21st century BC

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Millennium: 3rd millennium BC
Centuries:
Timelines:
  • 22nd century BC
  • 21st century BC
  • 20th century BC
State leaders:
Decades:
  • 2090s BC
  • 2080s BC
  • 2070s BC
  • 2060s BC
  • 2050s BC
  • 2040s BC
  • 2030s BC
  • 2020s BC
  • 2010s BC
  • 2000s BC
Categories: – Deaths
Establishments –

The 21st century BC was a century which lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC.

Events[]

Ur-Nammu (seated) bestows governorship on Ḫašḫamer, patesi (high priest) of Iškun-Sin (cylinder seal impression, ca. 2100 BC).

Note: all dates from this long ago should be regarded as either approximate or conjectural; there are no absolutely certain dates, and multiple competing reconstructed chronologies, for this time period.

  • c. 2150 – 2040 BC – The First Intermediate Period of Egypt, a period of decline in Egyptian central power.[1]
  • c. 2112 – 2004 BC – The Third Dynasty of Ur.[2] Administrative power in Ur is pushed far, with an Ensi, an appointed civil servant, at the head of the constituencies. A meticulous and finicky bureaucracy manages, counts and controls the whole administration, which is as much concerned with the economy as with war or the service of the gods. The weight of such an administration arguably contributed to the collapse of the empire. The documentation of the Third Dynasty of Ur does not attest to the existence of private property, but rather a state organization of agricultural production, an image perhaps distorted because the texts come from the state's administrative management and not from private archives. This documentation hardly ever concerns the gardens and palm groves but only the cereal fields, exploited in the form of large production units, even if small tenures are granted as a salary. A whole manufacturing activity was grafted onto the domain.[3]
  • c. 2100 – 2000 BC:
  • c. 2100 – 1900 BC: The beginning of the Middle Minoan civilization in Crete.[7] Bronze metallurgy and the potter's wheel are introduced,[8] as are Cretan hieroglyphs.[9]
  • c. 2100 – 1800 BC – The Sintashta culture emerges in the northern Eurasian Steppe.[10]
  • c. 2070 BC – Yu the Great established the Xia dynasty.[11]
  • c. 2050 BC – The beginning of the Middle Kerma culture in Upper Nubia.[12]
  • c. 2040 BC – Mentuhotep II, ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty in Thebes, completes the reunification of Egypt following his victory over the pharoahs of Herakleopolis, which marks the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.[13]
  • c. 2000 BC – The earliest bronze age artifacts in Southeast Asia are found in Ban Chiang site in Thailand, without the presence of a militaristic or urbanized state.[14]

References[]

  1. ^ O'Neill, John P. (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-87099-907-9.
  2. ^ Roux, Georges (1995). La Mésopotamie. Seuil. p. 189. ISBN 978-2-02-008632-5.
  3. ^ Margueron, Jean-Claude (2012). Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques. Hachette Éducation Technique. p. 174. ISBN 978-2-01-140096-3.
  4. ^ Papin, Yves Denis (1998). Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne. Jean-paul Gisserot. p. 8. ISBN 978-2-87747-346-0.
  5. ^ Azéma, Marc; Brasier, Laurent (2016). Le beau livre de la préhistoire. Dunod. p. 371. ISBN 978-2-10-075789-3.
  6. ^ Foltz, Richard C. (2016). Iran in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-933550-3.
  7. ^ Protopsaltis, Demetrios (2012). An Encyclopedic Chronology of Greece and Its History. Xlibris Corporation. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4691-3999-9.
  8. ^ Tulard, Jean (1978). Histoire de la Crète. Que sais-je ?. p. 72. ISBN 978-2-13-065663-0.
  9. ^ Pichot, André (2014). La naissance de la science. 2. Gallimard. p. 15. ISBN 978-2-07-253206-1.
  10. ^ Hanks, Bryan K.; Linduff, Katheryn M. (2009). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-51712-6.
  11. ^ Mungello, David E. (2009). The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800 (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN 9780742557987.
  12. ^ Edwards, David N. (2004). The Nubian Past. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-134-20087-0.
  13. ^ Grimal, Nicolas (1988). Histoire de l’Égypte ancienne. Fayard. p. 194. ISBN 978-2-213-64001-3.
  14. ^ "White, J.C. 2008 Dating Early Bronze at Ban Chiang, Thailand. In From Homo erectus to the Living Traditions. Pautreau, J.-P.; Coupey, A.-S.; Zeitoun, V.; Rambault, E., editors. European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Chiang Mai, pp. 91-104" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
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