volume I. Edinburgh and London: A. Fullarton. p. 59. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  30. ^ David I. (King of Scotland) (1999). Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.). The Charters of King David I: The Written Acts of David I King of Scots, 1124-53 and of His Son Henry Earl of Northumberland, 1139-52. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780851157313.
  31. ^ Green, Judith A. (1996-04-01). "David I and Henry I". The Scottish Historical Review. 75 (1): 1–19. doi:10.3366/shr.1996.75.1.1. ISSN 0036-9241.
  32. ^ Silvestri, Angelo (2014). Power, Politics and Episcopal Authority: The Bishops of Cremona and Lincoln in the Middle Ages (1066-1340). Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781443871723.
  33. ^ Thomas, P. C. (2001). "Chapter 10: The Tenth General Council of the Church. The Second Council of the Lateran 1139 A.D.". General Councils of the Church: A Compact History. Bangalore, India: St Paul Press. p. 71. ISBN 9788171091812.
  34. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History. Vol. Volume 2: 500 - 1399 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver CO, and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 738. ISBN 9781610690263. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  35. ^ Campbell, Alexander (1802). A Journey from Edinburgh Through Parts of North Britain: Containing Remarks on Scotish Landscape; and Observations on Rural Economy, Natural History, Manufactures, Trade, and Commerce ... Vol. Volume II. London: Longman and Rees. p. 354. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  36. ^ Gordon, James Frederick S. (1868). Monasticon: an Account, Based on Spottiswoode's, of All the Abbeys, Priories Collegiate Churches, and Hospitals in Scotland, at the Reformation. Glasgow: John Tweed. pp. 399. 1124 Dunfermline Gaufrid.
  37. ^ Keith, Robert (1824). An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, Down to the Year 1688; Also an Account of All the Religious Houses That Were in Scotland at the Time of the Reformation. Edinburgh, Aberdeen and London: Bell & Bradfute, A. Brown, and C. & J. Rivington. p. 403.
  38. ^ Galway City Council (2013). Environmental Impact Statement for the Ballinasloe Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade (PDF). Vol. Volume III: Technical Appendices. Galway, Ireland: Galway City Council. p. 49. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  39. ^ Hardiman, James (1820). The History of the Town and County of the Town of Galway, From the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Embellished With Several Engravings to Which is Added a Copious Appendix Containing the Principal Charters and Other Original Documents. Dublin: W. Folds. p. 39.
  40. ^ O'Hanlon, John (1859). The Life of Saint Malachy O'morgair, Bishop of Down and Connor, Archbishop of Armagh, Patron of These Several Dioceses and Delegate Apostolic of the Holy See for the Kingdom of Ireland. Dublin: J. O'Daly. pp. 52. 1124 Malachy bishop.
  41. ^ Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History. Vol. Volume II: AD 600 to 1450. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 547. ISBN 9781610695664. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  42. ^ Duffy, Sean (2017) [2005]. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Revivals. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 313. ISBN 9781351666176.
  43. ^ Diamond, Jared (2011) [2005]. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. New York and London: Penguin. p. 236. ISBN 9781101502006.
  44. ^ Seaver, Kirsten A. (2004). Maps, Myths, and Men: The Story of the Vinland Map. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 292. ISBN 9780804749633. 1124 Arnald Greenland.
  45. ^ Neale, John Mason (1860). The Northern Light: a Tale of Iceland and Greenland in the Eleventh Century. London: John Henry and James Parker. p. 119.
  46. ^ Cruse, Mark (2011). Illuminating the Roman D'Alexandre: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264 : the Manuscript as Monument. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 163. ISBN 9781843842804.
  47. ^ M'Burney, Isaiah, ed. (1857). Chronological Tables: Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest Records to the Close of the Russian War. London and Glasgow: Richard Griffin and Company. p. 205.
  48. ^ Procter, George (1876). Fighting Their Way; Or, The History of the Crusades: Their Rise, Progress, and Results. New York: World Publishing House. pp. 189. 1124 Tyre Crusades.
  49. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  50. ^ Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
  51. ^ de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1998). Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial. Paris: Karthala. p. 44. ISBN 2-86537-844-6.
  52. ^ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
  53. ^ Mole, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800, p. 196. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  54. ^ a b Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-241-29876-3.
  55. ^ Bellum.cz – Battle of Chlumec 18th February 1126
  56. ^ Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800, p. 196. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  57. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [46]. JSTOR 3679149.
  58. ^ Abulafia, David (1985). The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-416-6.
  59. ^ Bresc, Henri (2003). "La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age" (PDF). Retrieved 17 January 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  60. ^ Johns, Jeremy (2002). Arabic administration in Norman Sicily: the royal dīwān. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-521-81692-0.
  61. ^ Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795, pp. 53–54. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-96929-8.
  62. ^ Angold, Michael (1997). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History, p. 153. ISBN 978-0-5822-9468-4.
  63. ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, pp. 140–141. Trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  64. ^ H.E. Malden, ed. (1967). 'House of Cistercian monks: Abbey of waverley', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 2. Victoria County History. pp. 77–89.
  65. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [45]. JSTOR 3679149.
  66. ^ Buchberger, Michael; Kasper, Walter; Baumgartner, Konrad (2001). Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche (in German). Freiburg, Basel, Rom, Wien: Herder. p. 471. ISBN 9783451220111.
  67. ^ Swabey, Ffiona (2004). "Chapter I: Narrative Historical Overview". Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours. Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Medieval World. Wesport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 1. ISBN 9780313325236.
  68. ^ Lewis, Andrew B. (2006) [2002]. "The Birth and Childhood of King John: Some Revisions". In Wheeler, Bonnie; Parsons, John Carmi (eds.). Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady. The New Middle Ages. New York and Basingstoke, UK: Springer. p. 165. ISBN 9781137052629.
  69. ^ Beech, George T. (1992). "The Eleanor of Aquitaine Vase: Its Origins and History to the Early Twelfth Century". Ars Orientalis. 22: 69–79. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629425.
  70. ^ Wolverton, Lisa (2001). Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780812204223.
  71. ^ Antonín, Robert (2017). The Ideal Ruler in Medieval Bohemia. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 393. ISBN 9789004341128.
  72. ^ Štih, Peter (2010). The Middle Ages between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic: Select Papers on Slovene Historiography and Medieval History. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 284. ISBN 9789004187702.
  73. ^ King, Richard John (1876). Handbook to the Cathedrals of England: Southern Division. Vol. Volume II: Pt. 2. Chichester. Canterbury. Rochester. St. Albans. London: John Murray. p. 608. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  74. ^ Little, Lester K. (2018). Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in Romanesque France. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9781501727702.
  75. ^ Truax, Jean (2012). Archbishops Ralph D'Escures, William of Corbeil, and Theobald of Bec: Heirs of Anselm and Ancestors of Becket. The Archbishops of Canterbury Series. Farnham, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 9780754668336.
  76. ^ Lang, Andrew (2016). The History Of Scotland. Vol. Volume 1: From The Romans to Mary of Guise. Altenmünster, Germany and North Charleston, SC: Jazzybee Verlag. p. 75. ISBN 9783849685621. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  77. ^ Taylor, Alice (2016). The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124-1290. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780198749202.
  78. ^ Brown, P. Hume (2012). History of Scotland: Volume 1, To the Accession of Mary Stewart: To the Present Time. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 9781107600331.
  79. ^ Herwaarden, J. Van (2003). "Chapter 10: The Integrity of the Text of Liber Sancti Jacobi in the Codex Calixtinus". Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 355. ISBN 9789004129849.
  80. ^ Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (2004). "Calixtus II, Pope". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 171–172. ISBN 9781135948801.
  81. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2007). The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena. Detroit, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 293. ISBN 9781578592593.
  82. ^ Old, Hughes Oliphant (1998). The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church. Vol. Volume 3: The Medieval Church. Grand Rapids, MI and Cambridge, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 9780802846198. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  83. ^ Grant, Lindy; Bates, David (2013) [1998]. Abbot Suger of St-Denis: Church and State in Early Twelfth-Century France. The Medieval World. London and New York: Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317899693.
  84. ^ Pelikan, Jaroslav (1979). "A First-Generation Anselmian, Guibert of Nogent". In Williams, George Huntston; Church, Frank Forrester; George, Timothy Francis (eds.). Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History: Essays Presented to George Huntston Williams on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 71. ISBN 9789004058798.
  85. ^ "Henry V | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  86. ^ Annals of the Four Masters. Ireland: Corpus of Electronic Texts (UCC), Annal M1127.1. 1127.
  87. ^ Hammond, Peter W., ed. (1998), The Complete Peerage; or, A history of the House of lords and all its members from the earliest times, vol. XIV: Addenda & Corrigenda, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, p. 170, ISBN 978-0-904387-82-7 (Cited at thePeerage.com, which accessed 21 May 2019) {{citation}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Retrieved from ""