2021 Kazakh legislative election

2021 Kazakh legislative election

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All 107 seats to the Mazhilis 54 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	63.25% 13.87 pp
Majority party Minority party Third party   Leader Nursultan Nazarbayev Azat Peruashev Aiqyn Qongyrov Party Nur Otan Ak Zhol People's Party Leader since 1 March 1999 2 July 2011 11 November 2020 Last election 84 seats, 82.20% 7 seats, 7.18% 7 seats, 7.14% Seats won 76 12 10 Seat change 8 5 3 Popular vote 5,148,074 792,828 659,019 Percentage 71.09% 10.95% 9.10% Swing 11.11% 3.77% 1.96%
Results by regions
Chair before election Nurlan Nigmatulin Nur Otan Elected Chair Nurlan Nigmatulin Nur Otan

Politics of Kazakhstan
CIS Member State
Constitution Human rights President (list) Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Prime Minister Askar Mamin Security Council Chairman Nursultan Nazarbayev Parliament Senate Chair Mäulen Äşimbaev Mazhilis Chair Nurlan Nigmatulin Political parties Recent elections Presidential 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary 2007 2012 2016 Administrative divisions Regions (oblıstar) Districts (audandar) Foreign relations Visa policy
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Legislative elections were held in Kazakhstan on 10 January 2021 to elect the members of the Mazhilis.^[1] This was the 8th legislative election in Kazakhstan's history since its independence. It coincided with the 2021 local elections. This election marks the first to be held under Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's presidency and the first since 2004 to be held at the normally scheduled date, rather than due to an early dissolution of the Mazhilis.^[2][3]

The ruling Nur Otan (NO) party maintained its dominant party status in the Mazhilis by winning 71.1% of the vote and sweeping 76 seats; however, it fared worse than the prior election in 2016, losing 8 seats and 11.1% of votes, while two parties nominally in the opposition (Ak Zhol Democratic Party and People's Party of Kazakhstan [QHP]), present in the Mazhilis since 2012, performed better, each seeing a small gain in votes and seats. Despite some expectations, the other contesting parties failed to reach the 7% electoral threshold, and thus were not able to enter the Parliament. Several opposition groups called for a boycott and protests in the elections, citing lack of openness and fairness. The only registered party which poses true opposition to the government, the Nationwide Social Democratic Party (JSDP), for the first time in a legislative election refused to contest the race, while other groups encouraged to tactically vote for the Ak Zhol (AJ) to at least draw away some votes from Nur Otan. The legislative election saw a voter turnout of 63.3%,the lowest since 1999. The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan indirectly elected its allotted nine members to the Mazhilis on 11 January 2021.

Campaigning was focused on issues such as reforms enacted by President Tokayev, economic hardships caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, social issues, land sales and the agricultural sector. The election was plagued by several corruption scandals regarding former president Nursultan Nazarbayev's circles, diplomatic issues between Kazakhstan and Russia over controversial land claims, as well as pressure and crackdowns on human rights groups, journalists, activists, and election observers. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) called the elections as "low-key" with lack of "genuine competition", as all the contesting parties supported Tokayev's policies or espoused pro-government positions.^[4]

The election day was faced with unsanctioned protests resulting in detentions of people across the cities in Kazakhstan to which the Kazakh Ministry of Internal Affairs claimed that all participants were released with no charges.

The new session of the Mazhilis first convened on 15 January 2021. From there, Nurlan Nigmatulin was reelected as the Mazhilis Chair while Askar Mamin was reappointed as the Prime Minister after being nominated by Tokayev to the post.

Background[]

Tokayev's presidency and reforms[]

Following the 2016 Kazakh legislative election, the ruling Nur Otan party maintained its supermajority control of the Mazhilis, which it has held since 2007.^[5] After Nursultan Nazarbayev's resignation from the presidency on 20 March 2019 and the snap presidential elections which were held on 9 June 2019, newly elected President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in his inauguration on 12 June promised a continuation of Nazarbayev's policies in the country's development and social and economic reforms.^[6] Despite the resigning from office, Nazarbayev still holds the title as "Elbasy" ("Leader of the Nation"), remains as the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan for life, is the Nur Otan party chairman, and a Constitutional Council member, while his eldest daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva held the post as the Senate Chair, the second line of succession in the country after the President.^[7] Many analysts considered Tokayev's presidency to be temporary, and would only serve as a bridge for an eventual transition of power to Nazarbayeva.^[8]

Throughout the course of his presidency, Tokayev proposed numerous reforms, such as laws on public rallies which excluded provisions requiring official approval, reducing the required number of members in political parties to be registered, offenses such as slander and libel being removed, and hate speech laws being more specific and less harsh.^[9] After the adoption of the law in May 2020, it received criticism from Kazakh and international human rights activists, who noted that the newly reformed rules still fall short of international standards, such as barring non-Kazakh citizens from organizing and joining protests and limiting public assemblies to only designated locations.^[10]

On 21 October 2020, President Tokayev signed the decree setting date for the legislative elections to be held on 10 January 2021, outlining that the composition of the Parliament will focus on "quality legislative support for social and economic reforms in the country."^[11]

COVID-19 pandemic[]

Many talks arose of possible snap legislative elections, with Tokayev in announcing the possibility of it being held in April 2020.^[12] However, after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Kazakhstan in March 2020 which resulted in nationwide lockdowns and quarantine measures, the idea of an early election was put aside as the Kazakh authorities were forced to contain the spread of the virus.^[13] Tokayev instructed the government to implement certain fiscal packages, such as increasing state pensions and welfare payouts by 10%, providing more tax breaks for small businesses and boosting spending on subsidies in order to limit the economic impacts of the virus. He also called for monthly pay of 42,500 ₸ per person with kits including food products and other basic necessities.^[14] On 11 May 2020, Kazakhstan ended the state of emergency it had put into place to contain the virus, allowing for its regions to slowly lift their lockdowns.^[15] However, after an increase of COVID-19 cases, Tokayev announced a second lockdown on 29 June 2020 which became effective starting from 5 July 2020.^[16] During the period, the Chinese embassy in Kazakhstan announced that an "unknown pneumonia" was spreading throughout the country, claiming it was deadlier than COVID-19. The Kazakh Ministry of Healthcare dismissed those claims, stating that the unspecified case of pneumonia is likely COVID-19 based on symptoms but was not confirmed by laboratory testing which was followed by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.^[17][18] The WHO in a press briefing on 10 July 2020, expressed its belief that the unspecified pneumonia cases were most likely un-diagnosed COVID-19 cases.^[19] The nationwide lockdowns in Kazakhstan were originally set to end on 19 July, but were extended twice and eventually lifted on 19 August 2020.^[16][20][21] Despite the relief efforts by the authorities, Kazakhstan's GDP throughout the course of the pandemic shrunk by 1.8% and the unemployment rate reached 5%.^[22][23] The total unemployment rate when including discouraged workers increased to 10.8%.^[23] The monthly stimulus pay enacted in March was criticized as not enough to cover the cost of living in cities such as Almaty and Nur-Sultan.^[24]

Corruption scandals[]

Utemuratov case[]

The Wall Street Journal reported on 1 December 2020 that the Business Courts of England and Wales had ordered the equivalent of US$5 billion in assets connected to Bulat Utemuratov (former president Nursultan Nazarbayev's aide) to be frozen, which included stakes in luxury hotels, cash in bank accounts in half a dozen countries, and a Burger King franchise, in a settlement made by BTA Bank.^[25] Mukhtar Ablyazov, former exiled Kazakh banker and politician whose currently residing in France, denied the allegations whose case was filed as well by the bank, calling it a plot to discredit Utemuratov as "political heavyweight and rival in the fight for power" instigated by the National Security Committee Chairman and former PM Karim Massimov.^[26]

Negotiations between representatives of Utemuratov and BTA Bank took place which resulted in a confidential agreement being signed, according to which the bank undertook to withdraw its claim. Under the agreement, the English court removed restrictive measures on Utemuratov's assets on 9 December.^[27]

Kulibayev's money laundering[]

On 3 December, the Financial Times released a report that Nazarbayev's son-in-law Timur Kulibayev had allegedly received tens of millions of dollars in a secret project related to the construction of a natural gas pipeline from Central Asia to China. The report stated that Kulibayev had arranged contracts which saw the Moscow-based Alexander Karmanov-owned ETK receive US$53 million in a hidden scheme with parts of profit being laundered to Kulibayev's company.^[28][29]

In response to the laundering claims, it was reported on 8 December that Kulibayev had dismissed these reports and called on Prosecutor General's Office of Kazakhstan to investigate these allegations.^[30]

Real estate assets owned by Nazarbayev's family[]

On 22 December, Radio Azattyq, a Kazakh service of RFE/RL, published an investigation on real estate assets owned by Nazarbayev's relatives, such as his brother Bolat and ex-wife owning a luxury hillside villa in Cannes as well as an apartment overlooking Central Park in New York City, a luxurious oceanfront estate in Costa Brava, Spain belonging to son-in-law Timur Kulibayev where Nazarbayev himself had reportedly visited, and several real estate properties in United Kingdom by Dariga Nazarbayeva and her son Nurali which were accused by the British National Crime Agency to be bought from illegal source of funds until the charges were dismissed by the High Court of Justice in April 2020. The total amount of the properties was estimated to be worth US$785 million.^[31]

Controversies regarding Kazakhstan's integrity[]

On 10 December 2020, during the Channel One Russia program, Vyacheslav Nikonov, chairman of the Committee on Education and Science of the State Duma and grandson of prominent Soviet politician Vyacheslav Molotov, made a controversial statement claiming that the most of present-day Kazakhstan was uninhabited, specifically the northern part of the country, and that its territory was a "great gift" from Russia and the Soviet Union. As a result, Nikonov received a huge backlash on social media from Kazakhstani users, whom accused him of being ignorant and attempting to start a clamor around himself.^[32] The Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs protested the claims made by Nikonov in a letter given to the Russian ambassador Aleksander Komarov, warning that "increasingly frequent provocative insinuations by some Russian politicians regarding Kazakhstan are seriously harming our states' friendly relations." The Ministry called for the Russian government to take measures in preventing further controversial statements made by the Russian politicians.^[33] On 12 December, Nikonov on his Telegram channel made a public apology regarding his words, saying "I believe that the interests of Kazakhstan were fully observed when defining the borders of the Kazakh SSR, which became the borders of the Republic of Kazakhstan."^[34] However, the following day on 13 December, Russian nationalist and State Duma member of parliament (MP) Yevgeny Fyodorov at the Belarusinfo YouTube channel supported Nikonov's original claims, saying that Kazakhstan "should be grateful for the gift", in which he referred to the country's territory and stated that Kazakhstan should return some of its territories if it does not acknowledge them as "gifts from Russia".^[35] Former president Nursultan Nazarbayev, in response to the territorial claims, fired back in a speech made on 15 December commemorating Independence Day, where he said that Kazakhs are “the descendants of brave ancestors who inhabited a vast valley from Altai to Atyrau, and from Alatau to Arka.”^[36] Kazakh Foreign Minister Mukhtar Tleuberdi dismissed Nikonov and Fyodorov's statements on 23 December, calling them "bullshit" and noted that the controversy "does not correspond to the official position of the Russian Federation." He added that Kazakhstan has friendly relations with Russia and will continue in developing ties based on international laws.^[37][38]

On 5 January 2021, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in state-run newspaper Yegemen Qazaqstan wrote that "our sacred land, inherited from our ancestors, is our main wealth. No one from the outside gave this vast territory to the Kazakhs."^[39] He also added that the Kazakh lands would never be sold or rented by foreigners.^[40]

Electoral system[]

The 107-seat Mazhilis consists of 98 members elected from a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation and nine seats indirectly elected by the Assembly of People, a body selected by the President.^[41] The directly elected seats are elected using a 7% electoral threshold and allocated using the largest remainder method. If parties have an equal largest remainder, the party that was registered first is awarded the seat. If only one party crosses the threshold, the party with the second highest number of votes is awarded at least two seats.^[42]

Procedure[]

In the 2021 Majilis election, Kazakhstan introduced a number of measures aimed at the democratization and increasing transparency of the country's electoral system and procedures.^[43] These measures include mandating the legislative codification of a parliamentary opposition, a mandatory 30% quota of women and young people on the electoral party lists and the easing of regulations and restrictions on the creation of political parties. The election threshold for political parties was reduced twice from 40,000 party members to 20,000 party members.^[43]

Possibility of remote voting[]

On 14 October 2020, at a briefing, Healthcare Minister Alexey Tsoi ruled out the possibility of the upcoming parliamentary elections being held online due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country, saying that "the Ministry of Health is responsible for safety. At the elections, we will envisage all measures taken in order to maintain the epidemiological situation and ensure the safety of the elections."^[44] Shortly after the statements made by Tsoi, a petition was launched in the country against remote voting which was criticized as not guaranteeing the secrecy of the vote which would create opportunities for various manipulations and violations.^[45][46]

On 22 October, Central Election Commission (OSK) Chairman Berik Imashev announced that the elections would not be held online, noting that the existing law does not provide the opportunities for voting to be held remotely and instead would be held under strict sanitary guidelines.^[47][48]

Parties[]

The Central Election Commission (OSK) announced that the nomination of candidates to the Mazhilis would begin from 10 November 2020 and end on 30 November at 18:00 local time. The OSK required that all registered parties wishing to take part in the election must submit party-list and extracts from the protocol as well as consent from the individuals who are included in the list.^[49] By 10 December 2020 18:00, the OSK registered all the total of 312 candidates from the contesting parties.^[50] The candidates for Mazhilis MPs from the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan are set to be nominated by the Council of the Assembly from 11 to 21 December with the registration is scheduled from 21 to 26 December.^[49]

Pre-election composition[]

As of November 2020, there are six registered parties in Kazakhstan, of which three are represented in the Mazhilis.^{[citation needed]}

Party				Leader	Parliamentary leader	Seats in 6th Mazhilis
	NO		Nur Otan	Nursultan Nazarbayev	Nurlan Nigmatulin	84 / 107
	AJ		Ak Zhol Democratic Party	Azat Peruashev	Azat Peruashev	7 / 107
	QHP		People's Party of Kazakhstan	Aiqyn Qongyrov	Aiqyn Qongyrov	7 / 107

Contesting parties[]

Five political parties submitted their party-lists to the Central Election Commission (OSK).^[51] They include Nur Otan, People's Party of Kazakhstan (former Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan), Ak Zhol Democratic Party, Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party and Adal (former Birlik party).^[51] All unregistered opposition movements, and the one registered party which is the only true opposition (the Nationwide Social Democratic Party) announced that they would boycott the elections, leaving only pro-government parties participating.^{[citation needed]}

The parties that appeared on the ballot by order are as follows:^[52]

No.	Party				Ideology	Leader	No. 1 in party list	No. of candidates	2016 result
									Votes (%)
1.		QHP		People's Party of Kazakhstan	Communism	Aiqyn Qongyrov	Aiqyn Qongyrov	113[53]	7.1 / 100 (7%)
2.		NO		Nur Otan	Big tent	Nursultan Nazarbayev	Bauyrjan Isabaev	126[54]	82.2 / 100 (82%)
3.		AJ		Ak Zhol Democratic Party	Liberalism	Azat Peruashev	Botagöz Abdulmanova	38[55]	7.2 / 100 (7%)
4.		AUYL		Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party	Agrarianism	Äli Bektaev	Qairat Aituğanov	19[56]	2.0 / 100 (2%)
5.		ADAL		Adal	Eco-capitalism	Serik Sultangali	Oljas Ordabaev	20[55]	1.2 / 100 (1%)

Campaign[]

According to the Central Election Commission (OSK) guidelines, campaigning kicked off at 18:00 local time on 10 December 2020. During the campaign period, all contesting political parties and candidates can organize and conduct rallies, processions, demonstrations and other pre-election events and are required to notify the OSK ten days before an event is held. The campaign by parties is set to end on 9 January 2021 at 24:59 local time, which would be followed by the conducting of the election, with voting taking place from 7:00 to 20:00 the following day.^[57][49]

Nur Otan[]

Primaries[]

On 4 June 2020, Nur Otan Chairman Nursultan Nazarbayev announced primary elections, originally scheduled from 30 March to 16 May, to be held within the party from 17 August to 3 October 2020 as an attempt for open political competition, promotion of civic engagement in the political process, and empowerment of women and the youth of the country.^[58][59][60] A closed primary took place from 1 to 3 October in-person and online. However, due to apparent technical problems that occurred in the voting website, the primary election was extended for a day.^[61] According to the party, nearly 10,000 candidates participated in the primaries with 662,687 people participating in the vote, bringing a total of 84% voter turnout of party members.^[62]

On 18 November 2020, the Nur Otan revealed its primary results, which showed 78 out of 267 applicants being elected by secret electronic voting. Nine candidates were new party members who took part in the primaries, 5 were incumbent Mazhilis MPs, a third of candidates were women, and 12 candidates were under the age of 35. The average age of the winning candidates was estimated to be 47. Twenty percent of candidates were engaged in small and medium-sized businesses, 24.5% are economists, 11.5% lawyers and 6 candidates have higher education degrees.^[63]

20th Extraordinary Congress[]

At the 20th Extraordinary Congress of Nur Otan held on 25 November 2020, party chairman Nursultan Nazarbayev spoke, saying "we have proven that Nur Otan is a party of concrete deeds. During the pandemic, the Birgemiz Foundation provided assistance to more than 2 million people. For the party, the interests of ordinary people come first."^[64] The Nur Otan presented its party list of 126 people with 77 of them being primary winners.^[65] One of the candidates in the list included Nazarbayev's daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva, where she made her first public appearance since being unexpectedly dismissed as the Senate Chair in May 2020.^[66][67] First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan and former äkim of Almaty Bauyrjan Baibek was appointed as the head of the party's campaign headquarters.^[68]

Program[]

Nur Otan's five-year program "Path of Change: A Decent Life for All" was presented at the extraordinary congress.^[51] The program focuses on improving the quality of life of the country's citizens, social justice, and creating an accountable listening state with a key goal of fighting corruption.^[51]

Ak Zhol[]

The Ak Zhol Democratic Party announced its participation in the upcoming election. The party called for fair and open elections.^[69]

On 20 November 2020, the Ak Zhol held its 16th Extraordinary Congress in Nur-Sultan where the party's chairman Azat Peruashev spoke about how the COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan brought bureaucracy and corruption, social injustice and the gap between rich and poor, as well as monopolization of the economy and power. He expressed the need of drastic changes in the country and the same time warned that further changes could lead to a crisis like in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Peruashev also called for punishment to people committing electoral fraud at the polling sites in which he described as an "illegal seizure of power." The party in its manifesto announced its support for transitioning Kazakhstan from a presidential system to a parliamentary republic and proposed limiting the interest rates of loans on mortgages, consumer goods, SMEs and for people who are the most at risk, as well as adopting a bankruptcy law which would guarantee borrowers preservation of shelter and social benefits.^[70][71] Ak Zhol presented its party list of 38 candidates who would be running for the Mazhilis.^[72]

People's Party[]

The Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan (QKHP) made a statement on Facebook about its readiness and confidence in "achieving social justice that will maintain the stability of the economy and social sphere during the global crisis and ensure the well-being of the citizens of Kazakhstan."^[73]

The party held its 15th Extraordinary Congress on 11 November 2020 in Nur-Sultan where it was renamed to the People's Party of Kazakhstan (QHP). Parliamentary leader Aiqyn Qongyrov was elected as the party's chairman.^[74] The renaming of the QHP was approved by every delegate except for former Honorary Secretary and senior member Vladislav Kosarev, although he did support the change in leadership.^[75] At the congress, the party also proposed the idea of giving each family to 20 acres of land for building a house.^[75]

The QHP presented its list of 125 candidates for the Mazhilis on 23 November 2020 at the 16th Ordinary Congress where the party expressed interests of the general population by advocating public control over budget spending and allocation of resources, nationalization of the country's strategic industries, preservation traditional values, implementation of a socially-oriented strategy, and a "fair state" for everyone. The party also outlined the goal of becoming a parliamentary majority in the Mazhilis.^[76] One of the candidates in the QHP party list included Rimma Ötesbaeva, a Nur Otan party member and the head of a Special Monitoring Group of the Mangystau Region who was bidding for seat in the regional mäslihat. Ötesbaeva wrote on her Facebook page that she was not a member of the QHP and had never even thought of joining the party. She asked the QHP Chairman Aiqyn Qongyrov to be excluded from the party's list and the alleged membership. According to Ötesbaeva, the incident was eventually resolved.^[77]

The QHP's party list ended up being registered with just 113 candidates due to lack of consent from the 11 candidates and one withdrawing its bid.^[78]

Auyl[]

Chairman of the Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party Äli Bektaev welcomed the date for the elections stating advantage for parties to campaign because of more preparation time.^[79]

At the 18th Extraordinary Congress of Auyl which was held on 17 November 2020, the party announced its intention to enter the Parliament in order to raise political issues for rural areas. Bektaev at the congress said “in our election program, we propose to create a system of long-term crediting of agricultural producers with an annual payment of 2%. We believe that with such support it is possible to increase agricultural production.” Auyl also called for monthly paid social benefits to all children under the age of 18. The party at the congress unveiled its list of MPs for the Mazhilis which consisted of 19 people.^[80]

Nationwide Social Democratic Party[]

On 18 September 2020, Deputy Chairman of the Nationwide Social Democratic Party (JSDP) Aidar Alibaev said that the party would not boycott the elections. He emphasized the need for the party to win at least 30% of the vote.^[81] In October 2020, JSDP Chairman Ashat Rahymjanov called on the party to participate in the election. From there, he proposed the possibility of changing the electoral system from proportional representation to mixed-member or majoritarian representation.^[81]

However, on 27 November 2020, at the party's extraordinary congress, the JSDP announced its decision to boycott the upcoming elections due to situation in the country not changing despite the adoption of amendments to the electoral legislation in attempt to "show attitude to the current situation" according to JSDP Chairman Ashat Rahymjanov.^[82][83]

Adal[]

Shortly after the election date was set, the Birlik supported the move stating that "it's important to hold elections within the time frame approved by law."^[84] On 5 November 2020, at the meeting of the political council, the party announced its renaming to Adal, which according to the party's chairman Serik Sultangali, was decided by sociologists after polling took place on potential new names.^[85] It was re-registered on 11 November.^[86]

On 19 November 2020, Adal revealed its manifesto and its approved list of 20 competing Mazhilis MP candidates, whom are public figures, journalists, ecologists, representatives of the agricultural sector, and authors of social projects.^[87] The party announced its five electoral program goals, which were a decent life for all citizens, entrepreneurship support, development of agriculture, improvement of regions, and a "state for the people". Adal presented its plans for abandonment of mandatory pension contributions, free education, free healthcare with increased pay for doctors, elimination of business restrictions as well as institution of bankruptcy. The party also raised questions in environmental problems by mentioning illegal landfills with solutions such as developing of environmental education, the conversion of heat supply and transformation of public transport to a cleaner gas alternative.^[88]

Unregistered parties and movements[]

Protests and calls for boycott[]

Several unregistered parties called for protests and boycotts over the election. A sanctioned rally was held in in Almaty on 31 October 2020 by human rights activists, which was supported by Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (QDT) and Köşe Party, demanding political reforms and an end to political persecutions.^[89] The unregistered Democratic Party of Kazakhstan (QDP) held legal single-person picket protests throughout the country demanding the government to register other parties to take part in the election.^[90] The party held an authorized demonstration in Almaty on 14 November 2020 which called for boycott in the election, freedom for political prisoners, and a moratorium on land sales for foreigners.^[91]

On 16 December 2020, at the Independence Day, unsanctioned protests took place in Almaty by activists of Oyan, Qazaqstan and the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan. The demonstrators gathered in the Republic Square holding signs that read "Never forget 1986 and 2011", "Lives taken on December 16, votes to be taken on January 10", "Kazakhstan needs an upgrade!" and demanded the release of all political prisoners, fair elections, and the registration of all opposition parties. The Kazakh police responded to the situation by surrounding and dividing the protesters in groups to prevent them from marching to Astana Square. No arrests were made and the protesters were eventually dispersed after three hours, with law enforcement reportedly following them.^[92]

The opposition movement Halyq Biligi (People's Rule) demanded the Kazakh authorities postpone the upcoming parliamentary elections at a news conference on 22 December 2020, citing the legislation that de facto prevents any alternative political force participating in the race. The movement representatives urged all Kazakhstani citizens to boycott the polls if the demands were not met by the Kazakh government as a way to de-legitimatize the elections.^[93]

Smart voting[]

Prior before the announcement of the elections, talks arose among Kazakh activists on the possibility of using Alexei Navalny's inspired smart voting tactic to draw votes away from the ruling Nur Otan party.^[94] Advocates of "smart voting" recommended electors to vote for the opposition Nationwide Social Democratic Party (JSDP), noting that whether its stance of actually being an opposition to the government has no importance.^[95]

Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (QDT) leader Mukhtar Ablyazov spoke in favor of "smart voting". On 17 November 2020, he called on his supporters to vote for the JSDP, which he accused of being government-controlled, as a way to show evidence of electoral violations that would occur during ballot counting, prevent Nur Otan from possibly obtaining more than 50% of the vote, spark mass protests in the country similarly to those in Belarus and Kyrgyzstan and expose the JSDP as being a "fraudulent" party.^[96] After the announcement, many videos were shared through social media showing Kazakh citizens being permitted and intimidated from joining JSDP by the party's representatives. JSDP chairman Ashat Rahymjanov called Ablyazov's move as "provocation".^[97] After the party announced its withdrawal from the elections, Ablyazov accused of the JSDP's decision being carried out under Nazarbayev's orders and instead urged people to vote for the Ak Zhol Democratic Party.^[98] In response, the Ak Zhol stopped accepting new members until after the elections to prevent alleged rumors that the party had increased its ranks because of Ablyazov's intentions.^[99]

Controversies[]

Pressure and political violence[]

Through mid-October to November, at least 13 human rights non-government organizations (NGOs) who are involved in civil rights, election monitoring, environmental issues, and freedom of expression faced political pressure by the Kazakh authorities whom accused the groups of tax evasion. The Kazakh government ordered the NGOs to pay a fine of 555,600₸ (roughly US$1,310) and to suspend its activities.^[100][101]

Esengazy Quandyq, a Kazakh civil activist and history professor who is known to be a government critic, complained about political violence after his car was set on fire in around 2 AM in Almaty. Quandyq suspected the cause to be arson due to recent online articles where he criticized the Kazakh authorities over the election.^[102]

Crackdown of journalists and activists[]

Kazakh blogger and journalist Aigul Otepova was placed in a psychiatric clinic on 23 November 2020 after a local court ruled that she must stay there for one month for a "sanity check". Otepova was accused of being a supporter of the banned Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (QDT) movement. She denied the accusations, claiming to be an independent journalist and blogger. Otepova was released from the faculty on 11 December 2020, but remains under house arrest until 17 January 2021.^[103]

Alibek Moldin, a Kazakh activist was detained by the Aktobe police and placed under house arrest on 10 November 2020. The Aktobe court granted Moldin a one-year parole sentence until 21 December 2021 after being found guilty of being the leader of the , a movement associated with QDT.^[104]

On 22 December 2020, disabled Kazakh activist Asanali Suyubaev was taken to a psychiatric clinic by medical personnel and police in Aktobe after allegedly tearing down a campaign poster of the ruling Nur Otan party. This was confirmed by the clinic's deputy chief physician Esenaman Nysanov, saying that "he behaved in a strange way, namely, while outside, he was tearing election posters, which can be defined in a medical term as addictive behavior." Nysanov also noted that Suyubaev had been under "psychiatric control" since 2012.^[105]

The Nur-Sultan court sentenced Ghadilbek Serikbaev to 15 days in jail on 6 January 2021, hours after he was detained by police at a medical clinic where he was required to get tested for COVID-19 as a requirement to be an election observer. Charges against Serikbaev were made after his Facebook post made on 2 January where he called for demonstrations in Nur-Sultan on election day.^[106] That same day, three Kazakh activists in Aktobe, Aitjan Temirghaziev, Berikjan Toqin, and Asylhan Jaubatyrov, were sentenced to 7 days in jail for violating "regulations for public events" after being detained while distributing leaflets on 4 January calling for local residents to hold a protest near the city's Central Stadium.^[107] Another Kazakh activist, Nurjan Muhammedov, was detained in Shymkent and charged with "taking part in the activities of a banned group."^[108]

The Ak Zhol Democratic Party filed a complaint to the Ministry of Internal Affairs after it received reports of the party staffers being detained and prosecuted with the campaign materials being confiscated by the police. Ak Zhol Chairman Azat Peruashev in a statement condemned the actions made by the Kazakh law enforcement and called for the authorities to ensure legal protections for the detained staffers.^[109] It is speculated that the arrests of the Ak Zhol staffers were related to illegal activities made by Mukhtar Ablyazov whom called his supporters to vote for the party in order to draw away votes from the ruling Nur Otan party.^[110]

Nur-Sultan cyber security training[]

On 5 December 2020, the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry warned Kazakhstani citizens about the possible problems with access to foreign internet websites due to the "Cybersecurity Nur-Sultan-2020" training which aimed at preventing cyber attacks. To avoid the problems for internet users, the Ministry urged people to install a government-issued certificate on computers and phones which would allow the Kazakh government to intercept all the proxy servers made by a user.^[111] As the cyber exercise began on 6 December, many Nur-Sultan residents complained about not being able to access sites such as Google, YouTube, Facebook and Netflix. Kazakh internet service providers such as Beeline, Tele2 and Kcell instructed citizens to install a certificate by redirecting them through websites and SMS messages.^[112] The Kazakh government dismissed accusations that the training was conducted because of the upcoming elections by claiming that the exercise was planned prior before the announcement of election day.^[113] Ruslan Abdihaliqov, head of the Information Security Committee of the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry, apologized to the public about the incident saying that problems with access to the state internet websites revealed problems in the organizational and technological base in the field of digitalization.^[114]

Observation[]

On 22 October 2020, the Central Election Commission (OSK) announced the opening of Institute of International Observation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sending invitations to 11 international organizations, including the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Executive Committee, Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and others. The OSK intends to send invitations to 25 electoral bodies of foreign countries through its bilateral relations.^[115]

On 4 December 2020, the OSK issued a decree regarding election observers, restricting them from live broadcasting polling stations, as well as restricting the use of photos and videos in unallocated places.^[116] The move by the OSK was criticized as an attempt of barring independent observers from the polls as well as a violation of the constitutional law.^[117] Many domestic groups complained about having their observer registration rejected due to allegedly not submitting required paperwork and being asked for enormous amounts of documents which were impossible to satisfy. As a result, the groups filed a lawsuit against the OSK to the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan, which refused to accept hearings.^[118]

By 5 January 2021, there were in-total of 398 observers accredited in the country by the OSK, in which 322 were from these 10 international organisations:^[119][120]

• CIS Executive Committee – 179
• CIS Interparliamentary Assembly – 48
• OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights – 42
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – 15
• Parliamentary Assembly of the OSCE – 9
• Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking countries – 9
• Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States – 7
• Parliamentary Assembly of the CSTO –7
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation – 4
• EU Delegation to Kazakhstan – 2

76 foreign observers were deployed from the countries of Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Moldova, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Russia, Romania, India, Philippines, Hungary, Spain, Norway, France, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Italy, Estonia, Ukraine, Germany, Belgium, Palestine, United Kingdom, Mongolia, Sweden, Canada, and Finland.^[119][120]

OSCE[]

On 8 December 2020, the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) opened a Limited Election Observation Mission (LEOM) led by Ambassador  [pl], which consists of a team of 11 experts based in Nur-Sultan.^[121] From 15 December, long-term observers including 24 people were deployed.^[122]

The OSCE mission in its interim report released on 23 December 2020, wrote that "Nur Otan’s campaign appears more visible, although all of the campaigns are presently low key. There are small numbers of billboards from all of the parties located around the country; posters and distribution of materials are scarce." The report also noted the need of "an increasing space for pluralism of news and opinions online, despite Internet shutdowns and blocking of websites."^[123][124]

In a statement written from 10 January 2021, the OSCE praised that the voting being organized efficiently especially with COVID-19 precautions which however made clear observation not possible and that "important procedural safeguards were often skipped during counting and tabulation" which raised doubts accuracy of announced results.^[125]

Debates[]

Televised debates between party leaders and representatives took place on 30 December 2020 at the Khabar Agency.^[126] The participants were given 90 seconds to speak and respond to the questions that were asked. The speakers were allowed to ask two questions to each other and two answers to respond to one another. The debate was held in three stages: in the first round, party leaders and representatives expressed their plans for the economic development in Kazakhstan. The second round was based on the topic of social welfare in the country while the third round, the speakers on the debate stage made their address the voters.^[127] The participants raised issues in land relations, economic development, food security, social issues, and problems of the agro-industrial complex.^[128]

2021 Kazakh legislative election debates

Date	Organiser	Moderator	P  Present  R  Representative
			NO	AJ	QHP	AUYL	ADAL	Ref.
30 December 2020 19:00 AT	Khabar Agency	Erlan Igisinov	R Baibek	P Peruashev	P Qongyrov	P Bektaev	R Jumagaziev	[129]

Opinion polling[]

Nationwide polling showed ruling Nur Otan with a significant lead with around 75–77% of the vote, which slightly decreased from October 2020. The Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party started out in second place but its lead eventually fell and was taken over by the Ak Zhol Democratic Party. Some speculated that the Adal party was underestimated in the polls because of its huge campaign on social media in contrast to other parties, making it a possible competitor to Ak Zhol.^[130]

Several Kazakh bloggers and activists who conducted independent polling on social media throughout the course of the election were threatened with a fine by the Prosecutor General's Office of Kazakhstan due to not being officially registered surveyors.^[131]

Polling[]

All parties[]

Second place spot[]

Date	Poll source	NO	AJ	QHP	AUYL	ADAL	JSDP	Lead
10 January 2021	2021 results	71.09%	10.95%	9.10%	5.29%	3.57%	–	60.14%
4 January 2021	IEI	69.5%	10.4%	8.1%	4.5%	3.1%	–	59.1%
4 January 2021	Astana Zertteu	73.7%	6.8%	6.4%	4.1%	3.4%	–	66.9%
31 December 2020	Nur.kz	73.8%	5.7%	5.1%	4.1%	2.2%	–	68.1%
25 December 2020	Astana Zertteu	74.2%	5.2%	4.4%	6%	2.5%	–	68.2%
9 December 2020	PORI	72.5%	5.5%	4.7%	3%	2.5%	–	77%
30 November 2020	IEI	72.3%	2%	3.3%	5%	1.4%	1.6%	77.3%
12 November 2020	PORI	72.1%	2.9%	2.7%	5.1%	1.9%	2.3%	77%
20 March 2016	2016 Results	82.20%	7.18%	7.14%	2.01%	0.29%	1.8%	75.02%

Exit polls[]

Poll source	NO	AJ	QHP	AUYL	ADAL
Qogamdyq Pikir	71.97%	10.18%	9.03%	5.75%	3.07%
Democratic Institute	72%	10.2%	9.54%	4.93%	3.25%
Astana Zertteu	73.75%	10.13%	8.17%	4.8%	3.15%

Conduct[]

Polls opened at 7:00 local time with the voting taking place first in the Nur-Sultan time zone which consists of 12 regions in the eastern part of the country at 8,141 polling sites, while voting started an hour later in Atyrau, West Kazakhstan, Aktobe and the Mangystau Region.^[132] Kazakhstani citizens were given three different colored paper ballots in which the blue ones were for electing the Mazhilis MPs, pink for regional mäslihat MPs, and pale green for city and district mäslihat MPs.^[133] By 20:00 local time, all the total of 10,060 polling stations in the country were closed with voting being concluded.^[134]

Violations[]

Independent observers reported difficulties and problems in monitoring precincts. Orynbai Ohasov claimed that had been kicked out of the No. 448 polling station in the Oral Liberal Arts College while he was reporting irregularities for allegedly violating quarantine measures. Roza Musaeva made post on her Twitter page, stating that she was a "legal observer" and that she was detained by police.^[135] Other observers in West Kazakhstan Region stated that they had not immediately been able to enter voting halls for observation. Alleged hacking of several observers' social media accounts such as Facebook, Telegram, and Instagram were reported.^[136]

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) complained about the failure of precinct workers to report votes as they were counted and how poll observers were forced to remain at large distance which claimed to have "considerably limited transparency of the process" as the monitors had no clear view of the counting process. Although voting procedures were generally followed, the OSCE observers noted "strong indications of ballot box stuffing".^[125]

Results[]

The ruling Nur Otan retained a supermajority, obtaining 76 seats in the Mazhilis, despite a loss of 8 seats and an 11.1% vote total decline in contrast to the prior election in 2016.^[137] Two minor parties, the Ak Zhol Democratic Party and People's Party of Kazakhstan, maintained their presence in the Mazhilis, gaining a higher percentage vote share and seats from Nur Otan despite usually polling less than the needed 7% electoral threshold to enter the Parliament. Kazakh official and former aide of Nazarbayev Ermukhamet Ertysbayev in an interview predicted that minor parties would win seats due to an interest by the Kazakh authorities to keep the appearance of an opposition in the Parliament.^[138]

In response to the Nur Otan's performance, political scientist Marat Shibutov believed that initiative set by the opposition to boycott elections and spoil the ballots favored Nur Otan instead of votes that otherwise could've been gained by other parties partially.^[139] According to Gaziz Abishev, the elections gave the Ak Zhol party enough to become the official main parliamentary opposition, which would be able to summon the Cabinet of Ministers twice a session for a government hour.^[140] The re-branded party Adal expressed doubts in the results, claiming that the party had overcome the 7% threshold based on calculations made by independent observers and polling which showed the party without around 12–29% support. Despite questionable outcome, Adal member Laura Malikova stated that "the official data are as follows. Therefore, we will continue our work without any revolution. At the system level."^[141]

Janar Jandosova, head of the Sanj Research Center, voiced her concern on the results published by the Central Election Commission (OSK), claiming that according to an independent poll conducted on 11 January 2021 which interviewed 3,426 Kazakhstani citizens through phone calls, the Nur Otan had only received 56.4% of the vote in contrast with the official OSK's 71% result while the latter parties were 16% for Ak Zhol, 12.5% for Auyl, 12.1% for Adal, and no more than 3% for the People's Party with a 44% turnout rate only compared to an official 63.3%.^[142] When asked voters on why had they not participated in the polls, the response according to Jandosova was that:

"They argued their refusal to vote by distrust of the elections, that is, in their opinion, whoever they voted for, Nur Otan will be the winner. Plus, they didn't see "their own" from the parties presented. In other words, the main argument for not voting is the lack of choice."^[143]

On 13 January 2021, the Voices of Kazakhstan, a platform that was launched to gather independent data from observers and voting protocols through Telegram chat bots published its report showing that the Ak Zhol Democratic Party had won majority of 45.02% of vote while Nur Otan managed to garner only 12.8% according to Baige bot.^[144] Another result by the Alaman bot showed Nur Otan winning slightly 39.81% majority of the vote followed by Ak Zhol's 22.61% share, with other parties: Adal–14.81%, Auyl–10.57%, QHP–8.27% whom have managed to bypass the 7% electoral threshold to gain each mandate in the Mazhilis.^[144][145]

Mazhilis[]

↓
76	12	10
NO	AJ	QHP

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Nur Otan	5,148,074	71.09	76	–8
	Ak Zhol Democratic Party	792,828	10.95	12	+5
	People's Party	659,019	9.10	10	+3
	Auyl People's Democratic Patriotic Party	383,023	5.29	0	0
	Adal	258,618	3.57	0	0
Members elected by the Assembly of People				9	0
Total		7,241,562	100.00	107	0
Valid votes		7,241,562	96.05
Invalid/blank votes		297,718	3.95
Total votes		7,539,280	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		11,919,241	63.25
Source: OSK Liter.kz

Popular vote Nur Otan   71.09% Ak Zhol   10.95% QHP   9.10% Auyl   5.29% Adal   3.57%

Mazhilis seats Nur Otan   77.55% Ak Zhol   12.24% QHP   10.20% Auyl   0% Adal   0%

By region[]

The ruling Nur Otan party won most of the plurality of votes by party-list based on all 17 regions of Kazakhstan including three cities (Almaty, Nur-Sultan and Shymkent) of republican significance with its most percentage in Jambyl Region and the least in Almaty where the city saw the least turnout in the country.^[146]

Region	Nur Otan		Ak Zhol		People's Party		Auyl		Adal		Invalid votes
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Akmola Region	278,209	76.49%	33,474	9.20%	39,780	10.94%	7,529	2.07%	4,728	1.30%
Aktobe Region	206,172	64.84%	40,071	12.60%	52,910	16.64%	5,781	1.82%	13,036	4.10%
Almaty	178,461	55.54%	48,887	15.21%	43,337	13.49%	31,802	9.90%	18,835	5.21%
Almaty Region	716,379	72.41%	114,939	11.62%	46,224	4.67%	60,251	6.09%	51,544	5.21%
Atyrau Region	143,692	64.28%	25,875	11.58%	32,905	14.72%	11,277	5.04%	9,791	4.38%
East Kazakhstan Region	462,685	71.04%	65,723	10.09%	75,298	11.56%	24,410	3.75%	23,186	3.56%
Jambyl Region	399,766	79.54%	40,341	8.03%	32,746	6.52%	14,516	2.89%	15,229	3.03%
Karaganda Region	476,504	76.13%	61,345	9.80%	66,411	10.61%	12,023	1.92%	9,606	1.53%
Kostanay Region	308,037	78.47%	38,407	9.78%	23,237	5.92%	17,069	4.35%	5,805	1.48%
Kyzylorda Region	261,720	74.46%	33,052	9.40%	13,496	3.84%	30,569	8.70%	12,653	3.60%
Mangystau Region	128,789	58.72%	31,361	14.30%	25,594	11.67%	18,664	8.51%	14,908	6.80%
North Kazakhstan Region	213,416	73.31%	29,533	10.14%	36,415	12.51%	7,937	2.73%	3,813	1.31%
Nur-Sultan	173,732	59.23%	44,695	15.24%	38,752	13.21%	21,745	7.41%	14,394	4.91%
Pavlodar Region	260,238	72.22%	43,513	12.08%	41,910	11.63%	9,483	2.63%	5,181	1.44%
Shymkent	223,027	67.50%	27,349	8.28%	21,281	6.44%	42,755	12.94%	15,998	4.84%
Turkistan Region	545,806	74.43%	74,889	10.21%	27,501	3.75%	48,181	6.57%	36,979	5.04%
West Kazakhstan Region	171,441	62.57%	39,374	14.37%	41,222	15.04%	19,031	6.95%	2,932	1.07%
Kazakhstan	5,148,074	71.09%	792,828	10.95%	659,019	9.10%	383,023	5.29%	258,618	3.57%

Maps[]

Aftermath[]

Protests[]

Unsanctioned protests occurred in several Kazakh cities on election day, mostly notably in Almaty where demonstrators in the Astana Square were told to disperse by the representatives of the prosecutor's office. After a while, 30 people were detained by the special forces. At noon, Democratic Party of Kazakhstan and Oyan, Qazaqstan protesters gathered near Republic Square where they were surrounded in a cordon for seven hours by police. As a result of freezing temperatures, one protester became ill who an ambulance paramedic was not allowed to see for while and several others were diagnosed with frostbite.^[147] Internet blockage in areas of where demonstrations held were reported in the city.^[148] In Nur-Sultan, dozens of protesters were arrested and several activists were forcefully detained from their homes.^[149] Detentions of people also occurred in Aktobe, Oral, and Shymkent.^[150]

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, in response to the situation, stated that there would not be any repressive measures taken against demonstrators, telling that "protest sentiments exist in all countries of the world, as it turned out. As for the police, they will act in strict accordance with the law."^[151] Deputy Interior Minister Arystangani Zapparov said that all those detained were released without charges.^[152]

2021 Assembly of People of Kazakhstan elections[]

The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan (QHA) held its 28th session at the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation in Nur-Sultan on 11 January 2021. From there 351 out of 504 QHA members voted for its nine nominees to the Mazhilis. Several Kazakh officials participated in the voting which included people such as President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, former president and Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev, PM Askar Mamin, National Security Committee Chairman Karim Massimov, Senate Chair Mäulen Äşimbaev and others.^[153]

Among the nine nominees from the QHA to the Mazhilis were: , , , , , , , , and .^[154]

Opening session of the 7th Mazhilis[]

The new session of the 7th Parliament of Kazakhstan convened on 15 January 2021 with 99 MPs participating. Askar Mamin was renominated to the post of the Prime Minister by Tokayev after stepping down as required by the Constitution on 10 January following the elections.^[155] Mamin's nomination was approved by 78 Mazhilis MPs except for People's Party of Kazakhstan (QHP) and Ak Zhol Democratic Party MPs who withheld their votes for the PM.^[156] QHP Chairman Aiqyn Qongyrov criticized Mamin's government over its response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country that lead to a number of economic problems while MP Irina Smirnova, earlier on 13 January, proposed her own PM candidacy at the QHP party congress.^[157][158] In response to the lack of unanimous support for Mamin, Tokayev stated that "abstinence is a position that does not contradict the one expressed by the head of state."^[157]

Nurlan Nigmatulin was reelected as the Mazhilis Chair unanimously by the MPs along with two new Deputy Chairs that were chosen: Balaim Kesebaeva and Pavel Kazantsev.^[159]

International reactions[]

• Russia – State Duma Chairman Vyacheslav Volodin congratulated Mazhilis Chair Nurlan Nigmatulin, saying that "based on the assessment of the State Duma deputies who were observers in the elections, the voting was open and competitive."^[160]

References[]