2012 Mexican general election

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2012 Mexican general election
← 2006 July 1, 2012 2018 →
Turnout63.08% (presidential)
  Graue Wiechers and Peña Nieto (cropped).jpg El Voto de AMLO (7479513832) (cropped).jpg Josefina Vázquez Mota.png
Nominee Enrique Peña Nieto Andrés Manuel López Obrador Josefina Vázquez Mota
Party PRI PRD PAN
Alliance Commitment to Mexico Progressive Movement
Home state State of Mexico Tabasco Mexico City
States carried 20 7 + D.F. 4
Popular vote 19,226,284 15,896,999 12,786,647
Percentage 38.2% 31.6% 25.4%
Elecciones Mexico Resultados 2012.svg
States won by Peña Nieto in green, López Obrador in yellow, Vázquez Mota in blue.
President before election

Felipe Calderón
PAN

Elected President

Enrique Peña Nieto
PRI

Politics of Mexico
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Citizen voting in the ballot box for president in Mexico City
Ballots for voting in Mexico City. July 1, 2012.

General elections were held in Mexico on Sunday, July 1, 2012.

Voters went to the polls to elect, on the federal level:

  • A new President of the Republic to serve a six-year term, replacing then President Felipe Calderón. The president is elected by plurality voting, and not eligible to be reelected.
  • 500 members (300 by the first-past-the-post system and 200 by proportional representation) to serve for a three-year term in the Chamber of Deputies.
  • 128 members (three per state by first-past-the-post and 32 by proportional representation from national party lists) to serve six-year terms in the Mexican Senate. In each state, two first-past-the-post seats are allocated to the party with the largest share of the vote, and the remaining seat is given to the first runner-up.

Several local ballots were held on the same day, notably:

Electoral reform[]

In December 2009, president Felipe Calderón sent a bill to Congress aimed at reducing the number of legislators in both chambers and another mechanism for the presidential election which have not yet been passed. If approved, the following reforms will be implemented:

  • Second round voting in case no presidential candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes.[1][2]
  • 96 Senators of the Republic, 3 for each state, elected by plurality for a period of six years, renewable once.
  • 400 Federal Deputies (240 by first-past-the-post and 160 by proportional representation) elected for a period of three years with possibility of reelection.

Presidential candidates[]

The following are individuals who have either formally announced that they are running for president in 2012, or have formed an exploratory committee for a possible presidential run in 2012.

National Action Party (PAN) Nomination[]

Nominee:

Other pre-candidates:

Pre-Candidates gallery[]

On Feb. 5th Josefina Vázquez Mota was announced as PAN presidential candidate following her victory in the internal selection process.[15]

Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) Nomination[]

Nominee:

Candidates[]

Candidates gallery[]
Other pre-candidates[]

Never publicly announced intentions to run but was considered a likely contender.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Nomination[]

Nominee:

Former candidates

Candidates gallery[]

New Alliance Party (PNA) Nomination[]

Nominee:

Candidates gallery[]

Opinion polls[]

Date Polling company Vázquez Mota
(PAN) 		Peña Nieto
(PRI-PVEM) 		López Obrador
(PRD-MC-PT) 		Quadri
(PANAL) 		Remarks
November 2011 Reforma[26] 25.0% 49.0% 26.0% – Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
November 2011 Covarrubias y Asociados[27] 12.6% 56.3% 31% – Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
February 2012 Grupo Impacto Inteligente 360º[28] 34.4% 47.4% 18.2% – Unnominated PAN and PANAL candidates.
February 2012 Consulta Mitofsky[29] 29.5% 48.5% 21.0% 1.0%
February 2012 Buendía & Laredo[30] 32.0% 48.0% 20.0% 0.0%
February 2012 Covarrubias y Asociados[31] 27.2% 42.3% 30.2% 0.3%
February 2012 Ipsos/Bimsa[32] 30% 45% 25% 0.0%
March 2012 Uno TV/María de las Heras[33] 27.4% 44.0% 27.4% 1.2%
March 2012 Grupo Impacto Inteligente 360º[34] 32.6% 44.9% 22.5% – PANAL's vote share not shown
March 2012 Reforma[33] 32.0% 45.0% 22.0% 1.0%
April 2012 Uno TV/María de las Heras[35] 30.6% 38.9% 29.2% 1.3% Carried out between March 24 and March 27
April 2012 OEM-Parametría[33] 25% 51% 23% 1.0%
April 2012 BGC-Excélsior[33] 29% 50% 20% 1.0% Carried out between April 9 and April12
April 2012 GEA/ISA-Milenio[33] 27.9% 48.5% 22.7% 0.9%
April 2012 El Universal/Buendía & Laredo[33] 22.9% 54.3% 21.4% 1.4%
April 2012 Consulta Mitofsky[33] 26.9% 50.1% 22.3% 0.7%
April 2012 Covarrubias y Asociados[36] 22.0% 42.0% 24.0% 1.0% Published on April 23
April 2012 BGC-Excelsior[37] 28.0% 47.0% 23.0% 2.0% Carried out between April 19 and April 25
April 2012 OEM-Parametría[38] 26.0% 49.0% 24.0% 1.0% Published on April 30
May 2012 GEA/ISA-Milenio[39] 26.1% 51.2% 21.1% 1.6% Published on May 1
May 2012 Consulta Mitofsky[40] 28.0% 48.0% 23.0% 1.0% Published on May 1
May 2012 El Sol de México/Parametría[41] 26.0% 49.0% 24.0% 1% One week before the candidates' debate
May 2012 El Universal/Buendía & Laredo[42] 22.9% 54.3% 21.4% 1.4% Before the candidates' debate
May 2012 GEA/ISA-Milenio[43] 27.6% 49.1% 21.9% 1.4% Before the candidates' debate
May 2012 El Universal[44] 22.0% 36.3% 23.4% 9.5% After the candidates' debate
May 2012 Uno TV/María de la Heras[45] 17.98% 16.85% 31.46% 17.98% After the candidates' debate
May 2012 El Universal/Buendía & Laredo[46] 23.1% 49.6% 24.8% 2.1%
May 2012 Covarrubias y Asociados[47] 26.0% 40.0% 30.0% 4%
May 2012 Uno TV/María de las Heras[48] 26.0% 39.0% 31.0% 4.0%
June 2012 Reforma[49] 23% 38% 34% 5% Gross preference draw between EPN and AMLO
June 2012 Mitofsky[50] 20.8% 35.8% 24.0% 1.6%
June 2012 Berumen y asociados[51] 20.7% 30.9% 31.8% Not shown Gross preference
June 2012 BGC-Excelsior[52] 28% 42% 28% 2%
June 2012 Berumen y asociados[53] 18% 33.4% 27.3% 1.5% Gross preference
The share of the undefined vote has been excluded from these polls

Allegations of media bias and Yo Soy 132 student protests[]

Main article: Yo Soy 132

Mass protests have taken place in Mexico City against alleged bias towards PRI and Peña Nieto in the print and television media, particularly Televisa.[54]

The movement Yo Soy 132 ("I am 132") formed in response to this perceived bias, with initial focus on Peña Nieto as the flagship of "corruption, tyranny and authoritarianism".[55] On May 11, 2012, Peña Nieto visited Universidad Iberoamericana and was received with scorn.[56] Both printed and televised media reported this as a minor mishap, called the students intolerant, and claimed that they had been paid by leftist organizations. In response, 131 students identified themselves on a YouTube video by their university IDs and stated that their actions were independent. This caused a ripple effect as many tweeted "I'm the 132nd student" in solidarity. Mass protests organized by public and private university students then took place across the country. The movement successfully demanded that, unlike the first debate, the second presidential debate be broadcast on national television, and has proposed a third debate to cover a broader scope of issues.[57][58]

Claims of hacking[]

In a 31 March 2016 article published by Bloomberg Business Week, a Colombian hacker named Andrés Sepúlveda claimed to have been paid US$600,000 by the PRI for hacking files (including phone calls, e-mails, and strategies) pertaining to the respective political campaigns of Peña Nieto's rivals, and also to manipulate social media to create fake news against his opponents with 30,000 fake Twitter accounts, creating fake trending topics and the perception of public enthusiasm toward Peña Nieto's campaign. On election day, Sepúlveda claimed to have been watching a live feed from Bogota, Colombia and destroyed evidence right after Peña Nieto was declared winner. He said he was helped by a team of six hackers, which he led. The hacker is serving a 10-year prison sentence in Colombia for hacking crime, in favor of the election campaign of Óscar Iván Zuluaga.[59]

Results[]

President[]

Candidate Party Votes %
Enrique Peña Nieto Institutional Revolutionary Party 19,158,592 38.20
Andrés Manuel López Obrador Party of the Democratic Revolution 15,848,827 31.60
Josefina Vázquez Mota National Action Party 12,732,630 25.39
Gabriel Quadri de la Torre New Alliance Party 1,146,085 2.28
Non-registered candidates 20,625 0.04
Invalid/blank votes 1,236,857 2.46
Total 50,143,616 100
Registered voters/turnout 79,492,286 63.08
Source: IFE
Popular Vote
Peña Nieto
 
 38.20%
López Obrador
 
 31.60%
Vázquez Mota
 
 25.39%
Quadri de la Torre
 
 2.28%
Other
 
 0.04%
Invalid/blank
 
 2.46%

Results by state[]

Based on the official results of the Federal Electoral Institute

State Peña Nieto López Obrador Vázquez Mota Quadri Write-in None
Aguascalientes 190,774 102,626 152,543 33,705 392 13,426
Baja California 463,350 389,922 339,508 34,893 492 22,232
Baja California Sur 104,750 63,177 75,066 4,940 97 5,138
Campeche 149,210 102,368 107,881 9,707 86 10,036
Chiapas 933,502 634,086 325,066 47,943 381 89,725
Chihuahua 618,638 301,529 328,048 48,219 748 34,189
Coahuila 464,775 233,218 428,998 27,833 382 21,612
Colima 123,676 68,009 101,083 4,855 109 6,159
Distrito Federal 1,258,169 2,568,944 844,110 87,332 3,940 90,434
Durango 320,361 141,612 194,052 15,407 182 13,094
Guanajuato 929,495 297,980 944,158 62,920 806 68,699
Guerrero 530,071 660,554 153,627 20,163 221 45,016
Hidalgo 517,005 411,980 215,101 50,197 312 29,842
Jalisco 1,362,790 769,771 1,098,252 93,506 1,500 82,891
México 2,966,110 2,339,725 1,250,707 160,462 3,379 145,111
Michoacán 710,302 517,114 337,512 34,427 1,046 46,697
Morelos 295,734 363,280 157,027 19,036 299 20,255
Nayarit 221,408 145,640 82,970 8,907 116 10,808
Nuevo León 666,990 441,450 800,099 62,159 613 38,503
Oaxaca 555,650 695,683 290,065 18,330 440 43,371
Puebla 854,382 859,110 640,977 56,040 782 69,727
Querétaro 330,726 192,444 288,343 20,285 333 23,671
Quintana Roo 179,009 226,054 111,303 10,362 248 10,822
San Luis Potosí 428,797 263,762 346,576 32,282 587 45,755
Sinaloa 551,140 278,805 295,585 22,584 540 31,361
Sonora 430,139 265,999 342,168 16,125 722 28,412
Tabasco 343,383 646,981 65,018 5,766 148 26,606
Tamaulipas 491,021 280,834 597,387 31,465 383 28,973
Tlaxcala 184,247 210,177 98,450 15,933 90 11,925
Veracruz 1,201,324 1,035,790 1,203,157 50,740 877 85,188
Yucatán 440,011 177,696 394,197 18,131 188 20,986
Zacatecas 338,653 161,907 122,416 21,431 186 16,853
Total 19,155,592 15,848,227 12,731,450 1,146,085 20,625 1,236,857

Chamber of Deputies[]

2012 Mexican Chamber of Deputies Election.svg
Party Proportional representation Constituency Total
seats 		+/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
Institutional Revolutionary Party 15,513,478 31.87 49 15,166,531 31.10 163 212 −30
National Action Party 12,620,827 25.92 62 12,550,879 27.24 52 114 −28
Party of the Democratic Revolution 8,996,089 18.48 44 207,678 – 60 104 +41
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 2,963,718 6.08 15 706,695 1.53 14 29 +7
Labor Party 2,219,228 4.55 10 77233 – 5 15 +1
New Alliance Party (Mexico) 1,986,538 4.08 10 1,977,185 4.29 0 10 +2
Citizens' Movement 1,943,855 3.99 10 58096 – 6 16 +10
Party of the Democratic Revolution–Citizens' Movement–Labor Party – – – 13,088,355 28.41 –
Institutional Revolutionary Party–Ecologist Green Party of Mexico – – – 12,533,771 27.20 –
Non-registered candidates 51,473 0.10 51,076 0.11 0
Invalid/blank votes 2,378,731 – – 2,351,092 – – – –
Total 48,673,937 100 200 48,768,591 100 300 500 0
Registered voters/turnout 77,547,511 62.76 – 77,547,511 62.44 – – –
Source: PREP
Popular Vote
PRI
 
 31.87%
PAN
 
 25.92%
PRD
 
 18.48%
PVE
 
 6.08%
PT
 
 4.55%
PNA
 
 4.08%
MC
 
 3.99%
Other
 
 0.10%
Invalid/blank
 
 4.93%
House seats
PRI
 
 42.40%
PAN
 
 22.80%
PRD
 
 20.80%
PVE
 
 5.80%
MC
 
 3.20%
PT
 
 3.00%
PNA
 
 2.00%

Senate[]

2012 Mexican Senate Election.svg
Party Proportional representation Constituency Total
seats 		+/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
Institutional Revolutionary Party 15,679,729 33.1 11 17,119,854 37.3 46 57 Increase19
National Action Party 13,245,088 27.9 9 12,783,068 27.8 29 38 Decrease14
Party of the Democratic Revolution 9,353,879 19.7 6 13,288,983 28.9 17 23 Decrease13
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 2,881,923 6.1 2 867,056 1.9 2 4 Increase4
Labor Party 2,339,923 4.9 2 – – 2 4 Increase4
Citizens' Movement 2,025,045 4.3 1 – – – 1 Increase1
New Alliance Party 1,855,403 3.9 1 1,796,816 3.9 0 1 Steady 0
Non-registered candidates 32,567 0.1 0 51,936 0.1 0
Invalid/blank votes 2,897,668 – – 2,701,179 – – – –
Total 50,310,328 100 32 48,608,892 100 96 128 0
Registered voters/turnout 77,651,019 64.8 – 77,651,019 62.3 – – –
Source: Adam Carr

The Labor Party senators elected in constituencies ran on joint tickets with the Party of the Democratic Revolution, whilst the winning Ecologist Green Party of Mexico senators were on a joint list with the Institutional Revolutionary Party.[60]

Recount[]

Following the elections, López Obrador demanded a full recount, claiming there had been widespread irregularities.[61] The Federal Electoral Institute subsequently announced that there would be a partial recount, with presidential ballots from 78,012 of the 143,132 polling stations to be recounted, whilst ballots for the Congressional elections would be re-examined at two-thirds of polling stations.[61] On July 6 after a partial recount of approximately 50% of the votes, the Federal Electoral Institute declared they had found anomalies but that Nieto still had majority and was confirmed as the winner with 38.2% of the popular vote.[62] which officially has until 6 September to announce a winner.[61]

Request to Invalidate Election[]

On July 12, López Obrador presented his formal complaint to invalidate the election to the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary on grounds of violation of constitutional article 41 which states that the elections must be free and authentic and with equal benefits for all competing parties.[63] Alleging that the Mexican media had treated them with inequality in relation to Peña Nieto and presenting the numerous evidence of paraphernalia used to buy votes for the PRI as well as pre-marked ballots and notarized witness statements of people who sold their votes to the PRI.[64] The complaint also pointed towards the PRI's campaign going over budget an alleged 1000% over the established allowed budget by the Federal Electoral Institute which is of 336 million Mexican pesos.[65] On July 18 López Obrador accused Peña Nieto of using illicit funds and money laundering to finance his campaign.[66] After presenting new audio evidence regarding the PRI's use of Monex cards, López Obrador commented that it would be better if the Electoral Tribunal invalidated the election and move in an interim President than to violate the constitution and acting in an "anti-democratic" way. He said that if the Electoral Tribunal does not invalidate the election, Mexico will be governed by a "gang of evildoers".[67] On 30 August 2012, the TEPJF, Mexico's highest election-law court rejected the allegations of fraud after they concluded that there was "insufficient evidence of wrongdoing."[68]

Post-electoral protests and claims of fraud[]

After the preliminary results of the Federal Electoral Institute announced Enrique Peña Nieto as virtual President-elect, several student protests led by the youth movement Yo Soy 132 and independent citizen movements, have broken out throughout the country claiming the forced imposition of a President and electoral fraud,[69][70][71][72][73][74] as evidence of an alleged fraud has surfaced and pointed towards the PRI buying votes by providing voting citizens with store credit cards of Mexican supermarket chain Soriana.[75][76] Mexico's Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) confirmed in January 2013 that Peña Nieto's party spent $5.2 million in electronic cards throughout the whole campaign. Opposition parties complained that this represented a form of illicit funding, but the IFE claimed the contrary. The PRI party claimed that the electronic cards were intended for party personnel, but this method rose suspicions because some of the money was transacted through "several shadowy companies instead of being disbursed directly from party coffers."[77] This also increased the suspicions that the PRI had received illegal donations from corporations (given that this move is prohibited under law). The IFE stated on 24 January 2013 and ruled by 5–4 votes that the fundings were not violating the law, but opposition parties and critics believe that the IFE did not thoroughly investigate the origins of the money.[77]

Further alleged evidence arose as pictures of ballots already marked in favor of the PRI, with the logo of the party printed over the marking, have been shared widely over online social networks,[78] and there have also been numerous videos and photos of that show the irregularities between local ballot boxes and the official result of those ballot boxes.[79] More allegations appeared as videos showing protection of local police patrols protecting supposed "Mapaches". Following a request from Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the Federal Electoral Institute agreed to recount more than half of the ballots cast in the presidential election. It later reconfirmed the original result.[80] The result was endorsed by Barack Obama, the president of the United States, and by the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who backed López Obrador in a similar dispute in 2006.[80]

On July 7, a national protest in opposition of Enrique Peña Nieto was organized through online social networks, and demonstrations occurred in several cities. The protest in Mexico City was billed as a "mega-march", but the number of demonstrators equalled only around half the number which attended anti-PRI demonstrations held prior to the election.[80] Statements from the Yo Soy 132 student movement formally uninvolved themselves from the protest cautioning against violent results; alleging that it may have been organized by a similarly named movement linked to the PRI.[81] Despite the statement the protests effectively took place in 37 cities in Mexico, Canada, the United States, and Europe[82] with no incidents of violence or known involvement of the PRI. Though in Xalapa, Veracruz a man identified as Juan Pablo Frianzoni, presumed member of the youth PRI group "Juventud Dinamica"; threw chairs at the protesters and then pointed a handgun at them from his balcony. Frianzoni was then apprehended by Police officers who were standing by the protest.[83] Televisa did not broadcast the National protests, and instead presented a live broadcast of Eugenio Derbez and Alessandra Rosaldo's wedding which was interrupted due to "technical difficulties" when loud protest chants became audible outside of the event.[84] Derbez however stated that he was in support of the protests, and though he regrets them happening on the day of his wedding; he said he will cherish the memory.[85]

As of July 15[86] protests and further acts of civil resistance against Peña Nieto and Televisa continue around the country.[87] On July 27 protesters set up a 24-hour blockade around the main Televisa studios in Chapultepec, Mexico City.[88] On August 30 several protesters gathered outside the offices of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary as the Magistrates declared that the claims made by the left-wing coalition were "unfounded" and were therefore rejected.[89]

On December 1, 2012, as Peña Nieto was being sworn in as President, protesters rioted outside of the national palace and clashed with Federal Police forces, in an event that has been labeled by the media as the 1DMX,[90][91][92][93] while vandalizing hotel structures and setting fires around Mexico City. More than 90 protesters were arrested and several were injured. Mexico City Mayor Marcelo Ebrard blamed anarchist groups for causing the violent outcomes.[94]

  • Anti-Imposition Protest in Mexico City.

  • Anti-Imposition Protest in Tijuana, Baja California.

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Further reading[]

  • Jorge I. Dominguez et al. eds. Mexico's Evolving Democracy: A Comparative Study of the 2012 Elections (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2015) 304 pages

External links[]

Official candidate websites[]

National Action Party
Party of the Democratic Revolution
Institutional Revolutionary Party
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