1978 Costa Rican general election

1978 Costa Rican general election
Turnout	81.3%
	Presidential election
	Results by canton
President before election; Daniel Oduber; PLN	Elected President ; Rodrigo Carazo; CU
	Legislative election

General elections were held in Costa Rica on 5 February 1978.^[1] Rodrigo Carazo Odio of the Unity Coalition won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 81.3%.^[2]

Carazo, a former congressman and former member of the National Liberation Party (probably Costa Rica's main political force), left the party several years before and created his own: Democratic Renovation, but a deeply split opposition on the 1974 election caused PLN's easy victory. With that in mind, main leaders of the non-Marxist opposition started talks in order to present a unified candidature.^[3]^[4]

Eventually these talks came through and the main parties in the opposition at the right of the government achieved an agreement; going into a primary election to choose the common nominee. Rodrigo Carazo faced wealthy industrial Miguel Barzuna winning by small margin. Even when some leaders left the coalition after this (most notably Jorge Gonzalez Marten from the National Independent Party and former president Mario Echandi) most of the leadership remained united.^[5] The Unity Coalition was created out of the joining of four parties: Carazo's Democratic Renovation, former president José Joaquín Trejos’ People's Union, Rafael Calderón Fournier (son of Calderonist leader Rafael Calderón Guardia) Republican Party and Dr. Jorge Arturo Monge's Christian Democratic Party (the smallest one of the coalition but the most ideologically coherent).^[6]

The Left also made a coalition; the three main far-left parties at the Left of PLN; Popular Vanguard, Costa Rican Socialist Party and Revolutionary People's Movement made the United People coalition,^[7] nominating former PLN member and doctor Rodrigo Gutierrez. Gutierrez had no possibilities to be president but the coalition did help the Left having a higher voting than usual and a large group in Congress. For many historians this election marks the beginning of Costa Rica's two-party system.^[8]

President[]

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Rodrigo Carazo Odio	Unity Coalition	419,824	50.5
	Luis Alberto Monge	National Liberation Party	364,285	43.8
	Rodrigo Gutiérrez Sáenz	United People	22,740	2.7
	Guillermo Villalobos Arce	National Unification Party	13,666	1.6
	Gerardo Villalobos Garita	Independent Party	3,822	0.5
	Jorge González Martén	National Independent Party^es	3,323	0.4
	Carlos Coronado Vargas	Workers' Socialist Organization	1,868	0.2
	Rodrigo Cordero Víquez	Democratic Party	1,613	0.2
Invalid/blank votes			29,065	–
Total			860,206	100
Registered voters/turnout			1,058,455	81.3
Source: Nohlen; Election Resources

By province[]

Province	Carazo %	Monge %	Gutiérrez %	Villalobos %	Villalobos %	González %	Coronado %	Cordero%
Province
San José	52.1	42.4	2.9	1.4	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.1
Alajuela	50.6	45.7	1.6	1.2	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.1
Cartago	47.1	47.3	2.0	1.9	0.6	0.6	0.2	0.3
Heredia	51.2	44.2	2.9	0.9	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.1
Puntarenas	48.0	42.8	4.6	2.8	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.3
Limón	49.9	38.3	5.9	3.7	0.7	0.7	0.4	0.4
Guanacaste	49.3	46.2	1.4	1.7	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3
Total	50.5	43.8	2.7	1.6	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.2

Popular Vote

Carazo			50.5%
Monge			43.8%
Gutiérrez			2.7%
Villalobos			1.6%
Villalobos			0.5%
González			0.4%
Coronado			0.2%
Cordero			0.2%

Parliament[]

Popular Vote

Unity Coalition			43.4%
National Liberation			38.9%
United People			7.7%
National Unification			3.1%
CR Peoples' Front			1.6%
Republican Union			1.0%
Cartago Agrarian Union			1.0%
National Independent			0.8%
Other			2.6%

Seats

Unity Coalition			47.36%
National Liberation			43.85%
United People			5.26%
CR Peoples' Front			1.75%
Cartago Agrarian Union			1.75%

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–

	Unity Coalition	356,215	43.4	27	New
	National Liberation Party	318,904	38.9	25	-2
	United People	62,865	7.7	3	New
	National Unification Party	25,824	3.1	0	-16
	Costa Rican Peoples' Front	12,834	1.6	1	+1
	Republican Union Party	8,215	1.0	0	New
	Cartago Agrarian Union Party	7,887	1.0	1	0
	National Independent Party^es	6,673	0.8	0	-6
	Independent Party	5,774	0.7	0	New
	Workers' Socialist Organization Party	4,059	0.4	0	New
	Democratic Party	3,083	0.4	0	-1
	Limonese Authentic Party	2,954	0.4	0	New
	Costa Rican Concord Party	2,542	0.3	0	0
	Puntarenense Authentic Party	1,729	0.2	0	New
	National Labour Party	1,002	0.1	0	New
Invalid/blank votes		39,328	–	–	–
Total		859,888	100	57	0
Registered voters/turnout		1,058,455	81.2	–	–
Source: TSE; Election Resources

By province[]

Province	CU		PLN		PU		PUN		FPCR		PUR		PNI		PI		POST		PD		Others

	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S
San José	44.6	10	36.9	8	9.3	2	2.1	0	3.1	1	0.8	0	0.5	0	0.7	0	1.2	0	0.4	0	0.3	0
Alajuela	46.2	5	42.8	5	4.2	0	4.3	0	-	-	1.0	0	0.8	0	0.7	0	0.5	0	0.4	0	1.2	0
Cartago	36.7	2	39.2	3	5.6	0	3.5	0	-	-	1.9	0	1.3	0	1.1	0	-	-	0.6	0	10.1	1
Heredia	44.7	2	40.5	2	9.5	0	2.2	0	-	-	0.5	0	0.7	0	0.7	0	-	-	0.2	0	1.0	0
Puntarenas	39.7	3	38.3	3	8.9	1	4.3	0	3.0	0	1.2	0	1.0	0	0.9	0	-	-	0.4	0	2.3	0
Limón	38.7	2	30.3	2	12.0	0	4.5	0	-	-	2.1	0	3.2	0	0.9	0	-	-	0.5	0	7.8	0
Guanacaste	45.5	3	43.0	2	4.2	0	4.1	0	-	-	1.3	0	0.7	0	0.6	0	-	-	0.3	0	0.2	0
Total	43.4	27	38.9	25	7.7	3	3.1	0	1.6	1	1.0	0	0.8	0	0.7	0	0.4	0	0.4	0	2.0	0

Local governments[]

Alderpeople

Unity Coalition			48.32%
National Liberation			44.75%
United People			4.83%
National Unification			0.84%
Regionalist			0.84%
CR Peoples' Front			0.21%
Independent			0.21%

Municipal Syndics

Unity Coalition			56.16%
National Liberation			43.60%
Independent			0.25%

Parties		Popular vote			Alderpeople		Municipal Syndics
Parties		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/-	Total	+/-
	Unity Coalition (CU)	365,902	44.62	New	230	New	228	New
	National Liberation Party (PLN)	328,009	40.00	-2.44	213	-12	177	-173
	United People (PU)	52,707	6.43	New	23	New	0	New
	National Unification Party (PUN)	29,598	3.61	-22.69	4	-146	0	-37
	Costa Rican Peoples' Front (FPCR)	10,153	1.24	+1.00	1	+1	0	0
	Republican Union Party (PUR)	10,005	1.22	New	0	New	0	New
	National Independent Party (PNI)	7,623	0.93	-9.31	0	-48	0	-2
	Independent Party (PI)	3,726	0.45	+0.29	1	+1	1	+1
	Democratic Party of the People (PDP)	2,254	0.27	New	0	New	0	New
	Puntarenense Authentic Party (PAP)	2,207	0.27	New	1	New	0	New
	Desamparadenean Alliance Party (PAD)	2,062	0.25	New	1	New	0	New
	Limonese Authentic Party (PAL)	2,008	0.24	New	1	New	0	New
	Costa Rican Concord Party (PCC)	1,705	0.21	New	0	New	0	New
	Worker-Peasant Party (POC)	1,104	0.13	New	1	New	0	New
	Democratic Party (PD)	568	0.07	-0.30	0	0	0	0
	Workers' Socialist Organization Party (POST)	461	0.06	New	0	New	0	New

Total		820,092	100.00	-	476	+9	406	+16

Invalid votes		39,909	4.64
Votes cast / turnout		860,001	81.25
Abstentions		198,444	18.75
Registered voters		1,058,445	100%

Sources^[9]

Ballot[]

References[]

^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p 155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
^ Nohlen, p 157
^ Casas-Zamora, Kevin (2005). Paying for Democracy: Political Finance and State Funding for Parties. ECPR Press. ISBN 978-0-9547966-3-1.^{[page needed]}
^ "Elections and Events 1948-1986 1948". The Library. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 9781134264902. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Lehoucq, Fabrice (27 August 2012). The Politics of Modern Central America. ISBN 9780521515061. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Ameringer, Charles D. (1992). Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s. ISBN 9780313274183. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ White, Stephen; Webb, Paul (20 September 2007). Party Politics in New Democracies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199289653. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ "Elecciones Regidurías 1978". tse.go.cr (in Spanish). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

[DN-1] Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p 155 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6

[2] Nohlen, p 157

[3] Casas-Zamora, Kevin (2005). Paying for Democracy: Political Finance and State Funding for Parties. ECPR Press. ISBN 978-0-9547966-3-1.^{[page needed]}

[4] "Elections and Events 1948-1986 1948". The Library. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[5] Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 9781134264902. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[6] Lehoucq, Fabrice (27 August 2012). The Politics of Modern Central America. ISBN 9780521515061. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[7] Ameringer, Charles D. (1992). Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s. ISBN 9780313274183. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[8] White, Stephen; Webb, Paul (20 September 2007). Party Politics in New Democracies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199289653. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[9] "Elecciones Regidurías 1978". tse.go.cr (in Spanish). Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

v t Elections and referendums in Costa Rica
Presidential elections	1825 1829 1833 1835 1837 1844 1847 1849 1853 1859 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1876 1882 1886 1889 1894 1897–98 1901–02 1905–06 1909–10 1913 1917 1919 1923 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1953 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Parliamentary elections	1849 1853 1859 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1876 1882 1886 1889 1894 1897–98 1901–02 1905–06 1909–10 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 (Feb) 1948 (Dec) 1949 1953 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Local elections	2002 2006 2010 2016 2020
Referendums	1870 2007
See also: Elections in the Federal Republic of Central America