Cardinal electors for the 1978 papal conclaves

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Photograph of Pope John Paul I
Cardinal Albino Luciani, Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope John Paul I by the first conclave on 26 August 1978.
Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, Archbishop of Kraków, was elected Pope John Paul II by the second conclave on 16 October 1978.

The papal conclaves of August 1978 and of October 1978 were respectively convened to elect a pope, the leader of the Catholic Church, to succeed Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul I following their respective deaths on 6 August 1978 and on 28 September 1978. According to the apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici eligendo, which governed the vacancy of the Holy See, only cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the conclave began (i.e. cardinals who were born on or after 25 August 1898 for the first conclave and on or after 14 October 1898 for the second conclave) were eligible to participate.[1] Although not formal requirements, the cardinal electors invariably elect the pope from among their number and do so by secret ballot (Latin: per scrutinium).[1] Due to the brief duration between the conclaves, the respective lists of cardinal electors are nearly identical.

Of the 129 members of the Sacred College of Cardinals at the time of the beginning of the first conclave, there were 114 cardinal electors who were eligible to participate.[a][3] Three cardinal electors did not participate, decreasing the number in attendance to 111 (97.4 per cent of all cardinal electors, 86.0 per cent of all cardinals).[4] Two cardinals, both cardinal electors, died in the time between the conclaves.[5][6] Of the 126 members of the Sacred College of Cardinals at the time of the beginning of the second conclave, there were 111 cardinal electors (88.1 per cent of all cardinals) who were eligible to participate;[b][7] all of whom were in attendance.[8] The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds-plus-one supermajority in either conclave was 75.[1]

Of the 112 attending cardinal electors in either conclave, 5 were cardinal bishops, 92 were cardinal priests and 15 were cardinal deacons; 3 had been created cardinals by Pope Pius XII, 8 by Pope John XXIII and 101 by Pope Paul VI; 28 worked in the service of the Holy See, such as in the Roman Curia, 77 were in charge of pastoral duties outside Rome and 10 had retired.[c] The oldest cardinal elector in the conclaves was Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê, at the age of 79, while the youngest cardinal elector was Jaime Lachica Sin, at the age of 49–50. Another 15 cardinals were ineligible to participate in either conclave, for reasons of age.[3][7]

The cardinal electors entered the Sistine Chapel to begin the first conclave on 25 August 1978.[9] On 26 August 1978, after four ballots over two days, they elected Cardinal Albino Luciani, Patriarch of Venice, who took the papal name John Paul I.[10] After his death 33 days into his papacy, the cardinal electors again entered the Sistine Chapel to begin the second conclave on 14 October 1978.[11] On 16 October 1978, after eight ballots over three days, they elected Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, Archbishop of Kraków, who took the papal name John Paul II.[12]

Cardinal electors[]

The Sacred College of Cardinals is divided into three orders: cardinal bishops (CB), cardinal priests (CP) and cardinal deacons (CD), with precedence in that sequence. This is the order in which the cardinal electors process into the conclave, take the oath and cast their ballots.[1] For cardinal bishops, except the Eastern Catholic patriarchs, the dean is first in precedence, followed by the vice-dean and then by the rest in order of appointment as cardinal bishops. For cardinal bishops who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, for cardinal priests and for cardinal deacons, precedence is determined by the date of the consistory in which they were created cardinals and then by the order in which they appeared in the official announcement or bulletin.[4][8]

Two of the cardinal electors were from the Eastern Catholic Churches: Stéphanos I Sidarouss (Coptic) and Joseph Parecattil (Syro-Malabar). In addition, the senior cardinal bishop, the senior cardinal priest, the senior cardinal deacon and the junior cardinal deacon were assigned specific roles in the conclaves, such as presiding over the conclave itself (the senior cardinal bishop) or announcing the election of the pope (the senior cardinal deacon).[1] For both conclaves, these were, respectively, Jean Villot, Giuseppe Siri, Pericle Felici and Mario Luigi Ciappi.[4][8] Villot was also the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, in charge of administering the Holy See during its vacancy.[1][13]

The 112 cardinal electors in the table below are those who participated in at least one of the two conclaves. Two cardinals participated in only one of the conclaves: Albino Luciani, elected Pope John Paul I in the first conclave and whose death prompted the second conclave, as well as John Joseph Wright, who did not participate in the first conclave due to health reasons owing to surgery.[14] Another two cardinal electors did not participate in the first conclave; both died before the second conclave began.[5][6] The data below are as of 25 August 1978 or 14 October 1978, the respective dates on which the conclaves began. Age ranges are given for certain cardinals in the case of any differences as at the beginning of the two conclaves. By default, the cardinals are sorted by precedence within each table. All cardinals are of the Latin Church unless otherwise stated. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the respective post-nominal letters.

* Elected pope
Rank Name Country Born Order Consistory Office Ref.
1 Jean Villot France 11 October 1905
(age 72–73) 		CB 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Secretary of State, Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum[d] [13]
2 Antonio Samorè Italy 4 December 1905
(age 72) 		CB 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church [15]
3 Francesco Carpino Italy 18 May 1905
(age 73) 		CB 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop emeritus of Palermo [16]
4 Sebastiano Baggio Italy 16 May 1913
(age 65) 		CB 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops [17]
5 Stéphanos I Sidarouss CM Egypt 22 February 1904
(age 74) 		CB 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Patriarch of Alexandria
(Coptic Catholic Church) 		[18]
6 Giuseppe Siri Italy 20 May 1906
(age 72) 		CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII 		Archbishop of Genoa [19]
7 Stefan Wyszyński Poland 3 August 1901
(age 77) 		CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII 		Archbishop of Gniezno and of Warsaw [20]
8 Paul Émile Léger PSS Canada 26 April 1904
(age 74) 		CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII 		Archbishop emeritus of Montreal [21]
9 José María Bueno y Monreal Spain 11 September 1904
(age 73–74) 		CP 15 December 1958
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Seville [22]
10 Franz König Austria 3 August 1905
(age 73) 		CP 15 December 1958
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Vienna and President of the Secretariat for Non-Believers [23]
11 Bernardus Johannes Alfrink Netherlands 5 July 1900
(age 78) 		CP 28 March 1960
John XXIII 		Archbishop emeritus of Utrecht [24]
12 Laurean Rugambwa Tanzania 12 July 1912
(age 66) 		CP 28 March 1960
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam [25]
13 José Humberto Quintero Parra Venezuela 22 September 1902
(age 75–76) 		CP 16 January 1961
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Caracas [26]
14 Juan Landázuri Ricketts OFM Peru 19 November 1913
(age 64) 		CP 19 March 1962
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Lima [27]
15 Raúl Silva Henríquez SDB Chile 27 September 1907
(age 70–71) 		CP 19 March 1962
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Santiago de Chile [28]
16 Leo-Jozef Suenens Belgium 16 July 1904
(age 74) 		CP 19 March 1962
John XXIII 		Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels [29]
17 Thomas Benjamin Cooray OMI Sri Lanka 28 December 1901
(age 76) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop emeritus of Colombo [30]
18 Maurice Roy Canada 25 January 1905
(age 73) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Quebec [31]
19 Owen McCann South Africa 29 June 1907
(age 71) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Cape Town [32]
20 Léon-Étienne Duval Algeria 9 November 1903
(age 74) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Algiers [33]
21 Ermenegildo Florit Italy 5 July 1901
(age 77) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop emeritus of Florence [34]
22 Franjo Šeper Yugoslavia 2 October 1905
(age 72–73) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith [35]
23 Paul Zoungrana MAfr Upper Volta 3 September 1917
(age 60–61) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Ouagadougou [2]
24 Agnelo Rossi Brazil 14 May 1910
(age 68) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples [36]
25 Giovanni Colombo Italy 6 December 1902
(age 75) 		CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Milan [37]
26 Gabriel-Marie Garrone France 12 October 1901
(age 76–77) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education and Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals [38]
27 Egidio Vagnozzi Italy 26 February 1906
(age 72) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See [39]
28 Maximilien de Furstenberg Belgium 23 October 1904
(age 73) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre [40]
29 José Clemente Maurer CSsR Bolivia 13 March 1900
(age 78) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Sucre [41]
30 John Joseph Krol United States 26 October 1910
(age 67) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Philadelphia [42]
31 John Patrick Cody United States 24 December 1907
(age 70) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Chicago [43]
32 Corrado Ursi Italy 26 July 1908
(age 70) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Naples [44]
33 Alfred Bengsch East Germany[e] 10 September 1921
(age 56–57) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop-Bishop of Berlin [45]
34 Justinus Darmojuwono Indonesia 2 November 1914
(age 63) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Semarang [46]
35 Karol Wojtyła* Poland 18 May 1920
(age 58) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Kraków [47]
36 Michele Pellegrino Italy 25 April 1903
(age 75) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop emeritus of Turin [48]
37 Alexandre-Charles Renard France 7 June 1906
(age 72) 		CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Lyon [49]
38 Alfredo Vicente Scherer Brazil 5 February 1903
(age 75) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Porto Alegre [50]
39 Julio Rosales y Ras Philippines 18 September 1906
(age 71–72) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Cebu [36]
40 Gordon Joseph Gray United Kingdom 10 August 1910
(age 68) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh [51]
41 Paolo Bertoli Italy 1 February 1908
(age 70) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Prefect emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints [52]
42 Joseph Parecattil India 1 April 1912
(age 66) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Ernakulam and President of the Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of Oriental Canon Law
(Syro-Malabar Catholic Church) 		[53]
43 John Francis Dearden United States 15 October 1907
(age 70) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Detroit [46]
44 François Marty France 16 May 1904
(age 74) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Paris [54]
45 George Bernard Flahiff CSB Canada 26 October 1905
(age 72) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Winnipeg [34]
46 Paul Gouyon France 24 October 1910
(age 67) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Rennes [5]
47 Mario Casariego y Acevedo CRS Guatemala 13 February 1909
(age 69) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Guatemala [55]
48 Vicente Enrique y Tarancón Spain 14 May 1907
(age 71) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Madrid [56]
49 Joseph Malula Zaire 12 December 1917
(age 60) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Kinshasa [57]
50 Pablo Muñoz Vega SJ Ecuador 23 May 1903
(age 75) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Quito [58]
51 Antonio Poma Italy 12 June 1910
(age 68) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Bologna [59]
52 John Joseph Carberry United States 31 July 1904
(age 74) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of St. Louis [60]
53 Terence James Cooke United States 1 March 1921
(age 57) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of New York [61]
54 Stephen Kim Sou-hwan South Korea 8 May 1922
(age 56) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Seoul [62]
55 Eugênio de Araújo Sales Brazil 8 November 1920
(age 57) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro [63]
56 Joseph Höffner West Germany 24 December 1906
(age 71) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Cologne [64]
57 John Joseph Wright[f] United States 18 July 1909
(age 69) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy [65]
58 Johannes Willebrands Netherlands 4 September 1909
(age 68–69) 		CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Utrecht and President of the Secretariat for Christian Unity [66]
59 Albino Luciani*[g] Italy 17 October 1912
(age 65) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Patriarch of Venice [47]
60 António Ribeiro Portugal 21 May 1928
(age 50) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Patriarch of Lisbon [67]
61 James Robert Knox Australia 2 March 1914
(age 64) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship [62]
62 Avelar Brandão Vilela Brazil 13 June 1912
(age 66) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia [68]
63 Joseph Cordeiro Pakistan 19 January 1918
(age 60) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Karachi [69]
64 Aníbal Muñoz Duque Colombia 3 October 1908
(age 69–70) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Bogotá [58]
65 Luis Aponte Martínez United States
(Puerto Rico)[h] 		4 August 1922
(age 56) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of San Juan de Puerto Rico [70]
66 Raúl Francisco Primatesta Argentina 14 April 1919
(age 59) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Córdoba [71]
67 Salvatore Pappalardo Italy 23 September 1918
(age 59–60) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Palermo [53]
68 Marcelo González Martín Spain 16 January 1918
(age 60) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Toledo [72]
69 Louis-Jean Guyot France 7 July 1905
(age 73) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Toulouse [73]
70 Ugo Poletti Italy 19 April 1914
(age 64) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Vicar General for Rome and Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Saint John Lateran [74]
71 Timothy Manning United States 15 November 1909
(age 68) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Los Angeles [57]
72 Maurice Michael Otunga Kenya January 1923[i]
(age 55) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Nairobi [75]
73 José Salazar López Mexico 12 January 1910
(age 68) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Guadalajara [76]
74 Humberto Sousa Medeiros United States 6 October 1915
(age 62–63) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Boston [77]
75 Paulo Evaristo Arns OFM Brazil 14 September 1921
(age 56–57) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of São Paulo [78]
76 James Darcy Freeman Australia 9 November 1907
(age 70) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Sydney [79]
77 Narciso Jubany Arnau Spain 12 August 1913
(age 65) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Barcelona [80]
78 Hermann Volk West Germany 27 December 1903
(age 74) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Bishop of Mainz [81]
79 Pio Taofinuʻu SM Western Samoa 8 December 1923
(age 54) 		CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Bishop of Samoa and Tokelau [82]
80 Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas Dominican Republic 16 November 1906
(age 71) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Santo Domingo [83]
81 Juan Carlos Aramburu Argentina 11 February 1912
(age 66) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Buenos Aires [70]
82 Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê Vietnam 11 December 1898
(age 79) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Hanoi [84]
83 Hyacinthe Thiandoum Senegal 2 February 1921
(age 57) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Dakar [85]
84 Emmanuel Nsubuga Uganda 11 November 1914
(age 63) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Kampala [86]
85 Lawrence Trevor Picachy SJ India 7 August 1916
(age 62) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Calcutta [87]
86 Jaime Lachica Sin Philippines 31 August 1928
(age 49–50) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Manila [88]
87 William Wakefield Baum United States 21 November 1926
(age 51) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Washington [89]
88 Aloísio Lorscheider OFM Brazil 8 October 1924
(age 53–54) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Fortaleza [90]
89 Reginald Delargey New Zealand 10 December 1914
(age 63) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Wellington [91]
90 László Lékai Hungary 12 March 1910
(age 68) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Esztergom [92]
91 George Basil Hume OSB United Kingdom 2 March 1923
(age 55) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Westminster [93]
92 Victor Razafimahatratra SJ Madagascar 8 September 1921
(age 56–57) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Tananarive [94]
93 František Tomášek Czechoslovakia 30 June 1899
(age 79) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Prague [95]
94 Dominic Ignatius Ekandem Nigeria 1917[i]
(age 60–61) 		CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Bishop of Ikot Ekpene [56]
95 Giovanni Benelli Italy 12 May 1921
(age 57) 		CP 27 June 1977
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Florence [96]
96 Joseph Ratzinger West Germany 16 April 1927
(age 51) 		CP 27 June 1977
Paul VI 		Archbishop of Munich and Freising [97]
97 Pericle Felici Italy 1 August 1911
(age 67) 		CD 26 June 1967
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura and President of the Pontifical Commissions for the Revision of the Code of Canon Law and for the Interpretation of the Decrees of the Second Vatican Council (Protodeacon) [98]
98 Silvio Oddi Italy 14 November 1910
(age 67) 		CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Pontifical Legate for the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi [99]
99 Giuseppe Paupini Italy 25 February 1907
(age 71) 		CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Major Penitentiary [100]
100 Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano Italy 12 August 1903
(age 75) 		CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Prefect emeritus of the Apostolic Palaces [101]
101 Sergio Guerri Italy 25 December 1905
(age 72) 		CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI 		Pro-President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State [102]
102 Sergio Pignedoli Italy 4 June 1910
(age 68) 		CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		President of the Secretariat for Non-Christians [103]
103 Umberto Mozzoni Argentina 29 June 1904
(age 74) 		CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		President of the Commission of Cardinals for the Pontifical Shrines of Pompeii and Loreto [104]
104 Paul-Pierre Philippe OP France 16 April 1905
(age 73) 		CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches [105]
105 Pietro Palazzini Italy 19 May 1912
(age 66) 		CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI 		Secretary emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy and of the Commission of Cardinals for the Pontifical Shrines of Pompeii and Loreto [106]
106 Opilio Rossi Italy 14 May 1910
(age 68) 		CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		President of the Pontifical Councils for the Laity and for the Family [107]
107 Giuseppe Maria Sensi Italy 27 May 1907
(age 71) 		CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Apostolic Nuncio emeritus to Portugal [35]
108 Corrado Bafile Italy 4 July 1903
(age 75) 		CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints [108]
109 Joseph Schröffer West Germany 20 February 1903
(age 75) 		CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education [109]
110 Eduardo Francisco Pironio Argentina 3 December 1920
(age 57) 		CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Religious and Secular Institutes [110]
111 Bernardin Gantin Benin 8 May 1922
(age 56) 		CD 27 June 1977
Paul VI 		President of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace and of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum[j] [111]
112 Mario Luigi Ciappi OP Italy 6 October 1909
(age 68–69) 		CD 27 June 1977
Paul VI 		Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household [112]

Not in attendance[]

Rank Name Country Born Order Consistory Office Reason for absence Ref.
1 Valerian Gracias India 23 October 1901
(age 76) 		CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII 		Archbishop of Bombay Health reasons; died on 11 September 1978, before the second conclave [5]
2 Bolesław Filipiak Poland 1 September 1901
(age 76–77) 		CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI 		Dean emeritus of the Sacred Roman Rota Health reasons; died on 14 October 1978, the day on which the second conclave began [6]

Cardinal electors by continent and by country[]

The 112 attending cardinal electors in either conclave were from 49 countries[k] on all six inhabited continents; the countries with the greatest number of cardinal electors were Italy (twenty-six in the first conclave, twenty-five in the second conclave), the United States (eight in the first conclave, nine in the second conclave; excluding Puerto Rico) and France (seven in both conclaves).

* Continent/country of elected pope

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Excluding Cardinal Paul Yü Pin, who died on 16 August 1978, after Paul VI's death but before the first conclave began[2]
  2. ^ Excluding Cardinal Bolesław Filipiak, who died on 14 October 1978, after John Paul I's death and on the day on which the second conclave began[6]
  3. ^ Three cardinals, Franz König, Joseph Parecattil and Johannes Willebrands, were in charge of pastoral duties outside Rome while also holding positions at the Vatican; they are counted in both categories.
  4. ^ Resigned as President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum after the first conclave and before the second conclave
  5. ^ Territory as archbishop-bishop also in West Germany
  6. ^ Did not participate in the first conclave because of health reasons, due to surgery
  7. ^ Died as Pope John Paul I on 28 September 1978; did not participate in the second conclave
  8. ^ a b c Insular area of the United States
  9. ^ a b Exact date of birth unknown
  10. ^ Appointed President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum after the first conclave and before the second conclave
  11. ^ With Puerto Rico not separately enumerated

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Pope Paul VI (1 October 1975). "Romano Pontifici Eligendo". The Holy See (Apostolic constitution) (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 203.
  3. ^ a b Hofmann, Paul (9 August 1978). "Choice of Non‐Italian Pope Held Possible but Unlikely". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b c AAS 70 (1978), pp. 686, 687.
  5. ^ a b c d Lentz (2002), p. 84.
  6. ^ a b c d Lentz (2002), p. 71.
  7. ^ a b Koven, Ronald (14 October 1978). "Electioneering in the Vatican Style". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  8. ^ a b c AAS 70 (1978), pp. 913, 914.
  9. ^ AAS 70 (1978), p. 684.
  10. ^ AAS 70 (1978), pp. 690, 691.
  11. ^ AAS 70 (1978), p. 911.
  12. ^ AAS 70 (1978), pp. 918, 919.
  13. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 198.
  14. ^ "Leading U.S. Cardinal To Miss Papal Voting". The New York Times. 9 August 1978. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  15. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 165.
  16. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 35, 36.
  17. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 17.
  18. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 174, 175.
  19. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 177.
  20. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 202.
  21. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 107, 108.
  22. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 30, 31.
  23. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 99, 100.
  24. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 9.
  25. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 162.
  26. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 150.
  27. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 103.
  28. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 175.
  29. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 182.
  30. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 49, 50.
  31. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 160, 161.
  32. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 113, 114.
  33. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 64.
  34. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 72.
  35. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 171.
  36. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 158.
  37. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 47.
  38. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 77.
  39. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 193, 194.
  40. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 57.
  41. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 122.
  42. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 101, 102.
  43. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 46.
  44. ^ Lentz (2002), p. 193.
  45. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 21, 22.
  46. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 56.
  47. ^ a b Lentz (2002), p. 6.
  48. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 141, 142.
  49. ^ Lentz (2002), pp. 153, 154.
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Sources[]

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