2021–2022 Serbian environmental protests

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2021–2022 Serbian environmental protests
Part of Protests in Serbia (2020–present)
Protests in Belgrade, 11 December.png
Protesters blocking the Gazela Bridge on 11 December 2021
Date11 September 2021 – present
(6 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Serbia
Caused by
Goals
  • Withdrawal of expropriation and referendum laws
  • Release of arrested protesters
  • Rejection of Rio Tinto's investment
  • Moratorium on the exploration and exploitation of boron and lithium
MethodsDemonstrations, civil roadblocks, civil resistance
Concessions
given
  • Expropriation law withdrawn
  • Referendum law amended
  • Abolishment of the spatial plan for Rio Tinto's lithium mine investment
  • All administrative acts related to Rio Tinto annulled
Parties to the civil conflict

Anti-government protesters

  • Citizens
  • Environmental activists
  • Ecological Uprising
  • Eco Guard
  • SEOS
  • Kreni-Promeni (abstained 11 December–18 January)
Opposition parties

Government of Serbia

  • Police
  • Pro-government activists
  • Armed hooligans
Government parties
Lead figures
Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta
Nebojša Zelenović
(abstained 11 December–18 January)		 Aleksandar Vučić
Ana Brnabić
Aleksandar Vulin
Zorana Mihajlović
Number
4 December:
31,000[a]−110,000[b]

In September 2021, a series of environmental protests began in Belgrade and other cities across Serbia over the adoption of the modified expropriation law, the law on the referendum and people's initiative, and Rio Tinto's planned lithium mine investment.

Rio Tinto was previously given permission in 2004 to only explore the mines near the Jadar Valley, although in 2017 the government of Serbia signed an agreement to implement the "Project Jadar", which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit the jadarite mineral. The project was initially scheduled to start in 2023. Following the 2020 parliamentary election, the ruling Serbian Progressive Party won a supermajority of seats in the National Assembly. In November 2021, it adopted the law on referendum and people's initiative and modifications of the expropriation law. Both laws were met with strong opposition from the public, which triggered the escalation of the environmental protests that had begun in January.

The protests from September and onward have been mainly organized by environmental organizations, of which the "Ecological Uprising" and "Kreni-Promeni" received the most attention. The protests that took place on 11 September remained peaceful, and organizations there stated their three main demands which were for the government to withdraw expropriation and referendum laws and for Rio Tinto to leave Serbia. The protests then continued in November, and soon after they garnered greater attention and in late November, a series of roadblock protests across Serbia began, which turned out violent and numerous demonstrators were detained shortly after the protests. The government-aided activists and armed hooligans participated in the incidents. Protests continued through December and into 2022, with tens of thousands of people participating in them, including the Serbian diaspora. The protests were supported by most opposition parties, and numerous actors, scientists, sportspeople and celebrities voiced their support for the protests, with some of them even participating in the protests. The government and its supporters have criticized the protests and spread misinformation.

The president of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić, who initially stated that he wouldn't repeal the laws, expressed populistic sentiment following the escalation of the protests, and on 8 December he withdrew the expropriation law and amended the law on referendum, while on 16 December, the City Assembly of Loznica abolished the spatial plan that included Rio Tinto's mine investment, effectively delaying Rio Tinto's start of operations until further notice, after Vučić commented on it two days prior the vote. In January 2022, the government annulled all administrative acts related to Rio Tinto.

Background[]

See also: 2022 Serbian general election and Jadarite

The jadarite mineral was discovered in a mine near the Jadar Valley by Rio Tinto in December 2004.[3] Rio Tinto was previously given permission to explore the mines in July 2004 during Vojislav Koštunica's administration,[4] and in several documents that were signed later, its boundaries of exploration were extended further.[5] The mineral was recognized by the International Mineralogical Association in November 2006.[3] In 2017, the government of Serbia signed a memorandum with Rio Tinto to implement the "Project Jadar" which would effectively give Rio Tinto total ownership to exploit mines near the Jadar Valley.[6] The project was set to start in 2023,[7] while the production of jadarite batteries was set to begin in 2027.[8]

In November 2021, the National Assembly adopted the law on referendum and people's initiative and the modification of the expropriation law.[9][10] The law on referendum and people's initiative abolished the general 50% threshold that was needed for referendums to pass, and some politicians have speculated that it would be abused in cases such as Rio Tinto.[11][12] On 25 November, president Aleksandar Vučić signed the law, and he then stated that he won't repeal it.[13][14] The expropriation law was met with more opposition,[15][16] and it mostly gained negative coverage.[17] It was criticized by politicians, activists and lawyers, all of whom have called for its withdrawal.[18][19] Government officials have stated that the laws have nothing to do with Rio Tinto.[20][21][22]

Related protests[]

See also: Serbian protests (2020–)

Environmental protests were held as early as in January 2021 by the Initiative "Eco Guard".[23] Protests which were dubbed as "Protests for Harmless Air",[24] were attended by a couple of thousand protesters.[25] Several professors and activists, such as Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, attended the protests which remained peaceful.[25]

Ćuta announced in March, that he and his "Defend the Rivers of Stara Planina" organization were planning to organize an "Ecological Uprising" protest on 10 April.[26][27] The protest gained popularity and around 60 environmental organizations participated in the protests.[28][29] It was held in front of the House of the National Assembly,[30] and it was attended by a couple of thousand protesters with the demand to suspend all projects harmful to the environment, as well as to adapt regulations to the highest environmental standards.[29][31] Organizations that participated in the protests also published a document that included more demands for the government.[32] Prime minister Ana Brnabić criticized the protesters,[33] although she later affirmed that she was ready to discuss the demands.[34]

Timeline[]

2021[]

11 September[]

The "Ecological Uprising" organization announced in mid-August that they would be organizing protests on 11 September in Belgrade.[35] Some opposition parties, such as the Party of Freedom and Justice, Democratic Party, People's Party, and the Do not let Belgrade drown voiced their support for the protests,[36] including actors Svetlana Bojković, Seka Sablić, Petar Božović and other academics and public figures.[37][38][39][40] Nebojša Zelenović called for everyone to join the protests regardless of their political affiliation.[41]

Protesters gathered at the Pioneers Park in Belgrade around 14:00 (UTC+01:00),[42][43] with demands for Rio Tinto to leave Serbia.[44] Protests were attended by a couple of thousand people.[45] During his speech, Ćuta stated their demands and he emphasized that they would block the road on Branko's Bridge, and if the mechanization appeared towards Loznica, they would start roadblocking across Serbia.[46] Besides Ćuta and Bojković, academic Nenad Kostić, professor Ratko Ristić, citizen of Gornje Nedeljice Zlatko Kokanović, and scientist Dragana Đorđević gave speeches.[45][47] Shortly after, the protesters walked towards Branko's Bridge where they blocked the traffic for two hours.[48]

Prime minister Brnabić commented on the protests by saying that "ecology is a very important topic and that it is not clear to her why protests are happening when Serbia finally has a government that cares about the environment".[49] Deputy prime minister Zorana Mihajlović criticized the protesters by assessing that "the protests were used to promote individuals who want to make a political career through environmentalism".[50][51] Vučić compared the protesters to anti-vaxxers.[52] The Democratic Party has called the "Ecological Uprising" movement to distance themselves from a speaker that stated that Zoran Đinđić "criminalized the laws on privatization".[53] A day later, Ćuta stated that he considered the speech to be absolutely inappropriate.[54]

6 November[]

The next protest was announced for 6 November, and it was held in front of the building of Radio Television of Serbia.[55][56] A day before the protest, the drawn plan for the "Project Jadar" was released to the public by whistleblowers.[57] The Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) allowed RTS to advertise Rio Tinto's messages regarding the project,[58] although the decision was met with opposition by 30 organizations that demanded that it be taken down because it allegedly violated the Act on Advertisement.[55] The protest was attended by several activists who demanded that RTS should remove the advertisements of the project.[59] The protest remained peaceful.[60]

19 November[]

Another protest was held in front of the building of RTS on 19 November, although, this time the "Kreni-Promeni" organization planned the protests.[61] It was attended by a couple of hundred protesters,[62] and they demanded RTS to broadcast the anti-Rio Tinto advertisement.[63] RTS publicly denied to broadcast the video.[64]

22–24 November[]

On 21 November, the "Ecological Uprising" organization announced that they would be organizing protests in Makiš on the day when the construction of the Belgrade Metro begins.[65] Ćuta invited other opposition leaders to protest together,[66] and some of them accepted the request.[67] Besides opposition leaders, activists and organizations also participated in the protests.[68] Protesters blocked the road at the construction site for an hour, although no incidents were reported and they did not interfere with the workers.[68][69][70] Vučić labelled the protesters as "losers".[71]

A day later, the "Assembly of Free Serbia" called for protests to be held in front of the House of the National Assembly after they adopted the expropriation law and the law on referendum and people's initiative.[72] The protest was attended by a couple of hundred people, and it remained peaceful.[73][74] They demanded the government to repeal both laws.[73] Bojana Novaković also participated in the protests.[75][76]

, the campaign director of the "Kreni-Promeni" organization announced that they had sent a petition with 68,000 signatories that were against the referendum law, and over 200,000 signatories against Rio Tinto.[77] On the same day, protests were held in front of the Novi dvor,[78] in which thousands of protesters participated.[79][80][81] Manojlović was the main organizer of the protest, although besides him, actor Jelena Stupljanin, lawyer and former minister Božo Prelević, and farmer Dragan Kleut gave speeches.[82] The protesters requested from the government to repeal the referendum law, and chanted slogans against Rio Tinto.[81] Vučić commented on the protests by stating that the law had nothing to do with Rio Tinto.[83]

27–29 November[]

Savo Manojlović, the campaign director of Kreni-Pokreni, holding a press conference on 30 November
, the campaign director of Kreni-Promeni
Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, the founder of the Ecological Uprising organization, holding a press conference on 10 December
Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, the founder of the Ecological Uprising

Shortly after the protests ended on 24 November, the "Ecological Uprising" organization and many others called for a protest to be held on 27 November where they would be roadblocking major roads across Serbia for two hours.[84][85][86] The "Kreni-Promeni" organization announced that they would be roadblocking the Gazela Bridge as well as a bridge in Novi Sad,[87][88] while other organizations and protesters blocked roads in other major cities across Serbia.[89][90][91][92] Organizers had called the police to stand by their side,[93] although during the protests the police blocked the demonstrators and police brutality was present at the protests.[94][95]

It was reported that thousands of protesters were seen across Serbia where they chanted anti-government and anti-Rio Tinto slogans.[96][97][98] The demonstrators demanded the same as previously stated,[99] and they blocked roads for an hour.[100] Several demonstrators were arrested during the protests, and it was reported that masked men attacked demonstrators.[101] A violent incident in Šabac gained the most attention, where unknown people tried to drive through a group of demonstrators with bulldozers, although one protester managed to stop a bulldozer.[102][103] The demonstrator was detained soon after,[104] although two days later he was released from custody.[105][106] Numerous incidents and detentions also took place,[107][108][109] where armed hooligans and pro-government activists, including a Serbian Progressive Party MP, attacked demonstrators.[101][110][111]

The "Assembly of Free Serbia" and main opposition parties demanded for detainees to be freed,[112][113] and some called for the armed hooligans that attacked demonstrators to be detained.[114] During the protests, the governing populist Serbian Progressive Party (Serbian Cyrillic: Српска напредна странка) held a solemn party assembly,[115] where some of the attendees were allegedly positive to COVID-19.[116] Vučić spread misinformation that only 120 citizens had blocked the Gazela Bridge,[117] and claimed that the demonstrators attended the protests to disturb the peace,[115] while Brnabić compared the protests to "unseen destruction and fascism" and threatened the citizens with criminal charges.[118][119] Internal affairs minister Aleksandar Vulin also criticized the protests,[120] and stated that "the protests have nothing to do with environmentalism" and called for the police to use violence.[121][122][123] Mayor of Novi Sad Miloš Vučević claimed that the armed hooligans were not sent by SNS.[124]

Two more protests were held a day later in Belgrade.[125] They remained peaceful and were attended by a couple of thousand citizens,[126] and they demanded the release of the demonstrator that stopped a bulldozer.[127] Deputy mayor Goran Vesić criticized the protests by saying that "a minority harassed tens of thousands of people during the protests".[128]

SNS organized a counter-protest in Šabac on 29 November in support of the pro-government activist that rode the bulldozer.[129] The protest remained peaceful until two observers were beaten up by SNS activists after they asked them if they are against Rio Tinto,[130][131] one observer who chanted anti-SNS slogans was later chased by a group of men, although the men ended up capturing the wrong person,[132] and one photographer was beaten up and his equipment was stolen.[133][134] On the same day, protests were held in Loznica and the demonstrators demanded that if the president does not withdraw the laws, they will roadblock the entire Serbia.[135]

4 December[]

Leading organizations called for protests to continue until the demands were met,[136] and shortly before the protests began on 4 December, they announced that roads in over 50 cities would be blocked.[137][138][139] Manojlović called for nonviolence, and he stated if the provocateurs arrive, the protesters should withdraw.[140] A group of lawyers also voiced support and participated in the protests.[141][142] A day before the protests took place, police broke into a house of a citizen who called for protests,[143][144] and a non-existing citizens' association "Lila revolucija" (lit. 'Lila revolution') called for people to go out to the protests and to throw purple paint buckets at cars that are trying to block the traffic.[145][146] Their message was mostly spread by government-associated media.[147][148] Non-governmental organizations called for the police to protect journalists during the protests.[149]

Protests on the Gazela Bridge on 4 December 2021

Protests across Serbia were attended by tens of thousands of demonstrators,[150] while the Gazela Bridge in Belgrade itself was roadblocked by a couple of thousand demonstrators.[151][152] The protests remained peaceful, although some incidents occurred in Belgrade and Novi Sad.[153][154][155] In Novi Sad, multiple incidents were reported during the protests,[156][157] and pro-government activists attacked demonstrators,[158][159] while in Belgrade a group of men held torchlights in front of the protesters.[160][161] It was reported in a video that a police officer in civilian clothes tried to arrest film directors Goran Marković and Maja Lalić in Belgrade,[162] while a journalist was attacked with pepper spray in Novi Sad.[163] Serbian diaspora also held protests in the New York City, Berlin, Paris and London.[164][165] Some demonstrators were charged with misdemeanor after the protests.[166]

Following the protests, the organizers stated that the protests were successful and they proclaimed a "great victory for the citizens".[167] Multiple ministers criticized the protests as a "terror on citizens",[168][169] while Brnabić stated that the protests had nothing to do with environmentalism.[170] During the protests, Vučić visited Gornje Nedeljice where he held a press conference.[171] Vučić stated that he was willing to propose amendments to the expropriation law.[172]

11–14 December[]

Lead organizers of these protests, Manojlović and Zelenović, had a polemic during the Utisak nedelje show, which was held on 5 December.[173] Zelenović, who heads the Green-Left bloc, expressed support for the expansion of the demands, while Manojlović opposed the move because, as he stated "the story would be diluted", and he compared the move to the 1 of 5 million protests which failed due to this move.[174] Two days later, Manojlović asserted that the protests won't end until the demands get met.[175] On 8 December, during the "Morning Program" on RTS, actors Marko Grabež and Nedim Nezirović voiced support for the upcoming protests.[176][177] Following the announcement that Vučić withdrew the expropriation law and amended the referendum law, Manojlović controversially declared the "big national celebration" and called for a celebration to be held in Belgrade.[178] Manojlović overturned his statement a day later, and he stated that "we cannot trample on the word we have given" and that no one should have monopoly over the protests.[179][180] Other leading organizations stated their support for the continuation of the protests.[181][182] On the day of the protests, Vučić stated that "all wishes of the protesters have been fulfilled".[183]

Organizations announced that roads in 50 cities would be blocked,[184][185] and over 40 organizations participated in the protests.[186] Manojlović and his "Kreni-Promeni" organization did not participate in the protests.[187] After the two main demands were adopted by the government, the protesters continued to demand Rio Tinto to leave Serbia.[188][189][190] Although this time, the protests were only held for an hour due to rain and bad weather.[187] The protests mostly remained peaceful, with some incidents happening in Belgrade and Niš.[188][191] In Belgrade, a group of right-wing and anti-vax activists participated in the protests,[192] and a group of pro-government activists waved pro-Rio Tinto slogans.[193] Serbian diaspora also held protests in Brussels,[194] Prague, Washington, D.C., Berlin, New York City and London.[195][196] During the protests, Ćuta affirmed that "the protests won't stop until Rio Tinto leaves Serbia".[197]

Following the protests, minister Mihajlović claimed that Ćuta supports "a violent change of government" and is "abusing environmentalism for the election campaign".[198][199] A day later, protests were also held in Zrenjanin.[200][201] On 14 December, a few hundred of high schoolers protested in Čačak against Rio Tinto.[202][203]

16–18 December[]

The Association of Environmental Organizations of Serbia (SEOS) and "Eco Brigade" organized a protest in Jagodina on 16 December.[204][205] It was attended by a couple of hundred demonstrators that expressed their opposition to the opening of a lithium mine on the Morava Valley.[206] A day before, Ćuta stated that "protests will continue until the Rio Tinto project ends legally",[207] and on 16 December he announced that next major protests would be held on 18 December.[208] Activists from multiple environmental organizations stated that they demand the government to withdraw the document which determines the spatial plan for Jadar project.[209] The "Ecological Uprising" organization stated that road blocks won't take place on 18 December, and that they would instead protest in front of local government buildings.[210] Ćuta called for radicalization of protests after the Christmas if demands were not met.[211][212]

The protests on 18 December began at 14:00 (UTC+01:00) in front of the building of the government of Serbia,[213][214] including in other cities across Serbia.[215][216][217] The protests were attended by a couple of thousand demonstrators that chanted anti-Rio Tinto slogans,[218] although it was noticed that the number of demonstrators was smaller, even in 2022.[219][220] Besides Ćuta, some prominent activists, journalists and professors gave speeches.[217][221][222] In Užice, police identified multiple journalists and demonstrators that participated in the protest.[223] The protests remained peaceful and they lasted for an hour, after which the traffic was resumed.[217][224] Following the protests, ministers Mihajlović and Vulin again criticized the protests.[225][226]

24–25 December[]

The centre-left Together for Serbia party announced that they would hold a protest in Šabac on 25 December, together with other environmental organizations.[227][228] A day before the protest, a group of high schoolers protested in Čačak.[229][230] On 25 December, a couple of hundred demonstrators attended the protests in which journalists and activists gave speeches, mainly criticizing the city government of Šabac and Rio Tinto.[231] Another protest was held on the same day in Laznica, a village located near Žagubica, which was organized by "Ecological Uprising".[232] Ćuta gave a speech in which he criticized minister Mihajlović.[232][233]

2022[]

3 January[]

Demonstrators in Novi Sad, 3 January

After Vučić commented that the Jadar project would not be abolished,[234] SEOS announced that it would organize protests on 3 January.[235] The "Ecological Uprising" and "Assembly of Free Serbia" stated that they would be joining the protests,[236][237] while "Kreni-Promeni" only announced their support for the protests.[238] Protests were announced to begin at 13:00 (UTC+01:00) and to last three hours in total.[239] They were held in Gornje Nedeljice and other cities across Serbia, and in London, in front of the Rio Tinto building.[240]

The protests, in which a couple of thousand demonstrators participated, remained mostly peaceful.[241] Demonstrators in Novi Sad started a protest walk around 14:00, and it ended just before 16:00.[242] An incident occurred in Preljina, a village near Čačak, in which a woman was hit by a car.[243] In Belgrade, a group of anti-vax activists blocked the highway for around 15 minutes.[244] Ćuta and Zelenović announced that protests would continue until "Rio Tinto leaves Serbia".[245][246] Vučić stated after the protests that "the government fulfilled the demands, and the continuation of the protests is only political".[247][248]

8–12 January[]

Following the protests on 3 January, the "Ecological Uprising" commented that if the government does not release the documents about Rio Tinto to the public it would organize longer roadblocks and radicalize the protests.[249] Minister Mihajlović stated that such documents do not exist.[250] The police announced that they would record the demonstrators during the protests.[251] This time, protests were only held in seven locations across Serbia.[252]

Shortly before the protests, prime minister Brnabić stated that the government is close to annulling all permits that were given to Rio Tinto.[253] The "Ecological Uprising" stated that "before the government annuls the permits, they should release every signed document to the public".[254] The protests mostly remained peaceful although an incident occurred in Novi Sad, and later also in Belgrade.[255][256] Mayor of Novi Sad Miloš Vučević criticized the protests,[257] including minister Mihajlović that claimed that "the demonstrators want to stop the development of Serbia".[258] Another protest was held a day later in Gornji Milanovac.[259][260] On 10 January, a group of "We Won't Give Jadar" activists threw eggs at the Rio Tinto building, and one activist was later detained.[261][262] Ćuta stated that "if the government does not accept our demands, we will organize a general strike".[263]

Protests which were held in front of the building of the government of Serbia continued on 12 January.[264][265] They were called a day earlier by the "Ecological Uprising" and SEOS,[266][267] and they demanded the government to publish signed documents that are related to Rio Tinto to the public and to abolish Rio Tinto's spatial plan.[268] They have stated that "if the government doesn't publish documents, we will re-continue roadblocks".[264] On the same day, the "Ecological Uprising" announced protests for 15 January.[269]

15–16 January[]

Ćuta announced on 13 January that roadblocks would be organized across Serbia on 15 January.[270] This time, protests were only held on eleven locations, and they were attended by a couple of thousand demonstrators.[271][272][273] Initially, no incidents were reported although later around 14:00 (UTC+01:00), a group of people tried passing through the crowd of demonstrators near Preljina,[274] and in Belgrade, a driver tried to pass through the crowd but was forced to go back.[271][275] In Šabac, a driver tried to pass through the protesters and ended up injuring one of them.[276][277] The protests ended one hour later.[278] Marčelo, who also participated in the 2018–2020 protests, participated in the protests in Belgrade.[279]

Shortly after the protests, Brnabić commented that "these protests are controlled by politicians".[280] A day later, a group of Serbian citizens held a protest in Brussels.[281]

18–22 January[]

An incident occurred in front of the building of the National Assembly on 18 January, when Savo Manojlović and other "Kreni-Promeni" activists wanted to request an urgent verification of the people's initiative in the parliament regarding the ban on the exploitation of lithium.[282][283] Manojlović was then contacted by the president of the National Assembly Ivica Dačić in order to organize a discussion regarding the initiative, although Manojlović rejected this,[284] and later announced protests to be held on 20 January, with demands for the government to repeal Rio Tinto's spatial plan and to introduce a moratorium on banning lithium and boron mining for the next 20 years.[283][285][286] Activists and organizations have also stated their support for the introduction of a moratorium.[287]

The protest was held in front of the Novi dvor, and it remained peaceful,[288] although at the end of the protest, a group of police officers demanded to see identity documents from some demonstrators.[289] Manojlović affirmed his support for the introduction of a moratorium.[290] On the same day of the protest, prime minister Brnabić scrapped the spatial plan.[291][292][293] Manojlović and Ćuta have stated that "the abolition of the spatial plan was done in a legally incorrect manner, and that Rio Tinto would come back after the April elections".[294][295]

Another series of roadblocks were announced by SEOS and the "Ecological Uprising" to be held on 22 January in Loznica,[296][297] although the "Ecological Uprising" movement also stated that "our main demands were met and we are suspending roadblocks in Belgrade".[298][299] The Assembly of Free Serbia (SSS) called for the organizations to formulate a unified strategy for the upcoming protests.[300] The protest was attended by a group of activists and environmental organizations, and it lasted for an hour.[301][302] The "Kreni-Promeni" organization has stated that they would be organizing protests on 27 January.[303]

27 January–3 February[]

A day prior to the protests, it was announced that an Australian corporation "Volt Resources" would begin to drill in the Jadar Valley area in late 2021.[304] The protests were mainly organized by the "Kreni-Promeni" organization alongside other environmental activists,[305] and it remained peaceful.[306][307] It began in front of the building of the presidency, after which a protest walk was held that ended in front of the building of the government.[308] Manojlović also affirmed his position for the introduction a 20-year-long moratorium, although he also rejected the implementation of a one-year-long one.[309][310]

The "Eco Guard" initiative organized protests on 30 January, which were attended by a couple of hundred demonstrators.[311] Unlike previous protests, the organizers only had one demand for the government, which was to respect the already existing Law on Air Quality. The protests were also attended by members of the "Kreni-Promeni" organization and the Do not let Belgrade drown movement.[311] A minor protest was held in New Belgrade on 1 February.[312] Manojlović stated that protests would continue until the dissolution of the National Assembly,[313] which is expected to happen on 15 February.[314]

Further mass protests continued in Valjevo on 2 February, which were organized by "Kreni-Promeni".[315] Manojlović was contacted by the police a day later, in which the police stated that further organized protests would be considered illegal. Manojlović ignored it, and called for protests to be held on the same day in Belgrade.[316] The protests were attended by a couple of thousand demonstrators,[317][318] that stated their demands, while Manojlović stated that if the government does not implement the moratorium, protests would continue up to the general election in April.[319] He also stated that further protests would be radicalized.[320] A member of the We Must coalition, Dragoljub Bakić, stated his support for radicalization of protests.[321]

8–15 February[]

SEOS and "Kreni-Promeni" held protests in Kragujevac on 8 February, where they announced that they will camp outside the Novi dvor building until the government implements a moratorium for lithium and boron mining.[322] Manojlović stated that they demand this to be done until the dissolution of the National Assembly, which took place on 15 February.[323] A protest was also organized on 10 February, and it was participated by activists, such as whistleblower Aleksandar Obradović, and politicians, and in total, it was participated by around a thousand demonstrators.[324][325] After addressing the demonstrators, they held a protest walk that ended in front of the Novi dvor building.[325]

Ćuta also participated in the protests,[326] and visited the activists that were camping in front of the Novi dvor building.[327] Activists had announced further protests to be held on 13 February,[328] and the protests remained peaceful.[329] A day before the dissolution of the National Assembly, Manojlović announced that protests would be organized in front of the Palace of Serbia on 15 February.[330] On the day of the protests, a police cordon was deployed around the Palace of Serbia in order to prevent the activists from approaching the building,[331] and multiple incidents occurred, one of the demonstrators was hit by a moving car, while two more demonstrators were ran down by another car.[332][333]

Response and reactions[]

Support and opposition[]

The government of Serbia's decision to support Rio Tinto's investment, alongside the adoption of the modified expropriation law was met with fierce opposition from environmental activists, academics, geologists and non-governmental organizations.[334] Bishops Grigorije Durić and Fotije Sladojević voiced support for the protests,[335][336] while Patriarch Porfirije called to "end the fight".[337] Former president Boris Tadić also stated his support.[338] The presidency of the Serbian Movement "Dveri" participated in the protests in Niš,[339] and the Serbian Party Oathkeepers,[340] Liberation Movement,[341] and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina voiced support for the protests.[342] The president of the Democratic Party of Serbia Miloš Jovanović stated that he strongly condemns the violence that took place on 27 November, and that "it turned out to be disastrous when the government neglected democratic procedures".[343] Former minister Goran Trivan voiced support for the protests.[344][345]

According to an opinion poll that was published in early December, around 14% of Serbian Progressive Party adherents supported the protests,[346] while a majority of respondents also supported the protests.[347] On 4 December, Novak Đoković and Prince Philip of Yugoslavia stated their support for the protests.[348][349][350] Numerous actors voiced support for the protests,[351][352] and some of them even participated.[353][354] Bojana Novaković was one of the most prominent actors who participated in protests in Belgrade.[355][356] Emir Kusturica,[357] Darko Perić,[358] Vladimir Vuletić,[359] Nevena Ignjatović,[360] Mihail Dudaš, Milica Mandić, Jovana Preković, Ratko Varda,[361] Tamara Dragičević, Sloboda Mićalović,[362] Nikola Mijailović,[363] Mirko Ivanić,[364] Vujadin Savić,[361] and Ognjen Koroman also stated support for the protests.[365] Professor at the Faculty of Law in Belgrade commented that the government committed three illegal offenses related to the protests,[366] and on 11 December dean Ratko Ristić voiced his support for the protests.[367] A Croatian MEP Ivan Vilibor Sinčić, leader of the Human Shield party, criticized the approach of the government of Serbia towards Rio Tinto.[368]

The president of the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) Olivera Zekić stated that "everyone who protests should be arrested",[369] while the president of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS) Vojislav Šešelj voiced his opposition to the protests by saying that the "blockades are being directed from outside [of Serbia] and that these are not environmental protests".[370] Nebojša Krstić threatened the "Kreni-Promeni" organization by stating that "they should practice jumping from the bridge",[371] and called for the arrest of Savo Manojlović.[372] Deputy mayor of Čačak Aleksandar Maksimović stated that "there are people who are ready to get in their vehicles and drive into the crowd".[373] Vladimir Đukanović criticized the protests and stated his support for Rio Tinto.[374] Bratislav Jugović, a SNS MP, stated that the "protests are justified", but, as he says, the "fact is that Đilas and his clique are abusing them".[375] Following Brnabić's statement that "the government abolished the spatial plan", Jugović stated that "I don't trust her regarding the situation around Rio Tinto".[376]

Government response[]

On 29 November, Vučić stated that he would wait for his legal team's opinion before signing the expropriation law,[377] and following the protests on 4 December, Vučić stated he would propose amendments to the expropriation law, which would enter the National Assembly by an urgent procedure, so that it could be adopted before the New Year.[172][378] Vučić announced on 8 December, that he decided to withdraw the expropriation law that was sent by the National Assembly and to amend the law on referendum.[379][380][381] He also stated that "all environmental standards are met now regarding Rio Tinto" and that further-held protests are only "political protests".[382][383] On 10 December, the National Assembly adopted the amendments for the law on referendum.[384] Vučić stated on 14 December that the City Assembly of Loznica would abolish the spatial plan that was planned for Rio Tinto, effectively delaying Rio Tinto's start of operations until further notice.[385][386] The City Assembly of Loznica abolished the plan two days later.[387][388] Some activists assessed this move as opportunistic.[389][390] On 27 December, Vučić stated that they would not abolish the Jadar project.[234]

On 8 January, prime minister Brnabić stated that the government was close to annulling all permits given to Rio Tinto.[253] The "Ecological Uprising" movement responded in a statement that all contracts signed with the corporation should be made public first.[391] Deputy prime minister Mihajlović stated that "the Project Jadar has been stopped temporarily at the requests of the citizens" until all environmental-impact studies are made, and added that "three months before the elections every subject is political".[392] A day later, Brnabić stated that "an agreement with Rio Tinto was never made, and that they haven't even met".[393] On 18 January, Brnabić stated that "if citizens want Rio Tinto to leave, I will then support that decision",[394] and later she stated that "the government abolished the spatial plan".[395][396][397] It was also announced that the Brnabić-led government signed the most amount of documents with Rio Tinto.[398] Brnabić previously stated that "Serbia has committed itself, and it gave permits [to Rio Tinto]".[399][400] She also accused Western governments of supporting the protests, which was denied by their embassies.[401][402]

Aftermath[]

In mid-November, Ćuta announced that the "Ecological Uprising" movement would participate in the upcoming general election,[403] and on 14 November he signed an agreement with Zelenović's Together for Serbia party to participate on a joint list in upcoming general election.[404][405] Their coalition was polled at 9% on the national-level and 13% in Belgrade.[406] They also voiced their opposition to the constitutional referendum, and called for citizens to vote no.[407] In January 2022, the coalition was formalized under the name We Must.[408]

The general director of "Rio Sava Exploration", the Serbian branch of Rio Tinto, Vesna Prodanović stated on 23 December that they are planning to stop with the Project Jadar.[409] Even though they announced to stop with the project, their workers have allegedly been going home by home and have been sending SMS messages to residents of Gornje Nedeljice.[410][411] Ćuta criticized Prodanović's statement and called for Rio Tinto to leave Serbia.[412] Vučić claimed that "in order to make Rio Tinto leave, we will have to pay one billion euros".[413] In mid-January, Vučić stated that "he hopes that the government will terminate the contracts with Rio Tinto".[414] Multiple non-governmental organizations have called the government to "stop manipulating with empty promises".[415] Rio Tinto expressed their concern regarding Brnabić's comment on the nullification of the spatial plan.[416] It was also reported that Rio Tinto's stock fell down after the announcement.[8] Activists have claimed that Rio Tinto has continued working near Gornje Nedeljice even after Brnabić's claims.[417]

Savo Manojlović announced that a collection of signatures for a people's initiative against the explotiation of lithium would begin on 20 January.[418] Bratislav Jugović and Ljubiša Stojmirović stated their support, and have said that they would sign the initiative.[419][420] On 14 January, Manojlović handed over 290,000 digital signatures against Rio Tinto.[421]

See also[]

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ According to Aleksandar Vučić[1]
  2. ^ According to Nebojša Zelenović[2]

References[]

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Further reading[]

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