1912 Maymyo earthquake

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1912 Maymyo earthquake
epicenter.
epicenter.
1912 Maymyo earthquake (Myanmar)
UTC time1912-05-23 02:24:04
ISC event16958191
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date23 May, 1912
Local time09:00:00
Durationmore than 60 seconds
Magnitude7.6-8.0 Ms
7.8 Mw
Epicenter22°21′00″N 96°44′13″E / 22.35°N 96.737°E / 22.35; 96.737Coordinates: 22°21′00″N 96°44′13″E / 22.35°N 96.737°E / 22.35; 96.737
FaultKyaukkyan fault
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedMyanmar
Total damageWidespread and severe
Max. intensityRF: IX
MMI: VIII–IX[1][2]
CasualtiesUnknown

The 1912 Maymyo earthquake or 1912 Burma earthquake struck Burma on the morning of May 23, with an epicentre near Taunggyi and Pyin Oo Lwin in Shan State. The earthquake was initially calculated at 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale (Ms ) by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter, and described by them as being one of the most remarkable seismic events in the early 1900s.[3][4][5] Recent re-evaluation of the earthquake, however, have downgraded the magnitude to between 7.6 and 7.7. It was preceded by two foreshocks on May 18 and 21 with respective intensities V and VII on the Rossi-Forel scale, while the mainshock was assigned IX. Shaking was felt throughout most of Burma, parts of Siam and Yunnan; an area covering approximately 375,000 square miles.[6] It was one of the largest earthquakes in the country.

Earthquake[]

Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter estimated this earthquake at 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale scale in the second edition of their book Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena published in 1954.[3] Later studies in 1983 and 1992 recalculated the magnitude of the earthquake at 7.6–7.7 Ms .[7] On the moment magnitude scale, the earthquake is estimated to be 7.8 Mw .[1][8] Other estimates including one in Richter's 1958 book Elementary Seismology and the journal Secular seismic energy release in the circum-Pacific belt by Seweryn J. Duda presented 7.9 Ms .[9] Further studies and evaliuation of the earthquake stated that had the earthquake have a magnitude of 8.0 as stated by Gutenberg and Richter, the Kyaukkyan fault would have ruptured for a length of at least 240 km. Field studies and isoseismal data however inferred that the rupture length was only 140 to 160 km, which corresponds to a 7.6–7.7 Ms  earthquake.

Geology[]

The earthquake is situated along the Kyaukkyan fault, a 500 km long right-lateral structure running through the Shan plateau.[7] It runs nearly parallel to the more dominant Sagaing fault. Many left and right-lateral faults are situated in the Shan plateau as a result of the rotating Sunda block. Earthquakes are common in this region including a magnitude 7.7 in 1988[10] and the deadly quake of 2011. The earthquake ruptured a 160 km section of the northernmost segment of the Kyaukkyan Fault. Assuming a magnitude of 7.6–7.7, a maximum offset of 8 to 9 meters is estimated for the event.[11] Other earthquakes have occurred on the same fault in 4660 and 1270 years before present.[11]

Impact[]

The number of casualties in this earthquake is not known, but the National Earthquake Information Center catalog stated in the "death description" parameter that "few" deaths occurred with the definition of "few" being around 1 to 50 deaths.[12]

Pyin Oo Lwin[]

Witness reported the sound of thunder during the event. Wooden beams, bricks, and plaster fell from the Governor's House. Two chimneys fell off a station hospital and a roof of a family hospital collapsed. A Baptist church was seen swaying during the earthquake. Shaking intensity probably reached VIII to IX in this area. Many bungalows were damaged and some were unsafe for people. A major rockslide disrupted service on the Burma Railway between Nawnghkio and Hsum-hsai. Ground rupture was visible and a railway track was bent. Landslides occurred in a gorge near Gokteik station, which was also affected.[6] Class A brick masonry buildings suffered serious structural damage corresponding to Grade 4 on the European macroseismic scale (EMS).[1] Numerous landslides were triggered on the nearby mountain ranges and every pagoda in the city was completely obliterated.

Mandalay[]

Many witnesses mentioned difficulties attempting to stand during the event. A cathedral suffered extensive cracking throughout. The Wesleyan School also suffered major damage as a masonry building. Three-quarters of Class A brick buildings and nearly all pagodas and monasteries were damaged.[6] Five buildings suffered total collapse, Grade 5 on the EMS while an additional 31 sustained Grade 4 damage. On the Rossi–Forel scale, the shaking reached IX.[1]

Taunggyi[]

The shock lasted more than a minute there, nearly all chimneys had fallen and military buildings were in critical condition.[6]

Mogok[]

Shaking created cracks in brick buildings and collapsed several pagodas. Landslides damaged water pipelines and cut off power to the city for two nights.[6]

Other areas[]

In places slightly further away from the earthquake such as parts of Shan state, Bago region, Kachin state, Sagaing region, and Kayah state, noises were heard and shaking intensity ranged between VI (Strong) to VII (Very Strong). Some buildings cracked but the shaking was not enough to cause destruction.[6] In Hsipaw, many masonry buildings suffered serious damage, and chimneys collapsed. Liquefaction events took place in many parts.[1]

In northern and southern Burma, Yunnan, and parts of Siam, the shock had become a gentle rocking sensation and was felt by most of the population. The intensity here was between IV (Light) and V (Moderate). No damage was reported.[6]

In Rangoon and the Chin Hills, the earthquake was barely perceivable. However, the motion was still strong enough that lamps were seen swinging, oil and water in Seikkyi Kanaungto township was seen to sway about. Akyab marked the extreme point where shaking could still be felt, none was observed past the city.[6]

The maximum assigned intensity in this earthquake on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale is estimated at VIII (Severe) to IX (Violent).[2][1]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ornthammarath, Teraphan (2019). "Seismic damage to ancient monuments in Chiang Saen (Northern Thailand): implication for historical earthquakes in Golden Triangle area". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society a Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences (Phil Trans Math Phys Eng Sci). 377 (2155). doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0255. PMC 6710469. PMID 31424339.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Santi Pailoplee (2012). "Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar". Natural Science. 4 (8A): 7624–630. doi:10.4236/ns.2012.428082.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Beno Gutenberg; Charles Francis Richter (1954). Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena (2 ed.). Princeton, N.J., USA: Princeton University Press.
  4. ^ ROBERT J. GELLER AND HIROO KANAMORI (1977). "MAGNITUDES OF GREAT SHALLOW EARTHQUAKES FROM 1904 TO 1952" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 67 (3): 587–598.
  5. ^ "Event 16958191 Myanmar". www.isc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Brown, J. Coggin (1917). "The Burma Earthquake of May 1912". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. XLII – via SCRIBD.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Wang Yu (25 April 2014). "Active tectonics and earthquake potentialof the Myanmar region". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.
  8. ^ Katsuyuki Abe; Shin'ichi Noguchi (1983). "Revision of magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes, 1897–1912". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 33 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(83)90002-X. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  9. ^ R. Geller (1977). H. Kanamori (ed.). "Magnitudes of great shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1952" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 67 (3): 587–598. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  10. ^ "M7.7 - Myanmar-China border region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Silvia Crosetto, Ian M. Watkinson, Soe Min, Emanuela Falcucci, Stefano Gori, Pyi Soe Thein, Sudeep (2019). "Searching for the 1912 Maymyo earthquake: New evidence from paleoseismic investigations along the Kyaukkyan Fault, Myanmar". Quaternary International. 532: 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.042. ISSN 1040-6182.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-14.

External links[]

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