6G (network)

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In telecommunications, 6G is the sixth generation standard currently under development for wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. It is the planned successor to 5G and will likely be significantly faster.[citation needed] Like its predecessors, 6G networks will probably be broadband cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Several companies (Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei, Samsung, LG, Apple, Xiaomi), as well as several countries (China, Japan and Singapore), have shown interest in 6G networks.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

6G networks are expected to exhibit even more heterogeneity than their predecessors and are likely to support applications beyond current mobile use scenarios, such as virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), ubiquitous instant communications, pervasive intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT).[7] It is expected that mobile network operators will adopt flexible decentralized business models for 6G, with local spectrum licensing, spectrum sharing, infrastructure sharing, and intelligent automated management underpinned by mobile edge computing, artificial intelligence, short-packet communication and blockchain technologies.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Amplifier progress[]

Recent studies have developed first ideas for 6G. A group based at the University of California, Santa Barbara has claimed significant progress by building a device that can speed up the process of development and save substantial amounts of time during the design phase. They reported key aspects of the device, including an "n-polar" gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), in two papers which were published in IEEE Electron Device Letters.[15][16] The presence of this charge in the transistor gives the device the ability to operate at high frequencies, because the electrons are free to move quickly through it without obstruction. Although the data has not been published yet, the researchers claim it shows promising results, and, according to their plan, they will eventually test the new devices at even higher frequencies than before (140 GHz and 230 GHz, with both firmly in the terahertz range).[17]

In 2020, scientists from the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore and Osaka University of Japan announced they had created a chip for terahertz (THz) waves, which might be used in 6G.[3]

In 2021, engineers at Millimeter Wave Products in the USA have created and improved amplifiers for the G bands operating in the terahertz (THz) waves, which will be used in 6G products and services.[18]

In October 2020, the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) launched a "Next G Alliance", an alliance consisting of AT&T, Ericsson, Telus, Verizon, T-Mobile, Microsoft, Samsung, and others that "will advance North American mobile technology leadership in 6G and beyond over the next decade."[19]

Test satellite launch[]

External video
video icon Long March-6 launches 13 satellites, YouTube video

On November 6, 2020, China successfully launched an experimental test satellite with candidates for 6G technology into orbit, along with 12 other satellites, using a Long March 6 launch vehicle rocket. The satellite is intended to "verify the terahertz (THz) communication technology in space", according to the Global Times newspaper.[20][21]

Expectations[]

Recent academic articles have been conceptualizing 6G and new features that may be included. AI is included in many of these predictions, from 6G supporting AI infrastructure to "AI designing and optimizing 6G architectures, protocols, and operations."[22] Another study in Nature Electronics looks to provide a framework for 6G research stating "We suggest that human-centric mobile communications will still be the most important application of 6G and the 6G network should be human centric. Thus, high security, secrecy and privacy should be key features of 6G and should be given particular attention by the wireless research community."[23] The question of what frequencies 6G will operate on are still up to interpretation. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers states that "Frequencies from 100 GHz to 3 THz are promising bands for the next generation of wireless communication systems because of the wide swaths of unused and unexplored spectrum."[24] One of the biggest challenges in supporting the required high transmission speeds will be the limitation of energy/power consumption and associated heat development in the electronic circuits to acceptable proportions.[25]

References[]

  1. ^ Perspectives, Theodore S. Rappaport for CNN Business. "Opinion: Think 5G is exciting? Just wait for 6G". CNN.
  2. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (November 7, 2019). "China starts development of 6G, having just turned on its 5G mobile network". CNBC.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Andy Boxall; Tyler Lacoma (January 21, 2021). "What is 6G, how fast will it be, and when is it coming?". DigitalTrends. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  4. ^ Li, Jane. "Forget about 5G, China has kicked off its development of 6G". Quartz.
  5. ^ "6G: What It Is & When to Expect It". Lifewire.
  6. ^ "6G Companies: Telecom Players Kickstart Research Activities". GreyB. 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  7. ^ Dohler, M.; Mahmoodi, T.; Lema, M. A.; Condoluci, M.; Sardis, F.; Antonakoglou, K.; Aghvami, H. (2017). "Internet of skills, where robotics meets AI, 5G and the Tactile Internet". 2017 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC): 1��5. doi:10.1109/EuCNC.2017.7980645.
  8. ^ Basnayaka, Chathuranga; Jayakody, Dushantha Nalin K. Age of Information in an URLLC-enabled Decode-and-Forward Wireless Communication System. 2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference.
  9. ^ Maksymyuk, T.; Gazda, J.; Volosin, M.; Bugar, G.; Horvath, D.; Klymash, M.; Dohler, M. (2020). "Blockchain-Empowered Framework for Decentralized Network Management in 6G". IEEE Communications Magazine. 58 (9): 86–92. doi:10.1109/MCOM.001.2000175. ISSN 1558-1896.
  10. ^ Saad, W.; Bennis, M.; Chen, M. (2020). "A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems". IEEE Network. 34 (3): 134–142. doi:10.1109/MNET.001.1900287. ISSN 1558-156X.
  11. ^ Alwis, Chamitha De; Kalla, Anshuman; Pham, Quoc-Viet; Kumar, Pardeep; Dev, Kapal; Hwang, Won-Joo; Liyanage, Madhusanka (2021). "Survey on 6G Frontiers: Trends, Applications, Requirements, Technologies and Future Research". IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. 2: 836–886. doi:10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3071496. hdl:10197/12085. ISSN 2644-125X.
  12. ^ Yang, H.; Alphones, A.; Xiong, Z.; Niyato, D.; Zhao, J.; Wu, K. (2020). "Artificial-Intelligence-Enabled Intelligent 6G Networks". IEEE Network. 34 (6): 272–280. arXiv:1912.05744. doi:10.1109/MNET.011.2000195. ISSN 1558-156X.
  13. ^ Xiao, Y.; Shi, G.; Li, Y.; Saad, W.; Poor, H. V. (2020). "Toward Self-Learning Edge Intelligence in 6G". IEEE Communications Magazine. 58 (12): 34–40. doi:10.1109/MCOM.001.2000388. ISSN 1558-1896.
  14. ^ Guo, W. (2020). "Explainable Artificial Intelligence for 6G: Improving Trust between Human and Machine". IEEE Communications Magazine. 58 (6).
  15. ^ Romanczyk, Brian; Zheng, Xun; Guidry, Matthew; Li, Haoran; Hatui, Nirupam; Wurm, Christian; Krishna, Athith; Ahmadi, Elaheh; Keller, Stacia; Mishra, Umesh K. (March 2020). "W-Band Power Performance of SiN-Passivated N-Polar GaN Deep Recess HEMTs". IEEE Electron Device Letters. 41 (3): 349–352. doi:10.1109/LED.2020.2967034. ISSN 1558-0563. S2CID 211688863.
  16. ^ "High Linearity and High Gain Performance of N-Polar GaN MIS-HEMT at 30 GHz - IEEE Journals & Magazine". ieeexplore.ieee.org. doi:10.1109/LED.2020.2980841. S2CID 216454689. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  17. ^ Moore, Samuel (2020). "NJIT Library Ez-Proxy Logon Page". Spectrum-Ieee-Org.Libdb.Njit.Edu.
  18. ^ "What is 6G technical information and products".
  19. ^ Wolfe, Marcella (October 13, 2020). "ATIS Launches Next G Alliance to Advance North American Leadership in 6G". Atis. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  20. ^ "China sends world's first 6G test satellite into orbit". Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  21. ^ "China launches 'world's first 6G experiment satellite'". Anadolu Agency. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  22. ^ Letaief, Khaled (2019). "The Roadmap to 6G – AI Empowered Wireless Networks" (PDF).
  23. ^ Dang, Shuping; Amin, Osama; Shihada, Basem; Alouini, Mohamed-Slim (January 2020). "What should 6G be?". Nature Electronics. 3 (1): 20–29. arXiv:1906.00741. doi:10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6. ISSN 2520-1131.
  24. ^ Rappaport, Theodore S.; Xing, Yunchou; Kanhere, Ojas; Ju, Shihao; Madanayake, Arjuna; Mandal, Soumyajit; Alkhateeb, Ahmed; Trichopoulos, Georgios C. (2019). "Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond". IEEE Access. 7: 78729–78757. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921522. ISSN 2169-3536.
  25. ^ Peter Smulders (2013). "The Road to 100 Gb/s Wireless and Beyond: Basic Issues and Key Directions". IEEE Communications Magazine. 51 (12): 86–91. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2013.6685762.
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