1995 Russian legislative election
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 450 seats to the State Duma 226 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 64.76% ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
|
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_Legislative_Election_1995.png/220px-Russian_Legislative_Election_1995.png)
Legislative election were held in Russia on 17 December 1995.[1] At stake were the 450 seats in the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), the lower house of the Federal Assembly.
Rules[]
The election law adopted for the 1995 election was similar to that adopted for the 1993 election, with some minor modifications. First, to secure a place on the proportional representation ballot, parties had to have registered with the Ministry of Justice no later than six months before the election, and the number of signatures they had to gather rose from 100,000 to 200,000. Second, invalid votes were now included in the calculation of the 5.0 percent threshold. Third, on the single-member district ballot, party endorsements of candidates were indicated.
Campaign[]
Out of the forty three parties and coalitions contesting the elections, only four cleared the 5% threshold to qualify for the proportional seats.
Pro-Government parties[]
Our Home – Russia had weightier resources and soon acquired the nickname of "party of power" for its reliance on elite political and economic office holders. It was also referred to as "Our Home Is Gazprom" for its close ties to Gazprom's substantial financial resources. Most of the cabinet ministers joined the bloc, and a number of business leaders and regional political elites affiliated with it. However, almost no other parties entered it, and many SMD candidates who had initially affiliated with the party soon left it. One of the early parties to enter the bloc, Sergei Shakhrai's Party of Russian Unity and Accord, also deserted it in August.[2] The party program called for "stability and development, democracy and patriotism, confidence and order" as well as "pragmatism" and "a civilized market". Other proposals were contradictory as the party proposed, among other things, to encourage foreign investment while protecting Russian manufacturers, and to promote agricultural reform while regulating land ownership.
In the election, the Our Home Is Russia bloc took 10.1% of the vote, enough to form a faction in the State Duma but not enough to serve as a dominant or pivotal force in parliament or in the regions. At its peak, the party claimed the membership of around one third of Russia's governors. However, both the center and regional elites made only ephemeral commitments to Our Home is Russia.[3][4]
Opposition parties[]
As a result of these elections, the Communists and their satellites, the Agrarians and other left-wing deputies, controlled a little less than the half of the seats. The populist LDPR occasionally sided with the left majority, but often supported the government. As in the previous Duma, the parliamentary groups of independent deputies had a significant influence on the balance of power in the parliament.
On January 17, 1996 a Communist, Gennady Seleznyov, was elected the Speaker of the Duma.
Results[]
![]() | |||||||||
Party | PR | Constituency | Total seats |
+/– | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
Communist Party of the Russian Federation | 15,432,963 | 22.30 | 99 | 8,636,392 | 12.78 | 58 | 157 | +92 | |
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | 7,737,431 | 11.18 | 50 | 3,801,971 | 5.63 | 1 | 51 | –19 | |
Our Home – Russia | 7,009,291 | 10.13 | 45 | 3,808,745 | 5.64 | 10 | 55 | New | |
Yabloko | 4,767,384 | 6.89 | 31 | 2,209,945 | 3.27 | 14 | 45 | +12 | |
Women of Russia | 3,188,813 | 4.61 | 0 | 712,072 | 1.05 | 3 | 3 | –22 | |
Communists and Working Russia - for the Soviet Union | 3,137,406 | 4.53 | 0 | 1,276,655 | 1.89 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Congress of Russian Communities | 2,980,137 | 4.31 | 0 | 1,987,665 | 2.94 | 5 | 5 | New | |
Party of Workers' Self-Government | 2,756,954 | 3.98 | 0 | 475,007 | 0.7 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats | 2,674,084 | 3.86 | 0 | 1,819,330 | 2.69 | 9 | 9 | –85 | |
Agrarian Party of Russia | 2,613,127 | 3.78 | 0 | 4,066,214 | 6.02 | 20 | 20 | –27 | |
Derzhava | 1,781,233 | 2.57 | 0 | 420,860 | 0.62 | 0 | 0 | New | |
Forward, Russia! | 1,343,428 | 1.94 | 0 | 1,054,577 | 1.56 | 3 | 3 | New | |
Power to the People | 1,112,873 | 1.61 | 0 | 1,345,905 | 1.99 | 9 | 9 | New | |
Pamfilova-Gurov-Lysenko | 1,106,812 | 1.6 | 0 | 476,721 | 0.71 | 2 | 2 | New | |
Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour | 1,076,072 | 1.55 | 0 | 584,063 | 0.86 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Environmental Party of Russia "Kedr" | 962,195 | 1.39 | 0 | 304,896 | 0.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Ivan Rybkin Bloc | 769,259 | 1.11 | 0 | 1,073,580 | 1.59 | 3 | 3 | New | |
Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc | 688,496 | 0.99 | 0 | 483281 | 0.72 | 1 | 1 | New | |
My Fatherland | 496,276 | 0.72 | 0 | 351,911 | 0.52 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Common Cause | 472,615 | 0.68 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 1 | New | |
Beer Lovers Party | 428,727 | 0.62 | 0 | 57,946 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | – | |
All Russian Muslim Public Movement "Nur" | 393,513 | 0.57 | 0 | 49689 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Transformation of the Fatherland | 339,654 | 0.49 | 0 | 227,822 | 0.34 | 1 | 1 | New | |
National Republican Party of Russia | 331,700 | 0.48 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | – | |
Block of Djuna | 323,232 | 0.47 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | – | |
Party of Russian Unity and Accord | 245,977 | 0.36 | 0 | 285,654 | 0.42 | 1 | 1 | –26 | |
Russian Lawyers' Association | 242,966 | 0.35 | 0 | 96,046 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 | – | |
For the Motherland! | 194,254 | 0.28 | 0 | 213,723 | 0.32 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Christian-Democratic Union - Christians of Russia | 191,446 | 0.28 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | – | |
Cause of Peter the First | 145,704 | 0.21 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | – | |
People's Union | 130,728 | 0.19 | 0 | 70,685 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | – | |
"Tikhonov-Tupolev-Tikhonov" Bloc | 102,039 | 0.15 | 0 | 65,458 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Russian Union of Workers of ZhKKh | 97,274 | 0.14 | 0 | 115,386 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Social Democrats | 88,642 | 0.13 | 0 | 233,269 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Party of Economic Freedom | 88,416 | 0.13 | 0 | 199,150 | 0.29 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Russian All-People's Movement | 86,422 | 0.12 | 0 | 224,779 | 0.33 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Bloc of Independents | 83,742 | 0.12 | 0 | 375,287 | 0.56 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Federal Democratic Movement | 82,948 | 0.12 | 0 | 86,519 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Sociopolitical Movement "Stable Russia" | 81,285 | 0.12 | 0 | 159,226 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Duma-96 | 55,897 | 0.08 | 0 | 108,672 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Frontier Generation | 44,202 | 0.06 | 0 | 13,429 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | – | |
40,840 | 0.06 | 0 | 175,459 | 0.26 | 1 | 1 | New | ||
Interethnic Union | 39,592 | 0.06 | 0 | 169,746 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Other parties | – | – | – | 1,486,642 | 2.15 | 0 | 0 | – | |
Independents | – | – | – | 21,620,835 | 31.99 | 77 | 77 | –53 | |
Against all | 1,918,151 | 2.77 | – | 6,660,495 | 9.85 | – | – | – | |
Invalid/blank votes | 1,320,619 | – | – | 1,582,227 | – | – | – | – | |
Total | 69,204,819 | 100 | 225 | 69,167,934 | 100 | 225 | 450 | 0 | |
Registered voters/turnout | 107,496,856 | 64.4 | – | 107,496,856 | 64.3 | – | – | – | |
Source: University of Essex, Nohlen & Stöver |
Parliamentary Groups[]
Parliamentary group | Leader | Seats (Jan.'96)[1] | |
---|---|---|---|
Communist Party of the Russian Federation | Gennady Zyuganov | 139 | |
Our Home - Russia | 65 | ||
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | Vladimir Zhirinovsky | 49 | |
Yabloko | Grigory Yavlinsky | 45 | |
"Regions of Russia (Independent Deputies)" | Oleg Morozov | 44 | |
People's Power | Nikolai Ryzhkov | 41 | |
Agrarian Group | Nikolay Kharitonov | 35 | |
Democratic Choice of Russia (unregistered) | Sergey Yushenkov | 6 | |
Independents | 19 | ||
Total | 450 |
References[]
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Belin&Orttung 1997, pp. 34–36
- ^ Hale, 2006, pp. 208–209
- ^ McFaul, 2001, p. 205
- Legislative elections in Russia
- 1995 elections in Russia
- December 1995 events in Russia
- 1995 elections in Europe
- 1995 elections in Asia
- 2nd State Duma of the Russian Federation