770s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 770
  • 771
  • 772
  • 773
  • 774
  • 775
  • 776
  • 777
  • 778
  • 779
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

The 770s decade ran from January 1, 770, to December 31, 779.

Events

770

This section is transcluded from AD 770. ( | )


By place[]

Europe[]
  • King Charlemagne signs a peace treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria, and marries the Lombard princess Desiderata (daughter of King Desiderius). He travels to the Lombard court at Pavia to conclude arrangements. Pope Stephen III opposes the marriage, and protests about a Frankish-Lombard alliance.[1]
  • Hedeby, an important trading settlement, in the Danish-northern German borderland is founded (approximate date).
Britain[]
  • King Alhred of Northumbria takes an interest in continental missionary activities, and sends Willehad to Frisia in modern-day Netherlands (approximate date).
Abbasid Caliphate[]
  • Caliph al-Mansur orders the closing of the Canal of the Pharaohs (Egypt). The only remaining land routes to transship camel caravans' goods are from Alexandria to ports on the Red Sea, or the northern Byzantine termini of the Silk Road.
Asia[]

771

This section is transcluded from AD 771. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • December 4 – King Carloman I, youngest son of Pepin III ("the Short"), dies (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source)[2] at the Villa of Samoussy, leaving his brother Charlemagne sole ruler of the now reunified Frankish Kingdom. Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees with her two sons to the court of King Desiderius of the Lombards, at Pavia.
  • Charlemagne repudiates his Lombard wife Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, after one year of marriage. He marries the 13-year-old Swabian girl Hildegard, who will bear him nine children. Desiderius, furious at Charlemagne, plans a punitive campaign against the Franks and Rome.
Britain[]

772

This section is transcluded from AD 772. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expedition from the Middle Rhine into disputed territory lost by the Franks in 695. He starts a campaign against the Saxons and seizes Eresburg, destroying the Irminsul (Saxon sacred tree) near Paderborn. Charlemagne devastates several major Saxon strongholds, and forces them to retreat beyond the Weser River. After negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, he installs a number of garrisons.[5]
  • King Desiderius of the Lombards, enraged by the repudiation by Charlemagne of his daughter Desiderata, proclaims Gerberga's sons lawful heirs to the Frankish throne. He attacks Pope Adrian I for refusing to crown them, and invades the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Desiderius marches on Rome, and Adrian turns to the Franks for military support.
  • In England, King Offa of Mercia attempts to rule Kent directly, possibly to depose his rival Egbert II (approximate date).
Asia[]
  • Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur completes construction of the garrison city of al-Rāfiqah adjacent to Raqqa.

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • February 1 – Pope Stephen III dies after a 3½-year reign, in which he has approved the acceptable reverence of icons in the Eastern Church. He is succeeded by Adrian I (also referred to as Hadrian) as the 95th pope of Rome.

773

This section is transcluded from AD 773. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • Summer – King Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard, son of Charles Martel, cross the Alps with a Frankish expeditionary force at the request of Pope Adrian I. At the foot of the mountains in the Susa Valley (Northern Italy), the Franks are hindered by Lombard fortifications. After scouting, Charlemagne attacks the defenders from the flank, and forces the Lombards to flee to the fortified capital Pavia.
  • Siege of Pavia: Charlemagne besieges Pavia, which is poorly stocked with food. King Desiderius remains in the capital, and orders his son Adalgis to defend Verona to guard Gerberga, and the children of Carloman I. After a short siege, Adalgis flees to Constantinople, where he is received by Emperor Constantine V. Meanwhile, the Franks capture the cities of Verona and Mortara.
  • Saxon Wars: Saxon forces seize upon Charlemagne's preoccupation with Italy to retake Eresburg and Syburg (near Dortmund). They unsuccessfully attack the episcopal centre of Büraburg, which had been established by St. Boniface (see 723).[6]
Britain[]
Abbasid Caliphate[]
  • The number 0 is introduced to the city of Baghdad, which will be developed in the Middle East by Arabian mathematicians, who will base their numbers on the Indian system (long after the Maya culture developed the concept, cf. Maya numerals).[7]
Asia[]
  • King Khongtekcha of Manipur (modern India) dies after a 10-year reign; during his rule the Meitei language script first appears.[8]

By topic[]

Ecology[]
  • A large and sudden increase in radiocarbon (14C) occurs around 773, in coral skeletons from the South China Sea[9] (see 774-775 carbon-14 spike).

774

This section is transcluded from AD 774. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • Battle of Berzitia: The Bulgarian ruler (khagan) Telerig sends a small raiding army (12,000 men) to strike into the southwest of Macedonia, and capture Berzitia. Emperor Constantine V is informed about this raid by his spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses.
  • Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government.[10]
Europe[]
  • King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of patrician. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli.
  • June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself "Prince of Benevento".
  • Saxon Wars: Saxon raiders ravage much of northern Hesse (modern Germany), and burn the abbey at Fritzlar, putting the abbot and monks to the sword. Charlemagne hurriedly returns to Austrasia, assembles local troops, and recaptures Eresburg, before the approach of winter halts further operations.[11]
  • King Aurelius dies after a 6-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin-in-law Silo, as ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain).
Britain[]
  • Unrest in the Northumbrian Church appears to lead to the expulsion of King Alhred, who is driven from his capital York. He sails from Bamburgh into exile amongst the Picts, where he is received by King Ciniod I. He is replaced by Æthelred I, the 11-year-old son of the late king Æthelwald Moll.
  • King Offa of Mercia subdues the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Kent and Wessex (approximate date).

By topic[]

Astronomy[]

775

This section is transcluded from AD 775. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • September 14 – Emperor Constantine V dies while on a campaign in Bulgaria. In his 34-year reign he has suppressed monasticism and image worship, restored aqueducts, revived commerce, and repopulated Constantinople[citation needed]. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Leo IV ("the Khazar"), who continues Constantine's campaigns against the Bulgars and Muslim Arabs.
Europe[]
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne holds a major assembly at Quierzy (Northern France). He leads a Frankish army into Saxony to retake the castrum of Syburg (near Dortmund), then rebuilds and garrisons fortified Eresburg. He reaches the Weser at a place called Braunsberg, where the Saxons stand for battle, but are defeated when Frankish troops cross the river.[13]
  • Westphalian Saxons, probably commanded by Widukind, cross the Weser and fight an inconclusive battle at Hlidbeck (modern-day Lübbecke). Charlemagne claims victory, but perhaps in reality suffers a setback. He reunites his forces and inflicts a real defeat upon the Saxons, seizing considerable booty and taking hostages, though Widukind escapes.[14]
  • Autumn – Charlemagne retakes the Hellweg (main corridor) along the Lippe Valley, establishing communications between Austrasia, Hesse and Thuringia. It is used as a trade route under Frankish supervision.[15]
  • The German city of Giessen (Hesse) is founded.
Africa[]
  • Andalusian merchants set up an emporium (trade settlement) on the Maghreb coast at Ténès (modern Algeria). It is early evidence of the revival of the maritime trade in the Western Mediterranean, after the chaos of the early 8th century.[16]
Arabian Empire[]
  • April 25 – Battle of Bagrevand: The Abbasids put an end to an Armenian rebellion. Muslim control over Transcaucasia is solidified, while several major Armenian nakharar families, notably the Mamikonian, lose power and flee to the Byzantine Empire.
  • Caliph al-Mansur dies after a 21-year reign, in which he has made Baghdad the residence of the Abbasid Caliphate. He is succeeded by his son al-Mahdi.
  • At around this time, Baghdad becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China.[17]
Asia[]
  • Tibet subdues her Himalayan neighbors, and concludes a boundary agreement with the Chinese Tang dynasty (approximate date).
  • King Dharmapala begins his reign of Bengal (South Asia).[18]

By topic[]

Astronomy[]

776

This section is transcluded from AD 776. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • April 24 – Emperor Leo IV ("the Khazar") appoints his 5-year-old son Constantine VI co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire. This leads to an uprising, led by one of Leo's half-brothers, Caesar Nikephoros, the second son of former emperor Constantine V. The revolt is quickly suppressed. Fortunately for Nikephoros, his only punishment is to be stripped of his titles, while the rest of the conspirators are blinded, tonsured, and exiled to Cherson (Southern Crimea) under guard.[20][21]


Europe[]
  • King Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso (Northern Italy), after putting down a rebellion in Friuli and Spoleto. He removes Hrodgaud of Friuli from power, and reforms the duchy as the March of Friuli (military frontier district).[22] Co-conspirators who support the revolt are Arechis II, duke of Benevento, and Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius. Frankish counts are placed in the cities of Friuli.
  • Saxon Wars: The Saxons again revolt against Christianity and Frankish rule. Eresburg falls, but a Saxon assault upon the castle of Syburg (near Dortmund) fails. Charlemagne hurriedly returns from Italy, launching a counter-offensive which defeats the Saxons. Most of their leaders are summoned to the Lippe at the town of Bad Lippspringe (North Rhine-Westphalia), to submit formally to Charlemagne.[23]
Britain[]
  • Battle of Otford: King Egbert II of Kent defeats the Mercians under King Offa (near Otford), and re-asserts himself as ruler of Kent.

777

This section is transcluded from AD 777. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne spends Easter in Nijmegen, and leads a large Frankish army to Paderborn, where a general assembly of Carolingian and Saxon leaders has been summoned. Saxon lands are integrated into the Frankish Kingdom, and divided into missionary parishes. Duke Widukind and his followers flee to King Sigfred of Denmark, seeking refuge and support.[24]
  • Abbasid–Carolingian alliance: Charlemagne receives a request for support from pro-Abbasid rulers in the eastern thughur, or military frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba. Several powerful officials and noblemen in northeastern Iberia, such as the governors of Barcelona and Zaragoza, seek to rise up against the Umayyad emir Abd al-Rahman I.[25]
Africa[]
  • Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam is recognized as imam of the Ibadis, in Maghreb (western North Africa).

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria founds Kremsmünster Abbey (modern Austria). During this period, the Tassilo Chalice is possibly donated by Luitpirga, wife of Tassilo (approximate date).

778

This section is transcluded from AD 778. ( | )

By place[]

Byzantine Empire[]
  • Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV ("the Khazar") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrakon, military governor (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, defeats the Muslim-Arabs at the fortress city of Germanikeia in Cilicia (modern Turkey). He plunders the region and takes many captives, mostly Jacobites, who are resettled in Thrace.
Europe[]
  • A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba. During the retreat, Charlemagne is defeated by the Basques at Roncevaux (Pyrenees). Among those killed is Roland, governor of the Breton March, who will be immortalized in the 11th-century epic Song of Roland. This marks the beginning of medieval French literature.
  • Saxon Wars: Widukind and his close followers return to Saxony from Denmark. He probably makes alliances with the Danes and the north-western Slav tribes. Saxon rebels destroy the fortress of Karlsburg and sack Deutz (near Cologne), but are unable to cross the Rhine. They are driven back by the garrison of Koblenz, but then ambush and defeat the Frankish pursuers. Counter-attacking Frankish forces pursue the Saxons up the Lahn Valley, and defeat them near Leisa.[26]
Britain[]
  • Unrest in Northumbria leads to King Æthelred I ordering the execution of three of his dukes. This considerably weakens his position (approximate date).

By topic[]

Religion[]
  • Saxon raiders destroy many churches deep in Frankish territory. The Benedictine monks of Fulda Abbey (modern-day Hesse) hurriedly carry the relics of Saint Boniface over the Rhön Mountains to safety.[27]

779

This section is transcluded from AD 779. ( | )

By place[]

Europe[]
  • Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army at Düren, crosses the Rhine at the modern town of Wesel, and defeats the Saxons in battle near Bocholt (North Rhine-Westphalia). All the main Westphalian leaders are captured, except Widukind. Charlemagne crosses the Weser, Oker and Ohre rivers into Eastphalian territory, where local leaders submit to Frankish rule and hand over hostages. Widukind remains in northern Saxony, and relies on guerrilla warfare.[28]
Britain[]
  • Battle of Bensington: King Offa of Mercia defeats his rival Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington (modern-day Oxfordshire). He seizes control of Berkshire, and probably London as well. According to sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Offa becomes "King of All England". Charlemagne writes a letter to him as "his dearest brother", but when Offa refuses to let one of Charlemagne's sons marry one of his daughters, Charlemagne threatens to close the ports to English traders.
Asia[]
  • June 12 - In China, De Zong (personal name Li Kuo) succeeds his father Dai Zong, as emperor of the Tang Dynasty.

Significant people[]

Births[]

Transcluding articles: 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, AD 777, 778, and 779

770

  • Ansegisus, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
  • Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire (d. 835)
  • Michael I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 844)
  • Michael II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 829)
  • Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (or 773)
  • Prokopia, empress of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date)
  • Stephen IV, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
  • Sugawara no Kiyotomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 842)

771

772

  • Bai Ju Yi, Chinese poet and official (d. 846)[29]
  • Cui Qun, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 832)
  • Cui Zhi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 829)
  • Li Ao, Chinese philosopher and prose writer (d. 841)
  • Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet and philosopher (d. 842)
  • probable
    • Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne (d. 811)

773

774

775

  • Amalarius, archbishop of Trier (approximate date)
  • Ebbo, archbishop of Reims (d. 851)
  • Einhard, Frankish scholar (d. 840)
  • Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, Japanese general (d. 826)
  • Hilduin, bishop of Paris (d. 840)[citation needed]
  • Leo V, Byzantine emperor (d. 820)
  • Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 778)
  • Tahir ibn Husayn, Persian Abbasid governor (or 776)
  • Theodosia, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
  • Theophanes the Branded, Byzantine monk (d. 845)
  • Wetti of Reichenau, German scholar (approximate date)

776

777

778

  • Ali ibn al-Madini, Muslim scholar (d. 849)
  • Bernard, bishop of Vienne (d. 842)
  • Ermengarde of Hesbaye, queen of the Franks (d. 818)
  • Ishaq ibn Rahwayh, Muslim scholar and imam (or 777)
  • Li Gongzuo, Chinese writer (d. 848)
  • Li Shigu, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 806)
  • Liu Gongquan, Chinese calligrapher (d. 865)
  • Louis the Pious, king of the Franks (d. 840)
  • Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 775)
  • Xian Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 820)
  • Zhaozhou, Chinese Zen Buddhist master (d. 897)

779

  • Agobard, archbishop of Lyon (approximate date)
  • Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, Muslim prince (d. 839)
  • Jia Dao, Chinese poet and Buddhist monk (d. 843)
  • Yuan Zhen, politician of the Tang Dynasty (d. 831)

Deaths[]

Transcluding articles: 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, AD 777, 778, and 779

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

References[]

  1. ^ McKitterick, Rosamond, Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (2008), p. 84
  2. ^ "Cathwulf, Kingship, and the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis", by Joanna Story, Speculum
  3. ^ Simon of Durham. Historia Regum. Ch. 47
  4. ^ Simeon of Durham's. History of the Kings, p. 450
  5. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  6. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 14. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  7. ^ "The History Of Zero". Yale Global. April 25, 2009. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016.
  8. ^ "Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati". Archived from the original on April 11, 2005. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
  9. ^ Liu, Y; Zhang, ZF; Peng, ZC; Ling, MX; Shen, CC; Liu, WG; Sun, XC; Shen, CD; Liu, KX; Sun, W (2014). "Mysterious abrupt carbon-14 increase in coral contributed by a comet". Sci Rep. 4: 3728. doi:10.1038/srep03728. PMC 3893640. PMID 24430984.
  10. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  11. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 14. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  12. ^ Mekhaldi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Aldahan, Ala; Beer, Jürg; McConnell, Joseph R.; Possnert, Göran; Sigl, Michael; Svensson, Anders; Synal, Hans-Arno; Welten, Kees C. (2015-10-26). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of AD 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8611. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. ISSN 2041-1723.
  13. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
  14. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 15. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
  15. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 12. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
  16. ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 26.
  17. ^ "Largest Cities Through History". About.com Geography.
  18. ^ Bagchi, Jhunu (1993). The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, cir 750 A.D. - 1200 A.D. ISBN 978-81-7017-301-4.
  19. ^ "Mysterious radiation burst recorded in tree rings". Nature News & Comment.
  20. ^ The Chronicle of Theophanes Anni Mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813): Tr. Harry Turtledove (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), p. 137
  21. ^ Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society.
  22. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 15. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  23. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  24. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 12. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
  25. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 16. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
  26. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 12. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  27. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 17. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5
  28. ^ David Nicolle (2014). The Conquest of Saxony AD 782–785, p. 17. ISBN 978-1-78200-825-5.
  29. ^ ; ; (1999). "Shijin to Shi no Shōgai (Haku Kyoi)". In (ed.). (in Japanese). Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten. pp. 123–127. OCLC 41025662.
  30. ^ Al-Jahiz messages, Alwarraq edition, page 188; Yāqūt, Irshād al-arīb ilá ma`rifat al-adīb, ed. Iḥsān `Abbās, 7 vols (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993), 5:2102.
  31. ^ Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Chuo cha Uchunguzi wa Lugha ya Kiswahili (1974). Kiswahili. East African Swahili Committee. p. 16.; Yāqūt, Irshād al-arīb ilá ma`rifat al-adīb, ed. Iḥsān `Abbās, 7 vols (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993), 5:2102.
  32. ^ Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter. Archived 2010-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Old Book of Tang, vol. 17, part 2.
  34. ^ St. George the Confessor the Bishop of Mytilene. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  35. ^ Tony Barnstone; Ping Chou (2007). Chinese Erotic Poems. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-307-26567-8.
  36. ^ Ibn Rāhwayh, Isḥāq (1990), Balūshī, ʻAbd al-Ghafūr ʻAbd al-Ḥaqq Ḥusayn (ed.), Musnad Isḥāq ibn Rāhwayh (1st ed.), Tawzīʻ Maktabat al-Īmān, pp. 57–59
  37. ^ Vertot (abbé de) (1754). The Origin of the Grandeur of the Court of Rome ... Translated ... by John Farrington. R. & J. Dodsley. p. 81.
  38. ^ "St. Amalberga". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  39. ^ Victor Xiong (25 July 2000). Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China. University of Michigan Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-89264-137-6.
  40. ^ The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy
  41. ^ Pandurang Bhimarao Desai (1970). A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification. Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University. p. 115.
  42. ^ Brown and Ishida. Gukanshō, pp. 276–277; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 147–148; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 81–85., p. 81, at Google Books
  43. ^ Jump up to: a b Kevin Murray (2004). Baile in scáil. Irish Texts Society. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-870166-58-4.
  44. ^ Ludo Moritz Hartmann: Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter Bd. II Teil 2, Perthes, Gotha 1903, S. 282ff
  45. ^ Plofker, Kim (2007). "Fazārī: Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al‐Fazārī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 362–3. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0.
  46. ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Retrieved from ""