1198 papal election
Papal election 1198 | |
---|---|
Dates and location | |
8 January 1198 Septizodium[1] | |
Key officials | |
Dean | Konrad von Wittelsbach |
Camerlengo | Cencio |
Protopriest | Guillaume aux Blanches Mains |
Protodeacon | |
Election | |
Ballots | 2 |
Elected pope | |
Lotario dei Conti di Segni Name taken: Innocent III | |
![]() | |
The 1198 papal election (held 8 January) was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.[2]
Death of Celestine III[]
Pope Celestine III had been elected to the papacy in 1191 at the age of 85. In spite of his very advanced age, his pontificate lasted almost seven years. On Christmas Day, 1197 the 91-year-old Pope expressed the wish to abdicate the papacy on condition that his close collaborator Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo would be elected the new pope.[3] The cardinals rejected the suggestion as inconsistent with the rule that papal elections must be free ones.[4] Shortly thereafter, on 8 January 1198, Celestine III died and the cardinals present at his deathbed immediately started proceedings for the election of his successor.
List of participants[]
At the death of Celestine III there were 29 cardinals in the Sacred College.[5] However, no more than 21 were present at Rome:[6]
Elector | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ottaviano di Paoli | Bishop of Ostia e Velletri | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | He consecrated new pope to the priesthood and episcopate |
Pietro Gallocia | Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | 1188 | Clement III | |
Soffredo | Priest of S. Prassede | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | |
Pietro Diana | Priest of S. Cecilia | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | |
, O.Cist. | Priest of S. Pudenziana | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | |
Priest of S. Clemente and bishop of Viterbo e Toscanella | May 1189 | Clement III | ||
Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | ||
, O.S.B.Cas. | Priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Elected Pope but declined |
Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | ||
Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica | |
Giovanni di San Paolo | Priest of S. Prisca | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | Celestine III tried to designate him as his successor |
Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano | 4 March 1178 | Alexander III | Protodeacon; he crowned the new pope | |
Gerardo Allucingoli | Deacon of S. Adriano | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Cardinal-nephew |
Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | ||
Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | ||
Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | ||
Lotario dei Conti di Segni | Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Cardinal-nephew; elected Pope Innocent III |
Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | ||
Niccolò Scolari | Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin | 22 September 1190 | Clement III | Cardinal-nephew |
Bobo | Deacon of S. Teodoro | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | Cardinal-nephew |
Cencio | Deacon of S. Lucia in Silice and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | Acting papal chancellor; future Pope Honorius III (1216–1227); possibly of Savelli family |
Four electors were created by Celestine III, five by Lucius III, one by Alexander III and the remaining thirteen by Clement III.
Absentees[]
At least eight cardinals were absent:
Elector | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Konrad von Wittelsbach | Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Mainz | 18 December 1165 | Alexander III | Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; papal legate in the Holy Land; external cardinal |
Guillaume aux Blanches Mains | Priest of S. Sabina and Archbishop of Reims | March 1179 | Alexander III | Protopriest; Minister of State of the Kingdom of France; external cardinal |
Ruggiero di San Severino | Priest of S. Eusebio and Archbishop of Benevento | Circa 1178–1180 | Alexander III | External cardinal |
Pandolfo da Lucca | Priest of SS. XII Apostoli | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Papal legate in Tuscany |
Adelardo Cattaneo | S.R.E. cardinalis and bishop of Verona | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | Resigned the titular church of S. Marcello after the election to the see of Verona in 1188; external cardinal |
Bernardo, C.R.S.F. | Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli | 12 March 1188 | Clement III | Papal legate in Tuscany and Lombardy |
, O.S.B.Cas. | Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro | 1188 | Clement III | Abbot of Montecassino; ; external cardinal |
Peter of Capua | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 20 February 1193 | Celestine III | He was legate in Bohemia and Poland in 1197. At the death of Celestine III he had already finished this mission but was unable to reach Rome before the election |
Election of Pope Innocent III[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septiconium_Luci_Septimi_Severi.jpg/130px-Septiconium_Luci_Septimi_Severi.jpg)
On the same day that Celestine III had died the cardinals assembled in Septizodium (or possibly in the nearby church of Santa Lucia in Septisolio)[1] in the voluntary enclosure,[7] as reported by pope Innocent himself on a letter on January 9th.[8] This may have been done to guarantee safety and freedom in the election, given the presence and influence of the Germans in Italy.[9] For the first time the electors voted by scrutiny (per scrutinium). Some cardinals were elected scrutineers; they counted the votes, recorded the result and announced it to the rest of the Sacred College.[10] In the first scrutiny Cardinal received the greatest number of votes (ten), but declared that he would not accept the election to the pontificate.[11] Ottaviano di Paoli also received three votes, but declared his own preference for Lotario.[12] In the second scrutiny the cardinals united their votes[13] in favor of 37-year-old Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, who was the youngest of all the cardinals.[14] He accepted his election and took the name Innocent III. The name was possibly chosen for him by cardinal Graziano da Pisa, as a means to supplant the memory of Antipope Innocent III.[15] Another possibility (hypothesized more recently) is that he chose the name himself, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130–1143), who had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor (in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy).[16][17]
On 22 February 1198 the new pope was ordained to the priesthood and consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and solemnly crowned by Cardinal , protodeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano.[14]
Notes[]
- ^ a b Or possibly the Septasolium. There has been confusion about these locations, as described by Dr. J. P. Adams
- ^ A. Piazzoni, p. 177
- ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent III
- ^ T. Greenwood, p. 358
- ^ Number according to W. Maleczek, p. 241. K. Eubel, p. 3, note 1; and T. Greenwood, p. 358, give the number of only 28, but Eubel omitted Ruggiero of S. Eusebio, and Greenwood does not provide the list at all
- ^ Reconstruction is based on the biographical data of the cardinals in: W. Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984. This author, p. 354, suggests even the lower number of electors (19 or 20), but without indicating which cardinals were absent. T. Greenwood, p. 358, says that at least five out of twenty eight cardinals were absent
- ^ For this reason, some authors consider this election as the first papal conclave (A. Piazzoni, p. 176, note 2), but the formal procedures of the conclave would not be developed until the papal election, 1268–1271, and were first implemented in the papal conclave, January 1276
- ^ Patrologiae cursus completus: sive biblioteca universalis,integra uniformis ... (in Latin). Harvard University. apud editorem. 1855. p. Column. 1.CS1 maint: others (link)
- ^ HURTER, Federico (1839). Storia del sommo Pontifice Innocenzo III e de ́suoi contemporanei scrita in tedesco de tradotta in italiano Dall ́Ab. Cesare Rovida, con un discorso preliminare dei signore Alessandro di Saint-Cheron, G.B. Haiber (in Italian). G.Resnati. p. 154.
- ^ A. Piazzoni, p. 177. Piazzoni cites for this statement two anonymous contemporary sources: Oratio pro eligendo pontifice and Gesta Innocentii papae. However, according to T. Greenwood, p. 299, there is some evidence suggesting that similar procedure might have been already used in the papal election, 1191, but the source that he cited is brief and ambiguous, and is insufficient to ascertain it.
- ^ W. Maleczek, p. 108
- ^ HURTER, Federico (1839). Storia del sommo Pontifice Innocenzo III e de ́suoi contemporanei scrita in tedesco de tradotta in italiano Dall ́Ab. Cesare Rovida, con un discorso preliminare dei signore Alessandro di Saint-Cheron, G.B. Haiber (in Italian). G.Resnati. p. 155.
- ^ Unanimity of the election: Smith, p. 12
- ^ a b S. Miranda Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni.
- ^ HURTER, Federico (1839). Storia del sommo Pontifice Innocenzo III e de ́suoi contemporanei scrita in tedesco de tradotta in italiano Dall ́Ab. Cesare Rovida, con un discorso preliminare dei signore Alessandro di Saint-Cheron, G.B. Haiber (in Italian). G.Resnati.
- ^ Julien Théry-Astruc, "Introduction", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015, pp. 13–14
- ^ Théry, Julien. ""Introduction", dans "Innocent III et le Midi. Cahiers de Fanjeaux 50", éd. D. Le Blévec, M. Fournié, J. Théry-Astruc, 2015, p. 11-35". Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help)
Sources[]
- Eubel, Konrad (1913). "Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi" (in Latin). I. Münster. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - Greenwood, Thomas (1865). Cathedra Petri. XII, XIII. London: William Macintosh.
- Jaffé, Philipp (1851). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII (in Latin). Berlin: Veit et Socius.
- Maleczek, Werner (1984). Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 (in German). Vienna: M. Schöbel.
- Miranda, Salvador. "Consistory of September 1190 (III)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
- Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Innocent III". The Catholic Encyclopedia. VIII. Robert Appleton Company.
- Piazzoni, Ambrogio (2003). Historia wyboru papieży (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo M. ISBN 83-7221-648-7.
- Smith, Damian J (2004). Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-3492-2.
- Julien Théry-Astruc, "Introduction", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015, p.11-35.
- 12th-century elections
- 1198
- Papal elections
- 12th-century Catholicism
- 1198 in Europe