Yabloko

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Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" Российская объединённая демократическая партия «Яблоко»
Leader	Nikolay Rybakov[1]
Founder	Grigory Yavlinsky Yury Boldyrev Vladimir Lukin
Founded	16 October 1993; 27 years ago (1993-10-16)
Merger of	Union of Greens of Russia (faction) (2016–present)
Headquarters	Moscow
Ideology	Social liberalism[2][3] Social democracy[4] Progressivism[5] Feminism[6] Trade unionism[7] Pro-Europeanism[8]
Political position	Centre[9][10] to centre‑left[11][12][13][14][15]
European affiliation	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (full member) European Green Party (associate member for Green Russia faction)[16]
International affiliation	Liberal International
Colours	Green   Red
Seats in the Federation Council	0 / 170
Seats in the State Duma	0 / 450
Governors	0 / 85
Seats in the Regional Parliaments	12 / 3,928
Ministers	0 / 31
Website
www.yabloko.ru
Politics of Russia Political parties Elections

The Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" (Russian: Росси́йская объединённая демократи́ческая па́ртия «Я́блоко» Rossiyskaya obyedinyonnaya demokraticheskaya partiya "Yabloko") is a social-liberal^[17] political party in Russia founded by former Soviet Deputy Prime Minister Grigory Yavlinsky, as well as two Senators, and currently led by Nikolay Rybakov. The party's logo consists of a red circle and a green isosceles triangle, suggesting an apple in a constructivist style, a nod to the party's name (based on the founders' initials: Yavlinsky, Boldyrev, Lukin) which is the Russian word for "apple" (Russian: я́блоко, romanized: jábloko/yábloko). Yabloko’s party platform stands for a social market economy, fair competition in politics and the economy, is for the inviolability of private property, and for equal opportunity.

History[]

The party dates back to early 1990s. The immediate predecessor of the Yabloko party was the electoral cartel Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin, formed for the legislative elections of 1993. "Yabloko" is an acronym of the names of its founders: "Я" (Ya) for Grigory Yavlinsky; "Б" (B) for Yury Boldyrev, and "Л" (L) for Vladimir Lukin, with the full name meaning "apple" in Russian. The party stands for free markets and civil liberties in Russia, better relations with the United States and membership in the European Union. The party opposed president Boris Yeltsin's and his prime ministers' policies, earning the reputation of a determined opposition movement that nevertheless was devoted to democratic reforms (in contrast, most of the opposition was communist or far right at that time).^[18]

Originally established as a public organization in 1993, it transformed into a political party in 2001. It contested the legislative elections of 1993, 1995, 1999, and 2003.

It is argued that the vote-count in the 2003 Russian parliamentary election was marred by fraud.^{[citation needed]} Some exit-polls and parallel recounts conducted by opposition observers showed that Yabloko crossed the 5% threshold needed for parliamentary representation, gaining 6% of the vote, which should have been translated into some 20 parliamentary seats.^{[citation needed]} Vladimir Putin himself telephoned Yavlinsky on the night of the election to congratulate his party on making it back into the Duma. However, most of these polls had a high margin of error (plus or minus three percent) and only showed Yabloko obtaining seats by a tiny margin. Official results announced by the Central Election Commission gave Yabloko 4.30% of the vote and no seats on the proportional party-list system. Only four Yabloko candidates won in individual district races and were elected to the Duma.

On 4 December 2005 Yabloko-United Democrats, a coalition formed by Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces, won 11% of the vote in the Moscow municipal elections and became one of only three parties (along with United Russia and the Communist Party) to enter the new Moscow City Duma. This success was seen by Yabloko leaders as a hopeful sign for the 2007 Russian parliamentary election, and reinforced the view that Yabloko and the Union of Rightist Forces need to unite in order to be elected to the State Duma in 2007.

The , under the chairmanship of Boris Nemtsov, was established by the Union of Rightist Forces on February 16, 2006. However, the merger plans were discarded in December 2006 since the differences seemed too large.^[19]

The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko had been an observer of the Liberal International since 2002, and became a full member after the ELDR Bucharest congress in October 2006. The party's central office is located in Moscow.

In the 2007 Russian legislative election, Yabloko lost its representation in the State Duma.

In the Russian Regional elections on 4th of December 2011 Yabloko won a few places in regional parliaments of Russia: 6 of 50 in Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg, 4 of 50 in Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Karelia and 1 of 44 in Pskov legislative body.

In the Russian Regional elections on the 8th of September 2019 Yabloko won in different regional parliaments of Russia: 4 out of 45 seats in the Moscow City Duma and 1 in the Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai. The party also managed to secure 111 municipal seats throughout the country, 81 of them in Saint Petersburg.

Yavlinsky criticized Alexei Navalny's investigations and political views and asked the latter's supporters not to vote for Yabloko. Many party members criticized Yavlisky for expressing these views while Navalny was in jail after having been poisoned.^[20] Some commentators said that Yavlinsky thus assisted government propaganda against Navalny.^[21]

Leadership[]

№	Leader		Took office	Left office
1		Grigory Yavlinsky	16 October 1993	21 June 2008
2		Sergey Mitrokhin	21 June 2008	20 December 2015
3		Emilia Slabunova	20 December 2015	15 December 2019
4		Nikolay Rybakov	15 December 2019	Incumbent

Election results[]

Presidential election[]

Election	Candidate	First round		Second round		Result
		Votes	%	Votes	%
1996	Grigory Yavlinsky	5,550,752	7.34%			Lost N
2000	Grigory Yavlinsky	4,351,452	5.80%			Lost N
2004	Didn't nominate a candidate[22]
2008	Endorsed Vladimir Bukovsky	Not admitted to the elections[23]
2012	Grigory Yavlinsky	Not admitted to the elections[24]
2018	Grigory Yavlinsky	769,644	1.05%			Lost N

State Duma elections[]

Election	Party leader	Performance					Rank	Government
		Votes	%	± pp	Seats	+/–
1993	Grigory Yavlinsky	4,233,219	7.86%	New	27 / 450	New	5th	Opposition
1995		4,767,384	6.89%	0.97	45 / 450	18	4th	Opposition[a]
1999		3,955,611	5.93%	0.96	20 / 450	25	5th	Opposition
2003		2,610,087	4.30%	1.63	4 / 450	16	5th	Opposition
2007		1,108,985	1.59%	2.71	0 / 450	4	6th	Extra-parliamentary
2011	Sergey Mitrokhin	2,252,403	3.43%	1.84	0 / 450	0	5th	Extra-parliamentary
2016	Emilia Slabunova	1,051,335	1.99%	1.44	0 / 450	0	6th	Extra-parliamentary

Regional parliamentary elections[]

Regional parliaments of Russia in which Yabloko is represented.

Regional Parliament	Election year & Amount of Seats											Current seats		Next Election
												#	Position
		2012				2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Republic of Karelia	4					3					TBD	3 / 36	#2[a]	2021
Khabarovsk Krai	0			0					1			1 / 36	#4	2024
Kostroma Oblast	0				1					1		1 / 36	#3[a]	2025
Pskov Oblast	1				0[b]	1[c]				2[d]	TBD	2 / 44	#4	2021
Saint Petersburg	6					2					TBD	2 / 50	#3	2021
Moscow	0			0					4			4 / 45	#3	2023

See also[]

• Liberal democracy
• Liberalism in Russia

Further reading[]

• Hale, Henry (2004). "Yabloko and the Challenge of Building a Liberal Party in Russia". Europe-Asia Studies. 56 (7): 993–1020. doi:10.1080/1465342042000294338. S2CID 153711518.
• White, David (2006). The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy, Burlington: Ashgate.

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yabloko.

• Yabloko Official website (in English)

show This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (January 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 2,175 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Яблоко (партия)]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|ru|Яблоко (партия)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.