Majoritarian representation

A majoritarian electoral system is an electoral system which uses the winner-takes-all principles and in this way provides majoritarian representation. However, there are many electoral systems considered majoritarian based on different definitions:

A common, loose definition of modern majoritarian systems is that such electoral systems which aims to provide the winning party (the party with a majority of plurality of votes) with enough seats to have a governing majority in an assembly, or at least one which generally favours strong parties disproportionally (as opposed to proportional representation, which generally aims to provide equal representation for every vote). This definition is more often used in non-scientific discussions about electoral systems.
The stricter definition of majoritarian representation is the winners of the election according to the voting system get (may force) all seats up for election in their district, denying representation to all minorities. By definition all single-winner voting systems provide majoritarian representation (but not all use a plurality/majority rule). For multi-winner elections, like electing an assembly of representatives, either the whole assembly can be elected with the whole electorate constituting a single electoral district (at-large majoritarian representation) or the electorate can be divided into majoritarian districts, most often single-member districts (SMDs). Today, the term majoritarian representation on its own refers to systems where the majoritarian principle used in local districts, as these are widely used worldwide.
Majoritarian representation does not mean the party with a plurality or majority always receive a majority of seats, as this is not guaranteed (see Hung parliament) and sometimes the party receiving the most votes get get less seats that the party with the second most votes (see /majority reversal). This is because modern majoritarian systems use districts, but also because most majoritarian systems focus on individual candidates, instead of political parties. For the systems under which the (relative or absolute) majority wins the election see plurality or majority rule.

The principle of majoritarian democracy does not necessarily imply that a majoritarian electoral system needs to be used, in fact, using proportional systems to elect legislature usually better serve this principle as such aims to ensures that the legislature accurately reflects the whole population, not just the winners of the election and the majority rule is then used within the legislature. The most widely accepted modern views of representative democracy no longer consider majoritarian-at-large representation to be democratic. For this reason, nowadays majoritarian representation is most often used in single-winner districts, which allows nationwide minorities to gain representation if they make up a plurality or majority in at least one district, but some also consider this anti-democratic because of the possibility of an electoral inversion (like in the case of some US presidential elections: 2000, 2020).

Majoritarian and proportional systems are the most commonly used voting system worldwide, followed by mixed electoral systems. which usually combine majoritarian and proportional representation, although there are mixed system that combine two majoritarian systems as well. Majoritarian representation is also contrasted with proportional representation, which provides for representation of political minorities according to their share of the popular vote and semi-proportional representation, which inherently provides for some representation of minorities (at least above a certain threshold). Within mixed systems, mixed-member majoritarian representation (also known as parallel voting) provides semi-proportional representation, as opposed to mixed-member proportional systems.

At-large majoritarian representation[]

Historically the first multi-winner electoral systems were majoritarian at-large, namely block voting, or more generally the multiple non-transferable vote.^{[citation needed]}

Theory[]

The majoritarian right was upheld by a large and important group of scholars. Aristotle launched a theory which was later assumed by many Roman thinkers who said that quod maior pars curiae efficit, pro eo habetur ac si omnes egerint (the decision taken by the majority of the senators is valid as it would be approved by all). Jean-Jacques Rousseau, consequently to his concept of general will, said that la voix du plus grand nombre oblige toujours tous les autres (the voice of the greater number ever forces all people). Adhémar Esmein said that if the entire country was a single constituency, the electoral majority would have the right to appoint all the deputies, as it appoints the head of the executive power; even in its extreme consequencies, this system does not cause an injustice to the minority, because the majority obtains no more than its right.

Decline[]

Quite undisputed until the first half of the 19th century, the classic majoritarian system, sometimes referred as block voting, began to be more and more criticized when great ideological differences arose. Corrections were worldwide progressively introduced in two senses:

a first possibility was to reduce the size of the constituencies, so to divide the election in many local contests, and consequently increase the possibility for the minority to win in some areas. At-large elections were substituted by many multi-member constituencies and, finally, by single-winner electoral districts;
a second possibility was to introduce corrections even still voting at-large or, at least, in multi-member constituencies:
- the limited voting system allowed the electors to vote a number of candidates which was lower than the contesting seats (limiting the multiple vote);
- the cumulative voting system allowed the electors to concentrate their full share of votes on fewer candidates (keeping the multiple vote, but making it possible to rearrange them);
- the single non-transferable vote was the extreme of the limited vote, the elector having a single choice in a multi-member race (abandoning the multiple vote but keeping the non-transferable property);
- the preferential block voting system allowed the electors to rank the candidates, imposing a quota to be elected (keeping the multiple vote, but abandoning the non-transferable property);
- the single transferable vote limits every voters value to one vote and also imposes a quota (abandoning both the multiple vote and non-transferable property with classical block voting, establishing proportional representation)

The version of block voting using electoral lists instead of individual candidates (general ticket or party block voting) was almost completely replaced by party-list proportional voting systems, which fully abandon the majoritarian criterion in favour of equal representation. However, with the majority bonus or majority jackpot types of mixed system, this type of majoritarianism at-large has partially reappeared in certain electoral systems.

Majoritarian districts[]

Majoritarian representation using single-winner districts is the most common form of pure majoritarian systems today, of which single-member plurality (SMP), which the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system used to elect members of an assembly is single-winner districts, is most widely used to elect legislatures.

However, do to high disproportionalities, it is also considered undemocratic my many. In Europe only Belarus and the United Kingdom use FPTP/SMP to elect the primary (lower) chamber of their legislature and France uses a two-round system (TRS). All other European countries either use proportional representation or use majoritarian representation as part of a mixed-member majoritarian system (Andorra, Italy, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine) or a mixed-member proportional system (Germany). However, other European countries also occasionally use majoritarian systems (apart from single-winner elections, like presidential or mayoral elections) for elections to the secondary chamber (upper house) of their legislature (Poland) and sub-national (local and regional) elections.

Majoritarian system are much more common outside Europe, particularly in the countries of the former British Empire, like Australia (IRV), Bangladesh, Canada, Egypt, India, Pakistan and the United States (FPTP/SMP).

Nowadays, at-large majoritarian representation is used for national elections only in the Senate of the Philippines, while it is sometimes still used for local elections organised on non-partisan bases. Residual usage in several multi-member constituencies is reduced to the election of the Electoral college of the President of the United States. Block voting is also used to elect a part of the assemblies in the regional elections in Italy and France (in these cases, the majoritarian quota is one of two parts of an additional member system) and in municipal elections for settlements below a population of 10000 people in Hungary.

Countries using majoritarian representation[]

Lower (or only) house of legislature chambers		Upper house of legislature chambers (where applicable)

Single-member constituencies:	Multi-member constituencies:	Mixed-member majoritarian (semi-proportional):	Other
First past the post (FPTP/SMP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV)	Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP/SMP + BV Party block voting / General ticket (PBV) or mixed (FPTP/SMP + PBV) or (FPTP/SMP + majority jackpot)	Mixed-member majoritarian / parallel voting (FPTP/SMP + party-list PR) Mixed-member majoritarian / parallel voting (TRS + party-list PR) Mixed-member majoritarian / parallel voting (BV or PBV + party-list PR) Mixed-member majoritarian with compensation / scorporo (FPTP/SMP + party-list PR) Majority bonus system (MBS) / Majority jackpot system (PBV + party-list PR)	Varies by federal states or constituencies No direct election No information

Below is a table of majoritarian systems (and mixed systems with at leats one majoritarian component) currently used on a national level.^[1]^[2] Single-winner elections (presidential elections) and mixed-member proportional systems are not included, see List of electoral systems by country for full list of electoral systems.

Key:

Legislative body
- Light blue background indicates upper houses of bicameral legislatures, in countries where such a chamber exists, the (usually more important) lower house might be elected with a majoritarian system as well (in which case it is also in the list) or in might be elected with a different system, in which case (the lower house) is not included in the list. See List of electoral systems by country for full list of electoral systems.
- Light turquoise background indicates an electoral college elected by a majoritarian system, instead of a chamber of legislature.
Latest election (year), in most cases this election was held under the electoral system indicated, however if the next election is already scheduled to be held under a different system, the new system is indicated and the former system is listed under Notes.
Type of majoritarian system may be
- block voting at-large
- block voting via multi-member districts or of multi-member districts and single-winner districts
- (majoritarian) single-winner districts
- mixed-member majoritarian: electoral systems with at least one majoritarian method and some other (usually PR) method, including parallel voting and other versions
- or varies by state if different states may set their own system in federal countries
Constituencies indicates if the electoral districts are equivalent to or based on other administrative divisions of the country

Current use[]


Country	Legislative body	Latest election (year)	Type of majoritarian system	(Seats per constituency)		Total seats	Constituencies	Governmental system	Notes
Andorra	General Council	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	2 (local districts) / 14 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Party block voting (PBV) locally + list PR nationwide	28	7 parishes, 1 nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
Antigua and Barbuda	House of Representatives	2014	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)^{[citation needed]}	17^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Australia and its external territories	House of Representatives	2019	single-winner districts		Instant runoff voting (IRV)	151	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Australia and its external territories	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	2021^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts		Instant runoff voting (IRV)^{[citation needed]}	7	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Azerbaijan	National Assembly (Milli Mejlis)	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	125	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Bahamas	House of Assembly	2021^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	39^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Bahrain	Council of Representatives	2018	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	40	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Bangladesh	House of the Nation (Jatiyo Sangshad)	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	350 (300 directly elected + 50 seats reserved for women)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Barbados	House of Assembly	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	30	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Belarus	House of Representatives	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	110	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system	Belarus used a two-round system before the 2016 election.
Belize	National Assembly	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	31^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Bhutan	National Assembly	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	47
Bhutan	National Council	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	25 (20 directly elected + 5 appointed)^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Botswana	National Assembly	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	63 (57 directly elected + 4 members appointed by the governing party + 2 members ex officio: the President and the Attorney General)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Brazil	Senate	2018	block voting via multi-winner districts	1 or 2 (alternates each election)	Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	81	States and the Federal district	Presidential system
Cameroon	National Assembly	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-7	+conditional supermixed/hybrid: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies, party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota)	180	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Canada	House of Commons	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	338	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Central African Republic	National Assembly	2020	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	140^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Chad	National Assembly	2011	block voting via multi-winner districts	?^{[citation needed]}	+conditional supermixed/hybrid: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list)^[3]	188	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Comoros	Assembly of the Union	2020	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	33 (24 directly elected + 9 elected by lsland assemblies)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Democratic Republic of the Congo	National Assembly	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1-17	mixed majoritarian (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and List PR in multi-member districts (Largest remainder)	500	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Republic of the Congo	National Assembly	2017	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	151^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)	National Assembly	2021	block voting via multi-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and party block voting (PBV) in multi-member districts	255	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Cuba	National Assembly of People's Power	2018	single-winner districts		Two-round system (Endorsement of selected candidates)	605^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Czech Republic	Senate	2021	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	27^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Djibouti	National Assembly	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	3-28	Fusion / majority jackpot (MBS): 80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method)	65	regions	Presidential system
Dominica	House of Assembly	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	32 (21 directly elected, 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio)^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Dominican Republic	Senate	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)^{[citation needed]}	32	31 provinces and the Distrito Nacional	Presidential system
Egypt	House of Representatives	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 42-100 (list districts)	Two-round system (TRS) and party block voting (PBV/General ticket)^{[citation needed]}	596 (568 directly elected + 28 appointed)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Egypt	Senate		mixed-member majoritarian					Semi-presidential system
Eritrea	National Assembly	never held (postponed since 2001)	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)^{[citation needed]}	^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Eswatini	House of Assembly	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)^{[citation needed]}	70 (59 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Absolute monarchy
Ethiopia	House of People's Representatives	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	547^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
France and its overseas collectivities and territories	National Assembly	2017	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	577	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
	French Polynesia Assembly	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	4-17	Two-round majority bonus system (MBS) in multi-member constituencies	57	electoral districts
	New Caledonia	2019	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)^{[citation needed]}	54
Gabon	National Assembly	2018	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	143^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Gambia	National Assembly	2017	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	58 (53 directly elected)^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Georgia	Parliament	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 120 (national constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Party-list PR (closed list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	150	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Ghana	Parliament	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	275^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Grenada	House of Representatives	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	15	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Guinea	National Assembly	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 76 (national constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Party-list PR (Hare quota) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	114	single-member constituencies based on the 33 prefectures and five communes of Conakry
Haiti	Chamber of Deputies	2021	single-winner districts		Modified two-round system (TRS), more than 50% result or more than 25% lead required to win in the first round	99^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Haiti	Senate	2021	single-winner districts	10 seats up for electionin each general election	Two-round system (TRS)	30		Semi-presidential system
Hungary	National Assembly (Országgyűlés)	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 93 (national constituency)	Supermixed / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) + national list-PR for 93 seats (combination of parallel voting and positive vote transfer)	199	local electoral districts within country/capital borders and a single nationwide constituency that includes non-resident with Hungarian citizenship as well	Parliamentary system	Before the 2014, a different mixed system was used with a two-round system in single-member districts
India	House of the People (Lok Sabha)	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	545 (543 directly elected + the President appoints two members from the Anglo-Indian community if he believes that community is under-represented)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Islamic Republic of Iran	Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis)	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-30^{[citation needed]}	Modified two-round block voting (BV) in multi-member districts, modified two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts (25% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency)	290 (285 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Islamic Republic of Iran	Assembly of Experts		block voting via multi-winner districts	1-16	Plurality block voting (BV)			Presidential system
Italy	Chamber of Deputies	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 12 (Italians abroad constituency), ?-? (multi-member districts)^{[citation needed]}	Superposition / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single vote: List PR + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	630	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Italy	Senate	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 6 (Italians abroad constituency), ?-? (multi-member districts)^{[citation needed]}	Superposition / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single vote: List PR + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	315	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Jamaica	House of Representatives	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	63^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Japan			mixed-member majoritarian		Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Party-list PR (open list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Kenya	National Assembly	2017	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	350 (337 directly elected + other seats appointed by parties proportional with seats already won or ex officio)^{[citation needed]}	290 electoral districts^{[citation needed]}, 47 seats reserved for women, elected from single-member constituencies based on the 47 counties of Kenya	Presidential system
Kiribati	House of Assembly	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-3	Two-round block voting (BV) in multi-member districts, two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts (50% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency)	46 (44 directly elected + 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex officio)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	^{[citation needed]}
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)	Supreme People's Assembly	2005			Two-round system (TRS)^{[citation needed]}	687
Republic of Korea (South Korea)	National Assembly	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 17 supplementary seats (parallel voting), 30 additional seats (AMS),	Supermixed / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR (hybrid of parallel voting and AMS)	300	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Kyrgyzstan	Supreme Council	2021	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 54 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Party-list PR (open list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	90	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Laos	National Assembly	2021	block voting via multi-winner districts	5-19	Plurality block voting (BV)	164 (149 directly elected)^{[citation needed]}	provinces
Liberia	House of Representatives	2017	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	73	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Liberia	Senate		single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)			Presidential system
Lithuania	Seimas	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 70 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Two-round system (TRS) for 71 seats + List PR (Largest remainder) for 70 seats	141	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Madagascar	National Assembly	2019	mixed-member majoritarian	1-2	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in 87 single-member districts, party-list PR (Closed list, highest averages method) in 32 two-member districts (64 seats in binomial system)	151	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Malawi	National Assembly	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	193^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Malaysia	House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	222	electoral districts within the states and federal territorries of Malaysia	Parliamentary system
Maldives	People's Majlis	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	87^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Mali	National Assembly	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts		Two-round block voting (BV) in multi-member districts, two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts (50% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency)	147^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Marshall Islands	Legislature	2019	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-5	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies (19 seats) and Plurality block voting (BV) in multi-member constituencies (14 seats)	33	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	^{[citation needed]}
Mauritania	National Assembly	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1-3 (local districts), 40 (nationwide constituency)	Coexistence+superposition (parallel) supermixed/hybrid: Two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts, two-round block voting (BV) in dual-member districts, and List PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) in larger districts + twice 20 nationally List PR (one set of 20 reserved for women)	157	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Mauritius	National Assembly	2019	block voting via multi-winner districts	2-3	Plurality block voting (BV)	70 (62 directly elected + 8 'best losers' appointed)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Mexico	Chamber of Deputies	2021	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 40 (multi-member districts)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) + Party-list PR (Largest remainder:Hare quota)	500	the local (single-member) districts are called federal electoral districts (with each state divided into at least two districts), and the remaining seats are assigned through rules of proportional representation in 5 multi-state, 40-seat constituencies.	Presidential system	Since 1996, a party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally (i.e., to win 50% of the legislative seats, a party must win at least 42% of the vote nationwide). There are three exceptions on this rule: first, a party can only lose PR-seats due to this rule (and no plurality-seats); second, a party can never get more than 300 seats overall (even if it has more than 52% of the vote nationally); and third, a party can exceed this 8% rule if it wins the seats in the single-member districts.
Mexico	Chamber of Senators	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	3 (local districts), 32 (multi-member districts)	Superposition using a single party vote: Limited (party) block voting locally (2 seats from each constituency to largest party, 1 to the second largest party) + Party-list PR nationwide	128	three-seat constituencies corresponding to the nation's 31 states and Mexico City (the former Federal District which is the national capital) and a nationwide electoral district	Presidential system
Federated States of Micronesia	Congress	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	14	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Monaco	National Council	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	24 (nationwide constituency)	Superposition / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single (panachage) ballot: Plurality block voting (BV) in single nationwide constituency for 16 seats; D'Hondt method (8 seats)	24	single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system^{[citation needed]}
Mongolia	State Great Assembly (Khural)	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-5	Two round plurality block voting (BV) candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats^[4]	76	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Myanmar	House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw)	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	440 (330 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Myanmar	House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw)	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	224 (168 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Nepal	House of Representatives	2017	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 110 (multi-member districts)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) + Party-list PR (closed lists)	275	electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
Realm of New Zealand (overseas territories)	Cook Islands	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	24	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
	Niue Assembly	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	1 (local districts), 6 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 14 seats + Plurality block voting 6 seats	20	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
	Tokelau	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	22	electoral districts in the 3 villages
Nigeria	House of Representatives	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	360	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Nigeria	Senate	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	109	3 electoral districts in each state and one for the Federal Capital Territory	Presidential system
Oman	Consultative Assembly	2019	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-2	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member distrcits and Plurality block voting (BV) in two-seat districts	86	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Pakistan	National Assembly	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 60 (seats reserved for women), 10 (seats reserved for religious minorities)	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 272 seats + 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won	342	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Palau	House of Delegates	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	16	single-member constituencies based	Presidential system
Palau	Senate		single-winner districts	13	Plurality block voting (BV)	13	single nationwide constituency	Presidential system
Panama	National Assembly	2019	mixed-member majoritarian		mixed majoritarian (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts, Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats) in multi-member districts	71	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Papua New Guinea	National Parliament	2017	single-winner districts		Instant runoff voting (IRV) - modified (at most 3 preferences, two tiers)	111	89 elected from "open" seats and 22 from provincial seats based on the twenty provinces	Parliamentary system
Philippines	House of Representatives	2019	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 61 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts (243 in 2019) + List PR (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders) (61 in 2019)	304	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Philippines	Senate	2019	block voting at-large	12 (alternating elections)	Plurality block voting (BV)	24	single nationwide constituency	Presidential system
Poland	Senate		single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	100	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Qatar	Consultative Assembly	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	45 (30 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Russian Federation	State Duma	2021	mixed-member majoritarian	^{[citation needed]}	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR	450	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Saint Kitts and Nevis	National Assembly	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	15 (11 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Saint Lucia	House of Assembly	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	17	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	House of Assembly	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	23 (15 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Samoa	Legislative Assembly (Fono)	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	51	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
San Marino	Grand and General Council	2019	mixed-member majoritarian	60	Majority jackpot system (35 seat jackpot)	60	single nationwide constituency	Assembly-independent diarchic directorial republic
Senegal	National Assembly	2017	mixed-member majoritarian	1-? (local districts), 60 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and Plurality block voting (BV) in two-seat districts for 115 seats in total (including overseas) + List PR for 60 seats (largest remainder method)	165	single- or multi-member constituencies based on the 35 departments, with an additional 15 elected by overseas voters and a single nationwide constituency	Presidential system
Seychelles	National Assembly	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), up to 10 (nationwide constituency)	Superposition / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single vote^{[citation needed]}: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 26 seats + up to a further ten are elected based on the percentage of votes received by each party; for each 10% of the total national vote received, a party gets one additional sea (List PR)	35 (currently, may vary based on election results)	single member constituencies and a single nationwide constituency	Presidential system
Sierra Leone	Parliament	2018	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	146 (132 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Singapore	Parliament	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	?	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single member constituencies + party block voting group representation constituencies (PBV)	104 (93 directly elected)	single member constituencies (SMCs) and a group representation constituencies (GRCs)	Parliamentary system
Solomon Islands	National Parliament	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	50	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Sudan	National Assembly	2015	mixed-member majoritarian	1-26 (local districts), 128 (seats reserved for women), 85 (unreserved seats)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Plurality block voting (BV) in multi-member districts for 213 seats in total + List PR for 213 seats (?^{[citation needed]} method, closed list)	450	18 states and a single nationwide constituency
Switzerland	Council of States All cantons, except: Jura Neuchâtel	2019	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-2	One-round (plurality) or two-round (majority) block voting^{[citation needed]}	46	Cantons
Syria	People's Council	2020	block voting via multi-winner districts	?^{[citation needed]}	Party block voting (PBV)	250	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Semi-presidential system
Taiwan	Legislative Yuan	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 6 (seats reserved for indigenous), 34 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 73 seats, single non-transferable vote for 6 seats reserved for indigenous + List PR for 34 seats	113	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Semi-presidential system
Tajikistan	Assembly of Representatives	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 22 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): Two-round system (TRS) for 41 seats + List PR for 22 seats	63	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Presidential system
Tanzania	National Assembly	2020	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 75 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 264 seats, List PR for 113 seats reserved for women	393 (377 directly elected)
Thailand	House of Representatives	next election, last election (2019) was held under MMP	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 400 (nationwide constituency)	Parallel voting / superposition (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 400 seats + List PR for 100 seats	500	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system	The next election is scheduled to be held under parallel voting again, after one election (2019) held using a single vote MMP system
Tonga	Legislative Assembly	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	26 (17 directly elected)	electoral districts in 5 islands and nobility	Parliamentary system
Trinidad and Tobago	House of Representatives	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	41	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Turkmenistan	Assembly	2018	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)^{[citation needed]}	125	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Tuvalu	Parliament	2019	block voting via multi-winner districts	2	Plurality block voting (BV)	16	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
Uganda	Parliament	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	529 (499 directly elected)	electoral districts, 146 seats reserved for women	Presidential system
United Kingdom and its devolved assemblies, Crown Dependencies and British overseas territories	House of Commons	2019	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	650	electoral districts	Parliamentary system
	Anguilla House of Assembly	2020	single-winner districts	1 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency)	Majoritarian parallel voting / superposition: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in local constituencies+ Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide	13	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
	Bermuda House of Assembly	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	36	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
	Cayman Islands Parliament	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	19^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system	Block voting was used before the 2017 election
	Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly	2021	block voting via multi-winner districts	3-5	Plurality block voting (BV)	8	Stanley constituency and Camp constituency	Parliamentary system
	Guernsey States of Deliberation	2020	block voting at-large	38	Plurality block voting, each voter has up to 38 votes	40 (38 directly elected)	single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
	Isle of Man House of Keys	2021	block voting via multi-winner districts	2	Plurality block voting (BV)	24	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Parliamentary system
	Jersey States Assembly	2018	block voting via multi-winner districts	1-4 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency)	Majoritarian parallel voting / superposition: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts, Plurality block voting (BV) in multi-member districts seats + Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide	49	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
	Montserrat Legislative Assembly	2019	block voting at-large	9	Plurality block voting, each voter has up to 9 votes	11 (9 directly elected)	single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
	Saint Helena Legislative Council	2021	block voting at-large	12	Plurality block voting, each voter has up to 12 votes	15 (12 directly elected)	single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
	Turks and Caicos Islands House of Assembly	2021	block voting via multi-winner districts	1 (local districts), 5 (nationwide constituency)	Majoritarian parallel voting / superposition: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts + Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide	21 (15 directly elected + 4 appointed + 2 ex officio)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
	British Virgin Islands House of Assembly	2019	single-winner districts	1 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency)	Majoritarian parallel voting / superposition: First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts + Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide	13	electoral districts^{[citation needed]} and a single nationwide constituency	Parliamentary system
United States and its territories	House of Representatives	2020	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in 45 states	435	electoral districts within states (congressional districts)	Presidential system
					Runoff (RV/TRS) in Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas (in case, if required for majority votes)
					Instant-runoff (IRV/RCV) for Alaska (in the second half for its general election) and Maine
	Senate	2020	single-winner districts	1 (alternating elections)	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in 45 states	100	states	Presidential system
					Runoff (RV/TRS) in Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas (in case, if required for majority votes)
					Instant-runoff (IRV/RCV) for Alaska (in the second half for its general election) and Maine
	Electoral College	2020	varies by state	1-55	General ticket in 48 states based on the results of the first-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and 2 states (Alaska and Maine) based on the results of the Instant-runoff (IRV/RCV) election(s) Maine and Nebraska use the same method for 2 statewide electors, the remaining electors are chosen in congressional districts	538	states and Washington D.C.(except Maine and Nebraska, where the congressional districts also work as constituencies)	Presidential system	Alaska has used FPTP in the 2020 election, IRV/IRV will be used first in the next (2024) presidential election.
	American Samoa		single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
	Guam		single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Uzbekistan	Legislative Chamber	2020	single-winner districts		Two-round system (TRS)	150	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}		second round is also held if turnout is lower than 33%
Venezuela	National Assembly	2020	mixed-member majoritarian		Parallel voting (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and list PR	280 (277 directly elected)	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Vietnam	National Assembly	2021	block voting via multi-winner districts		Two-round block voting system in multi-member constituencies (first round needs more than 50% to get elected, second round uses plurality)	500	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Yemen	House of Representatives	2003	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	301	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}
Zambia	National Assembly	2021	single-winner districts		First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	167 (156 directly elected + 8 appointed by the President + 3 ex officio)^{[citation needed]}	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system
Zimbabwe	National Assembly	2018	mixed-member majoritarian	1 (local districts), 10 (proportional constituencies)	Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM): 210 seats by first-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in local districts 60 seats reserved for women by list PR	270	electoral districts^{[citation needed]}	Presidential system	Voters cast a single vote

Former use[]

Countries that replaced majoritarian representation before 1990 are not (yet) included.

Country	Legislative body	Last use	Type of majoritarian system			Notes
Albania		1991	single-winner districts	Two-round system (TRS)	Mixed-member proportional / additional member system (MMP/AMS)
Algeria		1991	single-winner districts	Two-round system (TRS)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Armenia		2012	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM): First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and list PR	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Bulgaria		2009	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Croatia		1995	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Cyprus		1981^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Denmark		1920^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Fiji		2006	single-winner districts	Instant runoff voting (IRV)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)	Before 1999, plurality block voting and single member plurality were used
Hong Kong		1998^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Jordan		2013	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Lebanon		2012	block voting	Block voting^{[citation needed]}	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Lesotho		1998	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Mixed-member proportional / additional member system (MMP/AMS)
Malta		1921^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Single transferable vote (STV)
Moldova		2018	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Moldova		1994	single-winner districts	Two-round system (TRS)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Morocco		1993	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Netherlands		1917^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
New Zealand		1993	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP)
North Macedonia		1994	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Palestine	Legislative Council	2006	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Portugal			single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
South Africa		1997^{[citation needed]}	single-winner districts	First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Timor-Leste (East Timor)		2001	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Togo		2002	single-winner districts	Two-round system (TRS)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Tunisia		2009	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Ukraine		2019	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Ukraine		2002	mixed-member majoritarian	Parallel voting (MMM)	Party-list proportional representation (List PR)	1994 election was held under a two-round system

References[]

^ "Advanced search | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
^ "Comparative Data —". aceproject.org. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
^ "Le système électoral au Tchad - Comité de Suivi de l'Appel à la Paix et à la Réconciliation" (in French). 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ LAW ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA
PROCEDURE FOR OBSERVATION AND REPORTING ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2014.

External links[]

Block voting

[1] "Advanced search | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Retrieved 2022-01-01.

[2] "Comparative Data —". aceproject.org. Retrieved 2022-01-03.

[3] "Le système électoral au Tchad - Comité de Suivi de l'Appel à la Paix et à la Réconciliation" (in French). 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 25 September 2020.

[mongolia-4] LAW ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA
PROCEDURE FOR OBSERVATION AND REPORTING ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2014.

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