2018 Mexican general election

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2018 Mexican general election
← 2012 1 July 2018 2024 →
Turnout63.42% (Increase 0.34%)
 
Reunión con el Presidente Electo, Andrés Manuel López Obrador 8 (cropped).jpg
Ricardo Anaya (cropped 2).jpg
Candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador Ricardo Anaya
Party MORENA PAN
Alliance Juntos Haremos Historia Por México al Frente
Home state Tabasco Querétaro
States carried 30+CDMX 1
Popular vote 30,110,327 12,607,779
Percentage 53.20% 22.27%
 
Mexican Foreign Minister José Antonio Meade (16295258100) (cropped).jpg
Reunión con el Gobernador Electo de Nuevo León, Jaime Rodríguez. (cropped).jpg
Candidate José Antonio Meade Jaime Rodríguez Calderón
Party PRI Independent
Alliance Todos por México None
Home state Mexico City Nuevo León
Popular vote 9,288,750 2,960,461
Percentage 16.41% 5.23%
Mexico general election 2018.svg
States won by López Obrador in red, Anaya in blue.
President before election

Enrique Peña Nieto
PRI

Elected President

Andrés Manuel López Obrador
MORENA

Politics of Mexico
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Federal government
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Political parties
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
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General elections were held in Mexico on 1 July 2018.[1] Voters elected a new President of Mexico to serve a six-year term,[2] 128 members of the Senate for a period of six years and 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies for a period of three years. It was one of the largest election days in Mexican history, with most of the nation's states holding state and local elections on the same day, including nine governorships, with over 3,400 positions subject to elections at all levels of government.[3] It was the most violent campaign Mexico has experienced in recent history, with 130 political figures killed since September 2017.[3]

The incumbent president Enrique Peña Nieto was not constitutionally eligible for a second term. Incumbent members of the legislature were term-limited, thus all members of Congress were newly elected. As a consequence of the political reform of 2014, the members of the legislature elected in this election will be the first allowed to run for reelection in subsequent elections. The National Electoral Institute (INE) officially declared the new process underway on 8 September 2017.

The presidential election was won, by a landslide margin of almost 31 points, by Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), running as the candidate of the Juntos Haremos Historia alliance.[4] This is the first time a candidate won an outright majority (according to official vote counts) since 1988,[5] and the first time that a candidate not from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) or its predecessors has done so since the Mexican Revolution. In addition, it was the first time an alliance of political parties (excluding PRI) backing a single presidential candidate won majorities in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. This election also marked both the worst electoral defeat suffered by the PRI and the worst electoral defeat for a sitting Mexican government since universal suffrage was adopted in the country in 1917.[a]

Electoral system[]

The country's president is elected by plurality in a single round of voting.[6]

The 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected to three-year terms by two methods; 300 are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with the remaining 200 elected from five regional constituencies by proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient and largest remainder method. No party is allowed to hold more than 300 seats.[7] Members may hold office for up to four consecutive terms.[8]

The 128 members of the Senate are elected to six-year terms, concurrent with the president, and also elected by two methods, with 96 elected in 32 three-member constituencies based on the states and 32 elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation. In the three-member constituencies, two winning candidates shall be allocated to the party receiving the highest number of votes and one seat to the party receiving the second-highest number of votes.[9] Members may hold office for up to two terms.[8]

Presidential candidates[]

Por México al Frente[]

Main article: Por México al Frente

Por México al Frente (English: "For Mexico to the Front") is the alliance of the center-right National Action Party (PAN) and the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and Citizens' Movement (which both nominated Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the elections of 2006 and 2012) formed in an effort to defeat both the ruling party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and the front-runner Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA).[10][11][12][13][14]

On 5 September, the electoral alliance was officially registered with the INE as Frente Ciudadano por México (Citizen Front for Mexico).[14] On 8 December the coalition changed its name to Por México al Frente (Mexico to the Front). The next day, Ricardo Anaya Cortés, president of the PAN, resigned from his position and expressed his intent to be the alliance's candidate.[15][16]

The former first lady Margarita Zavala submitted her resignation from the PAN on 6 October, after being a member for 33 years, and registered as an independent candidate six days later.[17] She sought the presidency through an independent bid, but withdrew on 16 May 2018.

Nominee

Todos por México[]

Main article: Todos por México

Todos por México (English: "Everyone for Mexico") is the coalition composed of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), and the New Alliance Party (PANAL). On 9 August 2017, the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates, eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership, and allowing non-party members to lead the party.[18]

This move benefited finance secretary José Antonio Meade Kuribreña, who is not a member of the PRI,[19] as well as education secretary Aurelio Nuño Mayer, whose length of membership was questioned.[18] Meade was considered the favorite, because while the PRI was dogged by scandal and controversy, Meade was personally unaffected.[20]

On 27 November, Meade resigned from cabinet and announced his intention to be the PRI's candidate in the upcoming election.[21] He quickly received the support of President Peña Nieto and PRI-linked institutions such as the CTM union.[22] With no challengers, Meade became the presumptive nominee.[23] On 18 February 2018, the PRI held its convention of delegates, where Meade was formally selected as the party's presidential candidate.[citation needed] Meade is the PRI's first presidential candidate in its almost 90-year history not to be a member of the party.[24][25]

Due to the circumstances of Meade's candidacy, critics compared his selection to the PRI's historical practice of dedazo ("tap of the finger"), where presidents hand-picked their successor.[26][27]

The coalition was initially named Meade Ciudadano por México (English: Citizen Meade for Mexico), until the INE deemed it unconstitutional to include a candidate's name within the coalition's name, on the grounds that the presidential candidate would receive advertising from every piece of campaign advertising of the coalition used for local candidates. The coalition subsequently changed its name to Todos por México (Everyone for Mexico).[28]

Nominee

Juntos Haremos Historia[]

Main article: Juntos Haremos Historia

Juntos Haremos Historia (English: "Together We Will Make History") is the coalition composed of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the Labor Party (PT), and the Social Encounter Party (PES).[29][30]

On 12 December Andrés Manuel López Obrador registered as the presumptive nominee for MORENA and submitted his resignation as party president. This is López Obrador's third presidential bid; the previous two attempts were with the PRD. After the 2012 presidential election, López Obrador left the PRD to found MORENA. This is MORENA's first presidential election. Joining MORENA in the Juntos Haremos Historia coalition is the left-wing Labor Party and the right-wing Social Encounter Party.[31]

Nominee

Independents[]

Logo for Rodríguez's campaign

For the first time in Mexico's modern democratic history, candidates were allowed to run for the presidency as independents.[32] Several people announced their intention to contest the election as an independent candidate.

Margarita Zavala, a lawyer, former deputy and wife of former president Felipe Calderón, had originally intended to run as the PAN nominee; however, on 6 October, she left the party and launched an independent bid. Explaining her decision, she said that the formation of Por México al Frente meant there would be no internal PAN selection, denying her a chance to be a candidate.[33] Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, the independent governor of Nuevo León, also announced his candidacy,[34] as did Senator Armando Ríos Piter.[35]

The National Indigenous Congress announced on 28 May 2017 the election of María de Jesús Patricio Martínez as their spokeswoman and indigenous representative for the 2018 general election, aiming to obtain an independent candidacy.[36] Only Zavala gathered enough signatures to appear on the ballot;[37] however, on 10 April the Electoral Court accepted an appeal from Rodríguez and ordered the National Electoral Institute to register him as candidate.[38]

On 16 May Zavala announced she was withdrawing her candidacy.[39]

Opinion polls[]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2018 Mexican general election
Historical trend of voting intentions for the candidates for the Mexican presidency in 2018.

Campaigns[]

Timeline[]

January[]

As in the 2006 and 2012 federal elections, the 2018 campaign featured numerous accusations and attack advertisements directed at the leftist frontrunner candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who contested the elections with the support of his party MORENA. A campaign described as "Red Scare-like" was used by the PRI and PAN candidates to convince voters that a López Obrador victory would turn Mexico into "another Venezuela".[40][41]

In a speech, PRI president Enrique Ochoa Reza said that "if the people from MORENA like Venezuela so much, they should just go and live there".[42] The PRI was believed to have hired Venezuelan right-wing political strategist JJ Rendón to work in their campaign, as he stated in January that he would do "everything within the law to prevent López Obrador from becoming President"; Rendón had previously worked for the PRI during Peña Nieto's 2012 presidential campaign.[43]

In January, former president Felipe Calderón shared a video on via social media, in which a Venezuelan citizen living in Mexico warned voters not to vote for López Obrador, as he would put Mexico in the "path to ruin" like Chavismo had done in her country. It later surfaced that the woman, whose name is Carmen Martilez, is an actress who previously had uploaded a video in which she asked for street vendors to be "exterminated".[44]

That same month, the PRI began to claim that López Obrador's campaign was supported by "Venezuelan and Russian interests". López Obrador dismissed the accusations and later joked about them, calling himself "Andrés Manuelovich".[45][46]

Later in January, citizens across the country received phone calls originating in the city of Puebla, in which a recorded message warned them not to vote for López Obrador because he supposedly agreed to sell Mexico's oil to "the Russians". The MORENA representative in Puebla asked for an investigation into the phone calls.[47][48] In March, telephone company Axtel traced the number that made the calls, revealing it was a number that the government of Puebla (whose governor is from the PAN) controlled. Puebla's government denied the accusations.[49] Also in January, López Obrador uploaded a video via social media asking president Peña Nieto and PRI president Ochoa Reza to "calm down", and advised them to take some "López Obradordipine".[50]

A jingle entitled Movimiento Naranja, which was recorded for the political party Movimiento Ciudadano (which is part of the Por México al Frente coalition, along with the PAN and the PRD) and performed by an indigenous child called Yuawi, became popular and Yuawi turned into a celebrity overnight.[51][52] Drawing on its success, the pre-candidate for the Frente, Ricardo Anaya recorded a video in which he performed the song with Yuawi.[53]

PRI candidate José Antonio Meade was accused of plagiarism when it was noted that one of his ads, in which he criticized a "populist" speech on TV, was identical to an ad that was used by Justin Trudeau when he became leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2013.[54]

February[]

Later in February, the PRI's Enrique Ochoa Reza tweeted that PRI politicians who defected to MORENA as Prietos que no aprietan (Dark-skinned people who can't get a hold) while trying to make a pun on the word PRI-etos (because morena is a synonym for prieto). The expression was criticized, and Ochoa Reza quickly deleted the tweet as it was interpreted to be racist.[55]

Aristegui Noticias published that Ochoa Reza apologized, and also criticized the insensitive expression, additionally commenting that the part que ya no aprietan (who cannot hold) could also be interpreted as misogynistic due to being a double entendre referring to women in relation to the number of sexual relations they have had in their lifetime. Ochoa Reza's tweet apologized to dark-skinned people but not to women.[56] Later Sinembargo.mx revealed that José Antonio Meade justified Enrique Ochoa's usage of the expression, by saying: uno se excede y es natural (English: one gets-ahead-of-themselves and it is natural) and saying that his quick apology talked positively about him.[57]

March[]

In March, the Attorney General of the Republic (PGR) started an official investigation into money-laundering allegations against Ricardo Anaya. During the investigation, Santiago Nieto, the ex-chief of FEPADE (the prosecutor's office that focuses on electoral violations) was controversially removed from his job in October 2017, coincidentally right after starting an investigation regarding illicit campaign money from the 2012 presidential campaign that allegedly was received by Peña Nieto and by the future president of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya, from the Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht. The ex-chief of FEPADE said that the accusations against Anaya were minor in comparison to Odebretch and Peña Nieto scandal, adding also the same opinion about the money lost by Secretariat of Social Development, to corrupt governors from the PRI such as Javier Duarte, all while José Antonio Meade was the man in charge of the Secretariat of Social Development. The scandal is known as La Estafa Maestra (The Master Robbery), and about 435 million pesos were lost.[58] The same week the PRI legislators were criticized for voting for stopping the investigation of Odebretch against the wishes of Mexican people and organizations campaigning against corruption such as Mexicanos contra la corrupción (Mexicans against corruption).[59] The investigation about Odebretch against the Pemex leader at the time, Lozoya, was legally stopped after a judge controversially ordered it days after.[60]

Santiago Nieto said that the PGR was being used by Peña Nieto's government to tamper with elections and benefit Meade by removing Anaya from the race, complaining that it was a politically motivated use of law-enforcement agencies, which had made more efforts to investigate Anaya in a month than towards investigating Peña Nieto's Odebretch money and Meade's lost Secretariat of Social Development funds over the last six years. Santiago Nieto said the PGR and FEPADE were only attacking the rivals of the PRI, and the investigating organizations were not being neutral.[61]

In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Santiago Nieto would later reveal that Peña Nieto's government tried to bribe him to keep him silent, which he refused saying, "Sorry, but I can't receive any money from Peña Nieto." He received menacing phone messages stating: "Death follows you" and "Words of advice: stay out of Trouble", and as a consequence, he feared for the safety of his, and his family's lives.[62] Additionally as of 2018, many of the politicians of the PRI political party who supported Peña Nieto during his presidential campaign would be later declared criminals by the Mexican government (some already elected, while others were campaigning concurrently with Peña Nieto, and would be elected),[63][64][65] near the end of Peña Nieto's time as president.

A total of 22 state ex-governors, all members from the PRI, were accused of misuse of public funds and misdirection of money (with some money speculated to have been directed to the PRI); only five were sent to jail, with PGR receiving criticism for not investigating further.[66] Among the most prominent criminals were: Tomás Yarrington from Tamaulipas (along his predecessor Eugenio Hernández Flores), Javier Duarte from Veracruz,[67] César Duarte Jáquez from Chihuahua[68] (no family relation between the two Duartes), and Roberto Borge from Quintana Roo, along their unknown multiple allies who enabled their corruption. Although Peña Nieto was not found to be their ally, by being part of the same political party, there were severely negative consequences to Peña Nieto's image as president, as well as of the PRI.[69] Also, while not a member of the PRI at the time, Meade's image also received damage, because much of the money was lost while he was in charge of the Secretariat of Social Development, the government ministry that supervises the resources received by each state.[70]

Despite the overwhelming evidence against César Duarte, in March 2018 the PGR found him innocent of any crime. The successor governor Javier Corral from the PAN, who previously fought against the Televisa law, gave a similar opinion to Santiago Nieto, saying the PGR was being used to protect the allies of Peña Nieto and the PRI, and attack their rivals.[71] López Obrador said that failure to take action against Duarte was one of the main reasons why Mexicans had lost their faith in the PRI, saying the few ex-governors that were declared criminals were only to a pretense of concern.[72]

April and May[]

After, Meade decided to change his strategy; and due to his poor reception, Ochoa Reza left his position as president of the PRI on 2 May.[73]

On 16 May, Margarita Zavala suspended her presidential campaign.[74]

decided to join AMLO's campaign, with both promising to continue the investigation into the alleged scandal involving Peña Nieto, the PRI and Odebretch.[75] Meanwhile, César Duarte disappeared before being incarcerated, and was subsequently declared a fugitive from justice by the PGR.[76]

More than 130 political figures were killed from when the campaign began in September 2017 until July 2018.[3]

Promises and proposals[]

López Obrador promised to end many of the benefits received by ex-presidents, particularly the lifelong pension they receive.[77] He added that he would redirect the money saved to be used to help senior citizens.[78] Zavala said she would also attempt to end the practice, though she had not decided how to use the money saved, while Meade and Anaya said they would keep the practice going.[79]

Anaya promised to implement a basic income for Mexican citizens,[80] Anaya said Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman supported the idea. While well received, El Economista criticized how Anaya announced it, and called the idea populist.[81]

Meade proposed to create an office that would track the unique needs of each individual citizen, in what he would call Registro Único de Necesidades de Cada Persona (Unique Register of the Necessities of Each Person). Citizens on social media mocked the idea as absurd and impossible to develop, comparing it to writing letters to Santa Claus or just plainly asking for miracles.[82][83] Meade has supported Peña Nieto's energy reforms, saying that "everyone wins with the gasolinazo", and announcing that if he won he intended to continue it.[84] López Obrador promised to end the gasolinazos by building two new fuel refineries, which would allow more petroleum to be processed into gasoline domestically, thus lowering the price by not outsourcing the refining to other countries.[85]

Anaya promised to investigate and do everything to make sure President Peña Nieto is sent to jail for his aforementioned multiple presidential scandals, with López Obrador agreeing and suggesting to up the ante by also investigating every living former president.[86]

On 26 January, López Obrador accused the International Monetary Fund of being an accomplice to corruption in Mexican politics and claimed that its policies are in part responsible for poverty, unemployment, and violence in the country. López Obrador promised that if he won the presidency, Mexico will follow "its own agenda".[87]

López Obrador called for a change in security strategy and offered the controversial proposal of giving amnesty for drug dealers as a way to combat the drug cartels.[88]

During a debate in April, Rodríguez Calderón said "We have to cut off the hands of those who rob (in public service). It's that simple." He later explained that it was intended to be applied to both criminals and government functionaries involved in acts of corruption citing the application of this measure in Saudi Arabia as an example to reduce corruption and violence. Rodríguez Calderón was trending ahead of the other candidates on Twitter during the debate.[89]

Rodríguez Calderón later proposed to bring back the death penalty (currently constitutionally abolished in Mexico and enforced for the last time in 1961) for drug traffickers, hijackers, infanticides and serial killers.[90]

Controversies[]

Ballot access requirements[]

The candidate put forward by the National Indigenous Congress and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, María de Jesús Patricio Martínez (Marichuy), alleged that the process for collecting signatures to attain ballot access unfairly benefits the rich. Marichuy said, "the INE made a list of telephone makes and models so that you must have at a minimum an Android 5.0 operating system or higher and so many hours to begin with the download of the applications in the devices, we find that the list is not true; we find brands that are not included in the list and of those that are included they don’t all work. The download is tedious and can take hours." The INE declared each signature registration would take 4.3 minutes, but each actual signature registration has taken up to 16 hours, or more. 'With these "classist, racist and excluding measures," Marichuy said, you realize "that this electoral system is not made for those peoples below that govern ourselves and that the laws and institutions of the State are made for those above, for the capitalists and their corrupt political class, resulting in a big simulation." Ultimately she was not able to obtain ballot access.[91]

PRI payments to Cambridge Analytica[]

After the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal, in April 2018, Forbes published information from the British news program Channel 4 News that had mentioned the existence of proof revealing ties between the PRI and Cambridge Analytica, suggesting a modus operandi similar to the one in the United States. The info said they worked together at least until January.[92][93][94] An investigation was requested.[95] The New York Times obtained the 57-page proposal of Cambridge Analytica's proposed collaboration strategy to benefit the PRI by hurting MORENA's candidate Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador; the political party rejected the offer but still paid Cambridge Analytica to not help the other candidates.[96]

Allegations of foreign intervention[]

In April 2017, the US Secretary of Homeland Security, John F. Kelly, stated that the election of a left-wing president in Mexico "would not be good for America or Mexico". The statement was widely believed to be a reference to López Obrador, the leftist, frontrunner candidate, and created controversy in Mexico, as it seemed to be an attempt to influence the election against him.[97][98][99]

In December 2017, US National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster claimed that Russia had launched a campaign to "influence Mexico’s 2018 presidential election and stir up division", without defining the methods of the supposed meddling, or indicating which would be the candidate favored by the Kremlin. The Russian government has denied the claims.[100] PRI president Enrique Ochoa Reza claimed that "Russian and Venezuelan interests" are supporting López Obrador's campaign.[101]

López Obrador responded that Ochoa's declarations are part of a smear campaign against him,[43] and later posted a video via social media, where he joked about the claims and called himself "Andres Manuelovich".[45][46]

Guatemalan right-wing commentator Gloria Álvarez embarked on a tour through Mexico, calling López Obrador a "dangerous populist" and urging citizens not to vote for him. She was invited to a PAN legislators assembly on 31 January, where she criticized the alliance with the PRD, which she called "a party just like MORENA".[102][103]

US Senators Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio asked US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson to "fight Russian meddling" in the Mexican elections.[104] On 2 February during a summit in Mexico, Tillerson stated that Mexico should "beware the Russian interference".[105] Dr. Tony Payan, director of the Mexico Center at Rice University noted that there was no evidence of actual Russian tampering in the Mexican electoral process, and considered the accusations "absurd" given that the Trump administration "will not admit Russia interfered in the US election".[106]

Possibility of election tampering[]

Bloomberg warned about the possibility of the PRI committing electoral fraud, with Tony Payan, director of the Mexico Center at Rice University's Baker Institute in Houston, United States, suggesting that both vote buyout and computer hackings were possible and citing irregularities in the 1988 electoral process. Bloomberg's article also suggested Meade could be receiving unfair help from the over-budget amounts of money spent on publicity by incumbent president Enrique Peña Nieto.[107]

Additionally, Meade spent more money on pre-campaign efforts than López Obrador and Anaya together, while failing to report where his funds came from; in contrast, López Obrador has attended the most events while spending the least money and successfully reported better than his rivals where he obtained the resources to pay for those events.[108]

Prior PRI election tampering controversies in 2017[]

During 2017, the PRI had faced allegations of electoral fraud concerning the election of Peña Nieto's cousin Alfredo del Mazo Maza as Governor of the state of Mexico. Despite the official vote results given by the INE (Electoral National Institute) giving the win to del Mazo, the election was marred by irregularities including reports of vote-buying,[109] spending beyond legal campaign finance limits,[110] and electoral counts that gave del Mazo extra votes that awarded the election to him.[111] In November 2017, left-wing magazine Proceso published an article accusing the PRI of breaking at least 16 state laws during the elections, which were denounced 619 times. They said that all of them were broken in order to favor del Mazo during the election.[112]

Results[]

President[]

López Obrador won the election on 1 July 2018 with over 50% of the popular vote. In terms of states won, López Obrador won in a landslide, carrying 30 out of 31 states plus Mexico City,[5] the most federal entities won by a candidate since Ernesto Zedillo won every state in the 1994 election.

Around 30 minutes after polls closed in the country's north-west, José Antonio Meade, speaking at a news conference from PRI headquarters, conceded defeat and wished López Obrador "every success".[113][114]

Ricardo Anaya also conceded defeat within an hour of the polls closing,[115][116] and independent candidate Jaime Rodríguez Calderón recognized López Obrador's victory shortly afterward.[117]

The results of the INE's official quick count were announced around midnight Mexico City time. It reported a turnout of around 63%, with the following approximate results for the candidates: López Obrador, 53%; Anaya, 22%; Meade, 16%; and Rodríguez Calderón, 5%. This is the first time since 1994 Mexican general election that a presidential candidate was elected with an absolute majority (50%+1) of the votes cast.[118]

Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Andrés Manuel López Obrador National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 30,113,483 53.19%
Ricardo Anaya National Action Party Por México al Frente 12,610,120 22.28%
José Antonio Meade Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por México 9,289,853 16.41%
Jaime Rodríguez Calderón Independent None 2,961,732 5.23%
Margarita Zavala[b] Independent None 32,743 0.06%
Write-in votes 31,982 0.06%
Invalid/blank votes 1,571,114 2.77%
Total 56,611,027 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 89,250,974 63.42%
Source: INE INE
Popular Vote
López Obrador
 
 53.20%
Anaya
 
 22.27%
Meade
 
 16.41%
Rodríguez Calderón
 
 5.23%
Zavala
 
 0.06%
Other
 
 0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
 2.77%

By state[]

State Anaya
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Action Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party of the Democratic Revolution link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens' Movement (Mexico) 		Meade
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional Revolutionary Party link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologist Green Party of Mexico link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New Alliance Party (Mexico) 		López Obrador
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Regeneration Movement link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social Encounter Party 		Zavala[b]
Margarita Zavala independiente.png
 Rodríguez
BRONCO.svg
 Write-ins Invalid/blank votes Total Votes
Aguascalientes 178,988 103,639 222,528 547 40,299 391 14,714 561,106
Baja California 275,503 124,225 918,939 479 89,823 1,252 28,201 1,438,422
Baja California Sur 56,794 28,202 193,842 404 16,766 235 6,645 302,888
Campeche 54,417 96,584 275,262 209 11,194 146 11,735 449,547
Coahuila 307,590 358,279 609,362 730 71,051 437 24,367 1,371,816
Colima 56,428 62,004 197,316 346 15,753 200 9,062 341,109
Chiapas 198,117 562,863 1,485,699 1,697 39,607 580 137,087 2,425,650
Chihuahua 425,919 240,725 643,652 1,604 132,242 1,717 48,846 1,494,705
Mexico City 1,292,623 652,073 3,118,478 3,054 223,261 4,793 111,586 5,405,868
Durango 187,947 141,291 340,829 636 46,009 215 16,788 733,715
Guanajuato 940,133 381,692 707,222 1,655 223,214 1,859 69,232 2,325,007
Guerrero 217,838 285,799 1,018,163 277 24,531 362 66,168 1,613,138
Hidalgo 188,028 257,548 850,863 473 59,630 454 37,916 1,394,912
Jalisco 1,179,300 509,157 1,461,348 3,152 246,924 2,954 96,988 3,499,823
México 1,549,824 1,548,662 4,373,267 3,092 383,684 4,653 176,978 8,040,160
Michoacán 443,805 335,854 991,154 1,176 122,469 1,097 85,400 1,980,955
Morelos 142,553 99,506 638,689 680 60,083 510 26,169 968,190
Nayarit 79,818 66,447 315,816 280 10,382 183 11,750 484,676
Nuevo León 703,866 315,379 748,104 2,000 360,050 1,931 47,432 2,178,762
Oaxaca 221,686 342,108 1,260,562 931 39,020 548 64,602 1,929,457
Puebla 618,397 490,737 1,754,596 1,562 113,461 1,509 102,525 3,082,787
Querétaro 347,664 150,927 424,162 1,347 72,905 855 27,501 1,025,361
Quintana Roo 116,031 76,758 488,434 361 29,441 424 16,207 727,656
San Luis Potosí 334,763 260,211 527,546 717 82,956 677 51,722 1,258,592
Sinaloa 163,956 234,416 834,001 475 29,173 470 31,809 1,294,300
Sonora 167,273 181,059 651,806 858 63,800 505 26,366 1,091,667
Tabasco 91,342 107,538 961,710 378 9,749 279 29,849 1,200,845
Tamaulipas 475,201 228,386 786,210 1,143 110,246 531 33,933 1,635,650
Tlaxcala 66,729 74,744 433,127 213 25,941 276 12,392 613,422
Veracruz 1,050,599 471,313 2,059,209 1,224 132,737 1,307 98,061 3,814,450
Yucatán 320,144 324,055 455,216 384 39,111 333 25,509 1,164,752
Zacatecas 156,844 177,672 366,371 659 36,220 299 23,574 761,639
Mexicans living abroad 26,344 4,613 63,863 0 1,868 269 1,513 98,470
Total 12,610,120 9,289,853 30,113,483 32,743 2,961,732 31,982 1,571,114 56,611,027

Senate[]

2018 Mexican Senate election
← 2012 1 July 2018 Next →
128 Senators
65 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
 
Reunión con el Presidente Electo, Andrés Manuel López Obrador 8 (cropped).jpg
Ricardo Anaya (cropped 2).jpg
Mexican Foreign Minister José Antonio Meade (16295258100) (cropped).jpg
Leader Andrés Manuel López Obrador Ricardo Anaya José Antonio Meade
Party MORENA PAN PRI
Last election n/a 38 seats, 27.9% 57 seats, 33.1%
Seats before new 38 57
Seats won 55 23 13
Seat change Increase 55 Decrease 15 Decrease 44
Popular vote 21,261,577 9,971,804 9,013,658
Percentage 37.5% 17.6% 15.9%
Party Constituency Proportional Total
seats 		+/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
National Regeneration Movement 661,068 1.18 2 21,261,577 37.50 13 55 New
National Action Party 600,423 1.07 1 9,971,804 17.59 6 23 −15
Institutional Revolutionary Party 3,855,984 6.86 0 9,013,658 15.90 6 13 −44
Party of the Democratic Revolution 96,393 0.17 0 2,984,861 5.27 2 8 −15
Citizens' Movement 570,774 1.01 2 2,654,452 4.68 2 7 +6
Ecologist Green Party 1,198,011 2.13 0 2,528,175 4.46 2 7 +3
Labor Party 51,260 0.09 0 2,164,442 3.82 1 6 +2
Social Encounter Party 28,878 0.05 0 1,320,559 2.33 0 8 New
New Alliance Party 593,507 1.06 0 1,307,015 2.31 0 1 0
MORENA–PT–PES[a] 23,754,422 42.24 53 – – – – –
PAN–PRD–MC[b] 14,222,046 25.29 25 – – – – –
PRI–PVEM–PNA[c] 7,145,869 12.71 13 – – – – –
Independents 1,109,149 1.97 – 1,109,149 1.97 – 0 0
Write-ins 30,568 0.05 – 31,820 0.06 – – –
Invalid/blank votes 2,319,489 4.12 – 2,344,357 4.14 – – –
Total 56,237,841 100 96 56,691,869 100 32 128 0
Registered voters/turnout 89,994,039 62.49 – 89,994,039 63.52 – – –
Source: INE

a Of the 53 seats won by the MORENA-PT–PES alliance, 40 were taken by MORENA, 8 by the PES, and 5 by the PT

b Of the 25 seats won by the PAN–PRD–MC alliance, 16 were taken by the PAN, 6 by the PRD, and 3 by the MC

c Of the 13 seats won by the PRI–PVEM–PNA alliance, 7 were taken by the PRI, 5 by the PVEM, and 1 by the PNA

Popular Vote
MORENA
 
 37.50%
PAN
 
 17.97%
PRI
 
 15.90%
PRD
 
 5.27%
MC
 
 4.68%
PVEM
 
 4.46%
PT
 
 3.82%
PES
 
 2.33%
PNA
 
 2.31%
Independents
 
 1.96%
Write-ins
 
 0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
 4.14%
Seats
MORENA
 
 42.97%
PAN
 
 18.75%
PRI
 
 10.16%
PRD
 
 6.25%
PES
 
 6.25%
MC
 
 5.47%
PT
 
 5.47%
PVEM
 
 4.69%
PNA
 
 0.78%
Independents
 
 0.00%
Popular Vote (alliances)
JHH
 
 43.65%
PMAF
 
 27.92%
TPM
 
 22.67%
Independents
 
 1.96%
Write-ins
 
 0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
 4.14%
Seats (alliances)
JHH
 
 53.91%
PMAF
 
 29.69%
TPM
 
 16.41%
Mexican Senate Party Composition
Mexican Senate by electoral alliances. Juntos Haremos Historia 69 seats, Por México al Frente 38 seats, Todos por México 21 seats. (The parties have been arranged so that alliance members are adjacent, and so do not correspond to their locations in the previous graph.)

By state[]

State link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Action Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party of the Democratic Revolution link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens' Movement (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Regeneration Movement link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social Encounter Party link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional Revolutionary Party link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologist Green Party of Mexico link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New Alliance Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Action Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party of the Democratic Revolution link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens' Movement (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional Revolutionary Party link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologist Green Party of Mexico link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New Alliance Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Regeneration Movement link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor Party (Mexico) link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social Encounter Party
link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent politician
Independents 		Write-ins Invalid/blank votes
Aguascalientes 198,362 159,219 144,216 18,395 14,205 396 20,504
Baja California 337,706 824,241 148,221 44,495 29,501 1,317 42,556
Baja California Sur 83,818 144,969 24,076 10,969 7,940 14,740 203 10,170
Campeche 88,654 204,663 134,648 134 15,672
Chiapas 237,732 1,158,463 707,648 98,459 1,394 194,827
Chihuahua 449,436 540,334 326,675 56,602 43,788 1,267 73,224
Coahuila 391,871 493,462 442,448 429 34,067
Colima 77,594 147,042 97,982 192 12,247
Mexico City 1,556,967 2,766,612 521,619 245,030 92,033 4,520 204,974
Durango 222,385 283,487 156,448 26,516 14,559 290 25,609
Guanajuato 1,015,901 592,822 322,681 190,372 71,543 1,709 111,975
Guerrero 357,786 764,328 367,618 20,801 709 85,359
Hidalgo 200,958 375,202 661,068 51,260 28,878 519 68,665
Jalisco 1,150,974 839,036 423,452 119,961 63,468 761,812 1,665 121,962
México 1,981,671 3,842,212 1,944,697 4,186 246,048
Michoacán 572,436 743,271 339,778 136,907 46,494 1,274 127,166
Morelos 489,871 193,595 89,195 79,681 44,415 802 58,202
Nayarit 105,395 267,757 68,231 11,050 10,252 188 17,340
Nuevo León 471,746 511,228 16,712 526,359 331,315 83,596 58,823 105,422 1,104 66,965
Oaxaca 302,631 1,088,347 438,077 548 87,440
Puebla 776,758 1,440,489 467,783 133,596 82,077 1,356 157,416
Querétaro 389,334 354,517 147,062 41,067 21,249 767 48,819
Quintana Roo 147,478 427,700 112,859 742 27,269
San Luis Potosí 428,815 379,627 354,927 981 82,140
Sinaloa 243,630 604,603 306,995 93,894 455 37,118
Sonora 236,439 510,041 301,192 383 36,423
Tabasco 149,677 809,074 140,184 41,569 12,095 380 41,790
Tamaulipas 605,418 610,306 294,243 37,886 25,480 585 48,518
Tlaxcala 107,944 357,345 106,257 14,021 461 24,715
Veracruz 1,261,288 1,820,499 576,857 1,084 126,420
Yucatán 383,054 305,564 428,056 277 32,527
Zacatecas 157,934 313,175 254,811 251 31,632
Total 14,222,046 23,754,422 7,145,869 600,423 96,393 570,774 3,855,984 1,198,011 593,507 661,068 51,260 28,878 1,109,149 30,568 2,319,489

Chamber of Deputies[]

2018 Mexican Chamber of Deputies election
← 2015 1 July 2018 2021 →
500 Seats in the Chamber of Deputies
251 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
 
Reunión con el Presidente Electo, Andrés Manuel López Obrador 8 (cropped).jpg
Ricardo Anaya (cropped 2).jpg
Mexican Foreign Minister José Antonio Meade (16295258100) (cropped).jpg
Leader Andrés Manuel López Obrador Ricardo Anaya José Antonio Meade
Party MORENA PAN PRI
Last election n/a 114 seats, 25.9% 212 seats, 31.9%
Seats before new 114 212
Seats won 189 83 45
Seat change Increase 154 Decrease 25 Decrease 158
Popular vote 20,972,573 10,096,588 9,310,523
Percentage 37.3% 17.9% 16.5%
2018 Mexican general election - Chamber of Deputies.svg
Results for the Chamber of Deputies.
Party District Proportional Total
seats 		+/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
National Regeneration Movement 709,840 1.27 8 20,972,573 37.25 84 189 +154
Labor Party 67,429 0.12 0 2,211,753 3.93 4 61 +55
Social Encounter Party 54,906 0.10 0 1,353,941 2.40 0 56 +48
Total (MORENA–PT–PES) 23,513,132 42.01 210 24,538,267 43.58 88 306 –
National Action Party 697,595 1.25 5 10,096,588 17.93 41 83 −25
Citizens' Movement 268,876 0.48 0 2,485,198 4.41 10 27 +1
Party of the Democratic Revolution 124,808 0.22 0 2,967,969 5.27 12 21 −35
Total (PAN–PRD–MC) 14,381,872 25.70 63 15,549,755 27.61 63 131 –
Institutional Revolutionary Party 4,351,824 7.78 1 9,310,523 16.54 38 45 −158
Ecologist Green Party 1,429,802 2.55 0 2,695,405 4.79 11 16 −31
New Alliance Party 705,432 1.26 0 1,391,376 2.47 0 2 −8
Total (PRI–PVEM–PNA) 6,862,372 12.26 13 13,397,304 23.80 50 63 –
Independents 539,347 0.96 0 539,347 0.96 0 0 −1
Write-ins 32,625 0.06 – 32,959 0.06 – – –
Invalid/blank votes 2,227,573 3.98 – 2,242,615 3.98 – – –
Total 55,967,433 100 300 56,300,247 100 200 500 0
Registered voters/turnout 89,994,039 62.20 – 89,994,039 63.21 – – –
Source: INE
Popular Vote
MORENA
 
 37.25%
PAN
 
 17.93%
PRI
 
 16.54%
PRD
 
 5.27%
PVEM
 
 4.79%
MC
 
 4.41%
PT
 
 3.93%
PNA
 
 2.47%
PES
 
 2.40%
Independents
 
 0.96%
Write-ins
 
 0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
 3.98%
Seats
MORENA
 
 37.8%
PAN
 
 16.6%
PT
 
 12.2%
PES
 
 11.2%
PRI
 
 9.0%
MC
 
 5.4%
PRD
 
 4.2%
PVEM
 
 3.2%
PNA
 
 0.4%
Independents
 
 0.0%
Popular Vote (alliances)
JHH
 
 43.58%
PMAF
 
 27.61%
TPM
 
 23.80%
Independents
 
 0.96%
Write-ins
 
 0.06%
Invalid/blank
 
 3.98%
Seats (alliances)
JHH
 
 61.2%
PMAF
 
 26.2%
TPM
 
 12.6%
Chamber of Deputies party composition
Electoral alliances in the Chamber of Deputies. Juntos Haremos Historia 306 seats, Por México al Frente 131 seats, Todos por México 63 seats

Governorships[]

Mexico City[]

Election for Head of Government of Mexico City
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 2,537,454 47.05
Alejandra Barrales Party of the Democratic Revolution Por México al Frente 1,673,015 31.02
 [es] Institutional Revolutionary Party None 691,772 12.82
Mariana Boy Tamborrell Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None 206,942 3.83
Lorena Osornio Independent None 64,591 1.19
Marco Rascón Humanist Party None 51,676 0.95
Purificación Carpinteyro New Alliance Party None 36,105 0.66
Write-ins 5,727 0.11
Nulls/blanks 125,605 2.33
Total 5,392,887 100
Registered voters/turnout 7,628,256 70.70
Source:IECM

Chiapas[]

Election for Governor of Chiapas
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Rutilio Escandón Cadenas National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 922,310 39.26
Fernando Castellanos Ecologist Green Party of Mexico La Fuerza de Chiapas 529,508 22.54
Roberto Albores Gleason Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por Chiapas 474,122 20.18
José Antonio Aguilar Bodegas National Action Party Por Chiapas al Frente 220,675 9.39
Jesús Alejo Orantes Ruiz Independent None 62,611 2.66
Write-ins 3,309 0.14
Nulls/blanks 136,992 5.83
Total 2,349,527 100
Registered voters/turnout 3,549,291 66.20
Source:IEPC-Chiapas

Guanajuato[]

Election for Governor of Guanajuato
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Diego Sinhué Rodríguez Vallejo National Action Party Por Guanajuato al Frente 1,043,049 49.94
Ricardo Sheffield Padilla National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 553,639 24.19
Gerardo Sánchez García Institutional Revolutionary Party None 293,824 12.84
Felipe Camarena Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None 157,767 6.89
María Bertha Solórzano New Alliance Party None 66,122 2.89
Write-ins 1,673 0.08
Nulls/blanks 72,183 3.30
Total 2,188,257 100
Registered voters/turnout 4,359,531 50.19
Source:IEEG

Jalisco[]

Election for Governor of Jalisco
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Enrique Alfaro Ramírez Citizens' Movement None 1,354,014 39.05
Carlos Lomelí Bolaños National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 857,011 24.71
 [es] Institutional Revolutionary Party None 575,744 16.60
Miguel Ángel Martínez Espinosa National Action Party None 369,470 10.65
Salvador Cosío Gaona Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None 96,762 2.79
Martha Rosa Araiza Soltero New Alliance Party None 68,597 1.98
Carlos Orozco Santillán Party of the Democratic Revolution None 35,107 1.01
Write-ins 2,691 0.08
Nulls/blanks 108,368 3.13
Total 3,467,764 100
Registered voters/turnout 5,904,211 58.73
Source: IEPC-Jalisco

Morelos[]

Election for Governor of Morelos
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Cuauhtémoc Blanco Social Encounter Party Juntos Haremos Historia 501,743 52.59
Víctor Caballero National Action Party Por Morelos al Frente 134,054 14.05
Rodrigo Gayosso Party of the Democratic Revolution Juntos por Morelos 111,198 11.66
Jorge Meade Institutional Revolutionary Party None 57,943 6.07
Fidel Demédicis Hidalgo Independent None 45,280 4.75
Nadia Luz Lara Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None 35,047 3.67
Alejandro Vera Jiménez New Alliance Party None 21,977 2.30
Mario Rojas Alba Humanist Party None 13,871 1.45
Write-ins 871 0.09
Nulls/blanks 32,036 3.36
Total 954,020 100%
Registered voters/turnout 1,442,857 66.12
Source:IMPEPAC

Puebla[]

Election for Governor of Puebla
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Martha Erika Alonso Hidalgo National Action Party Por Puebla al Frente 1,153,043 38.14
Miguel Barbosa Huerta National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 1,031,043 34.10
Enrique Doger Institutional Revolutionary Party None 555,041 18.36
Michel Chaín Ecologist Green Party of Mexico None 153,456 5.08
Write-ins 1,947 0.06
Nulls/blanks 129,023 4.27
Total 3,023,553 100
Registered voters/turnout 4,500,580 67.18
Source:IEE-Puebla

Tabasco[]

Election for Governor of Tabasco
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Adán Augusto López Hernández National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 601,987 61.45
Gerardo Gaudiano Rovirosa Party of the Democratic Revolution Por Tabasco al Frente 189,564 19.35
Georgina Trujillo Zentella Institutional Revolutionary Party None 115,164 11.75
Nulls/blanks 42,134 4.30
Jesús Alí de la Torre Independent None 19,434 1.98
Manuel Paz Ojeda New Alliance Party None 10,371 1.05
Write-ins 843 0.08
Total 979,497 100
Registered voters/turnout 1,687,618 70.06%
Source:IEPC-Tabasco

Veracruz[]

Election for Governor of Veracruz
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Cuitláhuac García Jiménez National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 1,667,239 44.03
Miguel Ángel Yunes Márquez National Action Party Por Veracruz al Frente 1,453,938 38.39
José Yunes Zorrilla Institutional Revolutionary Party Por un Veracruz Mejor 528,663 13.96
Miriam González Sheridan New Alliance Party None 36,404 0.96
Write-ins 784 0.02
Nulls/blanks 99,893 2.64
Total 3,786,921 100
Registered voters/turnout 5,775,918 65.56
Source: OPLE-Veracruz

Yucatán[]

Election for Governor of Yucatán
Candidate Party Alliance Votes %
Mauricio Vila Dosal National Action Party Por Yucatán al Frente 447,753 39.60
Mauricio Sahuí Rivero Institutional Revolutionary Party Todos por Yucatán 407,802 36.09
Joaquín Díaz Mena National Regeneration Movement Juntos Haremos Historia 231,330 20.46
Jorge Zavala Castro Party of the Democratic Revolution None 21,968 1.94
Write-ins 251 0.02
Nulls/blanks 21,303 1.88
Total 1,130,407 100%
Registered voters/turnout 1,544,062 73.21
Source: IEPAC

2018 Voter Demographics[]

2018 Voter Demographics
Demographic Subgroup AMLO RA JAM N/A
Total Vote in percentage 53.19% 22.27% 16.40% ---
By Sex
Women 25.20% 20.90% 16.30% 31.30%
Men 34.50% 21.60% 16.50% 24.30%
By Age
18 to 29 years 32.30% 18.70% 12.20% 29.50%
30 to 49 years 27.70% 26.90% 16.30% 25.60%
50 years + 29.60% 14.20% 20.70% 31.10%
By Education
Elementary or Less 27.40% 14.60% 22.90% 32.10%
Middle School/High School 32.10% 23.80% 14.10% 25.50%
University Or More 28.10% 26.00% 12.60% 23.10%
By Socioeconomic Level
Upper-Class 32.90% 26.90% 14.60% 22.20%
Middle-Class 28.80% 20.30% 17.70% 28.00%
Lower-Class 28.50% 19.40% 16.00% 31.00%
Confidence In the National Electoral Institute (INE)
Better With INE 26.80%
Was Better with IFE 18.60%
Both are the Same 43.70%
Doesn't Know/No Awnser 10.90%

Notes[]

  1. ^ Universal male suffrage was adopted in 1917, while women acquired the right to vote in Federal elections in 1953.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Dropped out of the race, but votes towards her were counted

References[]

  1. ^ Electoral Calendar Senate of the Republic (in Spanish)
  2. ^ Redacción (23 April 2018). "Más allá del debate: corrupción y violencia sin control marcan agenda en la elección mexicana". Sin Embargo. Retrieved 1 July 2018. Seis candidatos a la carrera para ocupar Los Pinos a partir del próximo primero de diciembre por un período de cinco años y 10 meses. (A partir de la Reforma Electora de 2014, el Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos tomará posesión el 1 de octubre de cada año empezando en 2024 por un período de seis años.)
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Benjamin Sveen (2 July 2018). "Mexico's new president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador is the result of political upheaval". ABC News (Australia).
  4. ^ "Mexico election: López Obrador vows profound change after win". BBC News. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Christine; Oré, Diego. "Mexican Lopez Obrador wins historic election landslide for left". Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  6. ^ Election Guide – Mexico IFES
  7. ^ Electoral system IPU
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b David Agren (31 January 2014). "Mexico ends decades-long ban on re-election". USA Today. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  9. ^ Electoral system Mexican Legislative Election Process IPU
  10. ^ "PAN, PRD y MC avalan Frente pero sin definir sus alcances". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Se confirma el Frente Opositor: PAN, MC y PRD irán en alianza para 2018". DiarioCambio.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  12. ^ "El PAN, el PRD y Movimiento Ciudadano constituirán un frente común para 2018". Expansión (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Registran Frente Amplio ante el INE". El Universal (in Spanish). 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "Formalizan PAN, PRD y MC Frente ante INE". www.reforma.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  15. ^ "Anaya renunció al PAN, va por candidatura del Frente" (in Spanish). Político MX. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  16. ^ "'Todos por México' será el nombre de coalición de Meade". Excelsior (in Spanish). 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  17. ^ "Zavala renuncia al PAN, buscará candidatura independiente" (in Spanish). Político MX. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Stargardter, Gabriel (10 August 2017). "Mexico ruling party's reform strengthens president ahead of 2018 vote". Retrieved 7 June 2018.
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  22. ^ Agren, David (27 November 2017). "Mexico is a democracy, but the ghosts of one-party rule live on".
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  31. ^ "López Obrador registra precandidatura y anuncia proyecto de nación" (in Spanish). Excelsior. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  32. ^ "Independents stampede into Mexico's presidential election". The Economist. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  33. ^ Graham, Dave (6 October 2017). "Mexico ex-first lady leaves opposition party for presidency bid". Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  34. ^ Hootsen, Jan-Albert (16 October 2016). "'El Bronco,' Mexico's most successful independent, sets sight on 2018 presidency". Fox News. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
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  36. ^ Concheiro, Luciano (28 May 2017). "Los pueblos indígenas de México eligen a su vocera e irrumpen en el escenario político (The indigenous peoples of Mexico elect their spokesperson and break into the political scene)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
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  38. ^ "El Tribunal Electoral mete a El Bronco en la carrera presidencial con una polémica decisión". El País (in Spanish). 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  39. ^ "Margarita Zavala renuncia a su candidatura presidencial". Expansión (in Spanish). 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
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  41. ^ "Las Campañas del miedo". Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). 11 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  42. ^ "Si a los de Morena les gusta Venezuela, que se vayan a vivir allá: Ochoa". Periodismo Negro (in Spanish). 15 November 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
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  44. ^ ""Venezolana" que llora y pide no votar por López Obrador, también quiere exterminar vendedores en CdMx". Sin Embargo (in Spanish). 19 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
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