1966 in poetry

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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

List of years in poetry (table)
In literature
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969

Events[]

  • Raymond Souster founds the League of Canadian Poets
  • Philip Hobsbaum, who had founded The Belfast Group in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1963, departs for Glasgow, and the Belfast Group meetings lapsed for a while, but then was reconstituted in 1968 by Michael Allen, Arthur Terry, and Seamus Heaney. At one time or another, the grouping also includes Michael Longley, James Simmons, Paul Muldoon, Ciaran Carson, Stewart Parker, Bernard MacLaverty and the critic Edna Longley. Meetings will be held at Seamus and Marie Heaney's house on Ashley Avenue. The Belfast Group will last until 1972.
  • Russian poet Joseph Brodsky returns to Leningrad from the exile near the Arctic Circle where he had been sent when a Soviet court in 1964 convicted him of "parasitism".
  • Starting this year and continuing for a decade, Bulgarian censors prevent publication of works by Konstantin Pavlov, poet and screenwriter who was defiant against his country's communist regime; his popularity didn't wane, as Bulgarians clandestinely copied and read his poems.[1]
  • Ted Hughes and Daniel Weissbort found Modern Poetry in Translation (MPT), a British journal focusing on the art of translating poetry. Later defunct, the magazine was relaunched in 2004 under editors David and .[2]
  • The journal L'éphémère founded in France; poets associated with it include Yves Bonnefoy, Jacques Dupin and André du Bouchet; it ceased publication in 1973[3]

Works published in English[]

Chilean poet Pablo Neruda recording poems at the U.S. Library of Congress this year

Listed by nation where the work was first published (and again by the poet's native land, if different); substantially revised works listed separately:

Canada[]

  • Margaret Avison, The Dumbfounding[4]
  • Earle Birney, Selected Poems[5]
  • Arthur Bourinot, Watcher of Men: selected poems (1947–66)[6]
  • George Bowering, The Silver Wire[5]
  • Leonard Cohen, The Parasites of Heaven
  • John Robert Colombo, Miraculous Montages[5]
  • Robert Finch, Silverthorn Bush and Other Poems.[7]
  • , During Rain I Plant Chrysanthemums
  • Ralph Gustafson, Sift in an Hourglass[5]
  • George Johnston, Home Free[5]
  • Gwendolyn MacEwen, A Breakfast for Barbarians[5]
  • Richard Outram, Exultante Jubilee
  • Joe Rosenblatt, The LSD Leacock. Toronto: Coach House Press.[8]
  • F. R. Scott, Selected Poems. Toronto: Oxford University Press.[9]
  • A. J. M. Smith, and F. R. Scott, editors, The Oxford Book of Canadian Verse, second edition (see also, first edition 1958)[5]
  • Raymond Souster, ed. New Wave Canada, anthology of seven young writers[5]
  • Miriam Waddington, The Glass Trumpet[5]

India, in English[]

  • Nissim Ezekiel, Collected Poems ( Poetry in English ),[10]
  • Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Bharatmata: A Prayer ( Poetry in English ), an experimental work published by the author's own publishing house; Bombay: Ezra-Fakir Press[11]
  • Dom Moraes, Beldam & Others ( Poetry in English ) [12]
  • Gieve Patel, Poems ( Poetry in English ), Mumbai: Nissim Ezekiel .[13]
  • G. S. Sharat Chandra, Bharata Natyam Dancer and Other Poems ( Poetry in English ), Calcutta: Writers Workshop, India .[14]
  • , Slum Silhouette and Other Poems ( Poetry in English ), Calcutta: Writers Workshop, India .[15]
  • , editor, A Book of English Verse on Indian Soil, New Delhi: Orient Longmans[16]

Ireland[]

  • Austin Clarke, Mnemosyne Lay in Dust, Dublin: Dolmen Press[17]
  • Seamus Heaney, Death of a Naturalist, Faber & Faber, Northern Ireland poet published in the United Kingdom
  • Thomas Kinsella, Wormwood, Dublin: Dolmen Press;[17] book widely available in the United Kingdom
  • Louis MacNeice, The Collected Poems of Louis MacNeice, edited by E. R. Dodds,[18] including "Mayfly", "Snow", "Autumn Journal XVI", "Meeting Point", "Autobiography", "the Libertine", "Western Landscape", "Autumn Sequel XX", "The Once-in-Passing", "House on a Cliff", "Soap Suds", "The Suicide" and "Star-gazer", Faber and Faber, Irish poet published in the United Kingdom,[19]
  • John Montague, All Legendary Obstacles, Dublin: Dolmen Press[17]

United Kingdom[]

  • W. H. Auden, English poet published in the United States:
    • About the House, first published in the United States, 1965[20]
    • Collected Shorter Poems 1927–57[20]
  • Karen Gershon, Selected Poems
  • Gavin Bantock, Christ
  • George Barker, Dreams of a Summer Night
  • John Betjeman, High and Low[20]
  • Basil Bunting, Briggflatts[20]
  • Angela Carter, Unicorn[21]
  • Lawrence Durrell, The Ikons, and Other Poems[20]
  • Tom Earley, A Welshman in Bloomsbury
  • Gavin Ewart, Pleasures of the Flesh[20]
  • Elaine Feinstein, In a Green Eye,[20] Goliard Press
  • Robert Graves, Collected Poems[18]
  • J. C. Hall, The Burning Hare
  • Seamus Heaney, Death of a Naturalist, Faber & Faber, Northern Ireland poet published in the United Kingdom
  • Philip Hobsbaum, In Retreat
  • Christopher Isherwood, Exhumations, stories, articles and poetry;[20] an English writer living in and published in the United States
  • Elizabeth Jennings, The Mind Has Mountains[20]
  • Thomas Kinsella, Wormwood,[20] Irish poet published in the United Kingdom
  • Philip Larkin, The North Ship[18]
  • , Logue's ABC[20]
  • Norman MacCaig, Surroundings[20]
  • Louis MacNeice, The Collected Poems of Louis MacNeice, edited by E. R. Dodds,[18] including "Mayfly", "Snow", "Autumn Journal XVI", "Meeting Point", "Autobiography", "the Libertine", "Western Landscape", "Autumn Sequel XX", "The Once-in-Passing", "House on a Cliff", "Soap Suds", "The Suicide" and "Star-gazer", Faber and Faber, Irish poet published in the United Kingdom,[19]
  • Ruth Pitter, Still by Choice[20]
  • Sir Herbert Read, Collected Poems, Horizon Press[18]
  • Peter Redgrove, The Force and Other Poems, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul[17]
  • Jon Silkin, New and Selected Poems
  • Stevie Smith, The Frog Prince, and Other Poems[20]
  • , The Nitrogen Dreams of a Wide Girl
  • Gary Snyder, A Range of Poems, London: Fulcrum Press, American[17]
  • R.S. Thomas, Pietà,[20] Welsh
  • Anthony Thwaite and John Hollander publish the first anthology of double dactyls, Jiggery Pokery
  • Charles Tomlinson, American Scenes, and Other Poems, London: Macmillan[17]
  • David Wevill, A Christ of the Ice Floes

United States[]

  • A.R. Ammons, Northfield Poems
  • John Ashbery, Rivers and Mountains
  • Ted Berrigan, Some Things
  • Paul Blackburn,
    • 16 Sloppy Haiku and a Lyric for Robert Reardon
    • Sing Song
    • translator, Poem of the Cid
  • Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
  • Robert Creeley, Poems 1950-1965[22]
  • Robert Duncan, The Years as Catches[18]
  • Randall Jarrell (died 1965), The Lost World (published posthumously)
  • Josephine Jacobsen, The Animal Inside
  • LeRoi Jones, Black Art
  • Stanley Kunitz, The Testing Tree[18]
  • James Merrill, Nights and Days
  • W. S. Merwin, Collected Poems, New York: Atheneum[23]
  • Sylvia Plath, Ariel, New York: Harper & Row (London: Faber and Faber 1965) American poet in the United Kingdom[17]
  • A. K. Ramanujan, The Striders (Indian poet living in the United States)
  • Kenneth Rexroth, Collected Shorter Poems
  • Adrienne Rich, Necessities of Life, W. W. Norton & Company[18]
  • Theodore Roethke, Roethke: Collected Poems
  • Anne Sexton, Live or Die[18]
  • Louis Simpson, Selected Poems (West Indian poet living in the United States)
  • Gary Snyder, A Range of Poems, London: Fulcrum Press[17]
  • William Stafford, The Rescued Year
  • Robert Penn Warren, Selected Poems, New and Old: 1923-1966
  • Louis Zukofsky, All: the collected short poems 1956–1964, W. W. Norton & Company[18]

Criticism, scholarship, biography[]

  • Wallace Stevens, Letters of Wallace Stevens (posthumous), edited by Holly Stevens (his daughter)[24]

Other in English[]

  • James K. Baxter, Pig Island Letters (New Zealand)
  • Louise Bennett, Jamaica Labrish, Jamaica[25]
  • John Pepper Clark, A Reed in the Tide (Nigeria)
  • , Points in a Journey (Australia)

Works published in other languages[]

Listed by language and often by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:

Denmark[]

  • , Portrætgalleri
  • Thorkild Bjørnvig, Vibrationer
  • Poul Borum, Dagslys
  • , Der er æg i mit skæg (prose sketches and poetry)
  • , Samexistens
  • Henrik Nordbrandt, Digte ("Poems")[26]
  • , Døgndrift

Finland[]

  • Paavo Haavikko, Puut, kaikki heidän vihreytensä, ("The Trees, All Their Greenness")
  • Eeva-Liisa Manner, Kirjoitettu kivi ("The Inscribed Stone"), poems and translations from contemporary Spanish poets
  • Pentti Saarikoski, Ääneen ("Out Loud")

French language[]

Canada, in French[]

  • :
    • Prométhée
    • Le Jour se lève
  • , L'Age de la parole
  • Marie Laberge, D'un Cri à l'autre
  • Rina Lasnier, L'Arbre blanc
  • Suzanne Paradis, Le Visage offensé
  • Jean Royer, À patience d'aimer, Québec: Éditions-de-l'Aile[27]
  • , Cratères sous la niege

France[]

  • Louis Aragon:
    • Elégie a Pablo Neruda[28]
    • Les Poetes[28]
  • , a book of poetry
  • , a book of poetry
  • René Char:
    • Recherche de la base et du sommet, Retour amont[29] ("The Return Upland" or "The Return Upstream")[30]
    • Retour Amont[28]
  • :
  • Pierre Emmanuel, Ligne de faîte
  • , Les Rois Mages, revised edition (first edition, 1943)[28]
  • Pierre Emmanuel, pen name of Noël Mathieu, Ligne de faîte[29]
  • Gérard Genette, Figures I, one of three volumes of a work of critical scholarship in poetics – general theory of literary form and analysis of individual works — the Figures volumes are concerned with the problems of poetic discourse and narrative in Stendhal, Flaubert and Proust and in Baroque poetry (see also Figures II 1969, Figures III 1972)[29]
  • Eugène Guillevic, Avec[29]
  • Robert Marteau, Travaux sur la terre[28]
  • , Thanathème
  • Eugenio Montale, Ossi di seppia, Le ocassioni, and La bufera e altro, translated by into French from the original Italian; Paris: Gallimard[31]
  • Jean-Claude Renard, La Terre du sacré, received the 1966 Prix Sainte-Beuve[29]
  • , Je ne suis pas mort
  • , Dialogue
  • , Les Villes ouvertes
  • , Stéréophonies
  • Boris Vian, a book of poetry

Belgium[]

  • , a book of poetry in the publishing series "Poètes d'Aujourd'hui", French language, published in Belgium

Germany[]

West Germany[]

  • Günter Eich, Anlässe und Steingärten
  • , editor, Ars poetica: Texte von Dichtern des 20. Jahrhunderts zur Poetik, 51 essays, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, (criticism)[32]
  • , Traum und Tradition in der deutschen Lyrik, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag (criticism)[32]
Translations[]
  • Oswald de Andrade (Brazil), translations of his:
    • Livro de Ensaios
    • Gálaxias

East Germany[]

  • Wolf Biermann, Die Drahtharfe
  • Volker Braun, Vorläufiges

Hebrew[]

Israel[]

  • Reuven Ben-Yosef, Shehafim Mamtinim ("Waiting Gulls") American-born poet
  • , collected poems, with an introduction by
  • , Maavar Yabok ("Crossing Jabbok")
  • , a book of poetry: a compilation of new poems from the Genizah
  • Shin Shalom, a book of his complete works
  • , Kol ha-Halav veha-Devash ("All the Milk and Honey")

India[]

Listed in alphabetical order by first name:

  • Geeta Parikh, Purvi; Gujarati-language[33]
  • , Mauj Kai Mehran, Sindhi-language[34]
  • , Kavayo Vadanti, Calcutta: Mithila Darshan; Maithili-language[35]

Italy[]

  • Alfonso Gatto, La storia delle vittime (winner of the Premio Viareggio prize)
  • Dacia Maraini, Crudeltà all'aria aperta
  • Eugenio Montale, Xenia, poems in memory of Mosca, first published in a private edition of 50; Italy[31]
  • Antonio Porta, I rapporti
  • Giovanni Raboni, Le case della Vetra
  • , Le croci di Cartesio
  • , Rapporto informativo
  • Maria Luisa Spaziani, Utilità della memoria

Norway[]

  • Georg Johannesen, Nye dikt
  • Sigmund Skard, Haustraun
  • Einar Skjæraasen, Bumerke (posthumous)
  • Ragnvald Skrede, Grunnmalm
  • Stein Mehren, Tids Alder
  • Jan Erik Vold, Hekt

Portuguese language[]

Brazil[]

  • Oswald de Andrade, Complete Works, a new edition (posthumous)
  • , Estrêla da Vida Inteira, an anthology of his poems, commemorating his 80th birthday
  • João Cabral de Melo Neto, A Educação pela Pedra
  • , Poesía
  • Ferreira Gullar, Luta Corporal e Outros Poemas
  • , Poemário da Silva Brito

Portugal[]

  • , Boca bilíngüe ("Multiple Meanings")[36]

Russia[]

  • , two volumes of poems to celebrate his 70th birthday
  • , a book of poems translated from Kalmuk published in the "Soviet Poetry Library" series
  • , The Radius of Action, including "Letter to the Thirtieth Century"

Spanish language[]

Mexico[]

Spain[]

  • Jaime Gil de Biedma:
    • En favor de Venus, a collection
    • Moralidades, a larger collection published in Mexico
  • Carlos Barral, Figuración y fuga
  • , Aminadab
  • Gloria Fuertes, Ni tiro, veneno, ni navaja
  • Justo Jorge Padrón, Escrito en el agua
  • Dionisio Ridruejo, Cuaderno Catalán
  • , El tiempo en el espejo

Other in Spanish[]

Yiddish[]

  • , a collection of poems
  • Yankev Glatshteyn, A Jew from Lublin
  • Gabriel Preil, a collection of poems
  • , a collection of poems
  • , a collection of poems
  • (), a collection of poems
  • , a collection of poems

Other languages[]

  • Betti Alver, Tähetund ("Starry Hour"), Estonia
  • Nizar Qabbani, Drawing with Words, Syrian poet writing in Arabic
  • Giorgos Seferis, Τρία Κρυφά Ποιήματα ("Three Hidden Poems"), Greece
  • Wisława Szymborska, 101 wierszy ("101 Poems"), Poland

Awards and honors[]

  • Nobel Prize for Literature: Nelly Sachs, a German poet, writing in German but living in Sweden and a Swedish subject, shared the prize with novelist and short story writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon of Israel.

Awards in Canada[]

Awards in France[]

Awards in the United Kingdom[]

Awards in the United States[]

  • Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (later the post would be called "Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress"): James Dickey appointed this year.
  • National Book Award for Poetry: James Dickey, Buckdancer's Choice
  • Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems
  • Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets: Archibald MacLeish and John Berryman

Awards in Spain[]

  • Premio de la Crítica (a nonmonetary award by a jury of journalist-critics): , Alianza y condena
  • Premio Adonais for verse: , Los pájaros

Other[]

  • Nordic Council's literature prize: Gunnar Ekelöf, Diwan över fursten av Engion (Sweden)

Births[]

  • April 8 – Todd Swift, Canadian-born British poet
  • April 26 – Natasha Trethewey, American Poet Laureate
  • May 28 – Roddy Lumsden (died 2020), Scottish poet
  • June 12 – Michael Redhill, American-born Canadian poet
  • August 10 – Christian Bök, Canadian experimental poet
  • October 7 – Sherman Alexie, Native American poet and author
  • October 19 – Dimitris Lyacos, Greek poet and playwright
  • November 17 – Jane Holland, English poet and novelist (as Victoria Lamb, etc.)
  • December 20 – Joseph Woods, Irish poet
  • December 27 – Chris Abani, Nigerian poet
  • Also:
    • Maurice Manning, American poet
    • Constance Merritt, American poet
    • Daljit Nagra, English poet
    • Alice Oswald, English poet
    • Richard Price, British poet, curator and editor
    • Volker Sielaff, German poet[38]
    • Christian Wiman, American poet
    • Woeser (also written: Öser; full name: Tsering Woeser; Tibetan: ཚེ་རིང་འོད་ཟེར་; Wylie: tshe-ring 'od-zer; simplified Chinese: 唯色; pinyin: Wéisè), Tibetan poet and essayist
    • , Chinese poet[39]

Deaths[]

Grave of Anna Akhmatova

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:

  • January 22 – Jun Kawada 川田 順, 84 (born 1882), Japanese, Shōwa period tanka poet and entrepreneur
  • January 23 – Berton Braley, 83 (born 1882), American poet
  • March 5 — Anna Akhmatova, 76 (born 1889), Russian poet
  • March 17 – Einar Skjæraasen, 66 (born 1900), Norwegian author and poet
  • March 29 – Arnold Wall, 97 (born 1869), New Zealand professor, philologist, poet, mountaineer and botanist
  • April 5 – Marcel Noppeney (born 1877), Luxembourg French-language poet
  • May 14 – Georgia Douglas Johnson, 86 (born 1880), African American poet and playwright, of a stroke
  • June 1 – Inge Müller, 85 (born 1925), East German poet
  • June 7 – Jean Arp, 79 (born 1886), French Alsatian sculptor, painter and poet, leader in Dadaism
  • June 10 – Henry Treece, 54 (born 1911), English children's historical novelist and poet
  • June 27 – Arthur Waley, 76 (born 1889), English translator of Chinese poetry, Orientalist and Sinologist
  • July 11 – Delmore Schwartz, 52 (born 1913), American poet and short story writer, of a heart attack
  • July 25 – Frank O'Hara, 40 (born 1926), American art curator and poet, key member of the New York School, of ruptured liver following automobile accident
  • August 2 or 3 – Tristan Klingsor, pseudonym of Léon Leclère, 91 (born 1874), French poet, painter and musician, part of the fantaisiste school of French poets
  • August 10 – J. C. Bloem, 79 (born 1887), Dutch poet
  • August 12 – Artur Alliksaar, 43 (born 1923), Estonian poet, of cancer
  • August 14
    • Raymond Duncan, 91 (born 1874), American-born dancer, artist, poet, craftsman and philosopher
    • Alfred Kreymborg, 82 (born 1883), American poet, novelist, playwright, literary editor and anthologist
  • August 26 – W. W. E. Ross, 72 (born 1894), Canadian poet
  • August 27 – John Cournos, 85 (born 1881), Russian-American Imagist poet, better known for his novels, short stories, essays, criticism and translations of Russian literature; wrote under the pen name "John Courtney"
  • August 29 – Melvin B. Tolson, 68 (born 1898), African American Modernist poet, educator, columnist and politician
  • September 25 – Mina Loy, 73 (born 1882), English-born American artist, poet, Futurist and actress
  • September 28 – André Breton, 70 (born 1896), French poet, essayist and theorist, the leading exponent of Surrealism in literature
  • December 9 – Lazarus Aaronson, 71 (born 1895), English poet and academic economist
  • Also – Jun Tanaka 田中純 (born 1890), Japanese, Shōwa period poet

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ No byline, "Konstantin Pavlov, Bulgarian Poet, Is Dead at 75", obituary, Associated Press, September 30, 2008, as it appeared on the website of The New York Times, retrieved December 11, 2008
  2. ^ Web page titled "Modern Poetry in Translation" at the website of Poetry Library Southbank Centre, retrieved December 14, 2008
  3. ^ Denis Hollier, editor, A New History of French Literature, p 1023, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-674-61565-4
  4. ^ Roberts, Neil, editor, A Companion to Twentieth-century Poetry, Part III, Chapter 3, "Canadian Poetry", by Cynthia Messenger, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-1-4051-1361-8, retrieved via Google Books, January 3, 2009
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Gustafson, Ralph, The Penguin Book of Canadian Verse, revised edition, 1967, Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books
  6. ^ Carole Gerson, "Arthur Stanley Bourinot Biography," Encyclopedia of Literature, 7466, JRank.org, Web, Apr. 20, 2011.
  7. ^ " Robert Finch," Online Guide to Writing in Canada. Web, Mar. 17, 2011.
  8. ^ "Joe Rosenblatt: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online. Web, Mar. 22, 2011.
  9. ^ "F. R. Scott: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, May 7, 2011.
  10. ^ Anup C. Nair and Rajesh I. Patel, "22. Nissim Ezekiel the Poet: A Bird's Eyeview", pp 248, 257-259, in Indian English Poetry: Critical Perspectives, edited by Jaydipsinh Dodiya, 2000, Delhi: Prabhat Kumar Sharma for Sarup & Sons, ISBN 81-7625-111-9, retrieved via Google Books on July 17, 2010
  11. ^ Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna, editor, A History of Indian literature in English, p 259, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-12810-X, retrieved July 18, 2010
  12. ^ Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna, editor, A History of Indian literature in English, p 250, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-231-12810-X, retrieved July 18, 2010
  13. ^ Web page titled "Gieve Patel" Archived 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, Poetry International website, retrieved July 10, 2010
  14. ^ Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971 (however, on page 597 an "editor's note" states contents "on the following pages are a supplement to the first edition" and is dated "1972")
  15. ^ Naik, M. K., Perspectives on Indian poetry in English, p. 230, (published by Abhinav Publications, 1984, ISBN 978-0-391-03286-6), retrieved via Google Books, June 12, 2009
  16. ^ Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971, and Rajyalakshmi, P. V., The Lyric Spring: The Poetic Achievement of Sarojini Naidu, p 214, Abhinav Publications, 1977
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h M. L. Rosenthal, The New Poets: American and British Poetry Since World War II, New York: Oxford University Press, 1967, "Selected Bibliography: Individual Volumes by Poets Discussed", pp 334-340
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Richard Ellmann and , editors, The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, W. W. Norton & Company, 1973, ISBN 0-393-09357-3
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Crotty, Patrick, Modern Irish Poetry: An Anthology, Belfast, The Blackstaff Press Ltd., 1995, ISBN 0-85640-561-2
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cox, Michael, editor, The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-860634-6
  21. ^ Hill, Rosemary (2015-10-31). "Angela Carter's long-forgotten poetry". The Guardian Review. London. p. 21.
  22. ^ Everett, Nicholas, "Robert Creeley's Life and Career" at the Modern American Poetry website, accessed May 1, 2008
  23. ^ Web page titled "W. S. Merwin (1927- )" at the Poetry Foundation Web site, retrieved June 8, 2010
  24. ^ Web page titled "Wallace Stevens (1879 - 1955)" at the Poetry Foundation website, retrieved April 9, 2009. Archived 2009-05-04.
  25. ^ "Selected Timeline of Anglophone Caribbean Poetry" in Williams, Emily Allen, Anglophone Caribbean Poetry, 1970–2001: An Annotated Bibliography, page xvii and following pages, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 978-0-313-31747-7, retrieved via Google Books, February 7, 2009
  26. ^ Web page titled "Henrik Nordbrandt" Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine at the Poetry International website, retrieved January 29, 2010
  27. ^ Web page titled "Jean Royer" Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine at L’Académie des lettres du Québec website (in French), retrieved October 20, 2010
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Auster, Paul, editor, The Random House Book of Twentieth-Century French Poetry: with Translations by American and British Poets, New York: Random House, 1982 ISBN 0-394-52197-8
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Bree, Germaine, Twentieth-Century French Literature, translated by Louise Guiney, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983
  30. ^ Denis Hollier, editor, A New History of French Literature, p 1024, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-674-61565-4
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Eugenio Montale, Collected Poems 1920-1954, translated and edited by Jonathan Galassi, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998, ISBN 0-374-12554-6
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Preminger, Alex and T.V.F. Brogan, et al., editors, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993, Princeton University Press and MJF Books, "German Poetry" article, "Criticism in German" section, p 474
  33. ^ Mohan, Sarala Jag, Chapter 4: "Twentieth-Century Gujarati Literature" (Google books link), in Natarajan, Nalini, and Emanuel Sampath Nelson, editors, Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7, retrieved December 10, 2008
  34. ^ Das, Sisir Kumar and various, History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956: struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy, Volume 2, 1995, published by Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9, retrieved via Google Books on December 23, 2008
  35. ^ Web page title "Udaya Narayana Singh" Archived 2009-01-23 at the Wayback Machine, at the Poetry International website, retrieved August 2, 2010
  36. ^ da Silva, Jaime H., "BELO, Ruy de Moura", article, p 185, Bleiberg, Germán, Dictionary of the literature of the Iberian peninsula, Volume 1, as retrieved from Google Books on September 6, 2011
  37. ^ Web page titled "José Santos Chocano" Archived August 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at the Jaume University website, retrieved August 29, 2011
  38. ^ Hofmann, Michael, ed. (2006). Twentieth-Century German Poetry: An Anthology. Macmillan; Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  39. ^ "Yi Sha". Poetry International. Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
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