AFC Asian Cup

AFC Asian Cup

Founded	1956; 66 years ago (1956)
Region	Asia (AFC)
Number of teams	24 (finals) 46 (eligible to enter qualification)
Current champions	Qatar (1st title)
Most successful team(s)	Japan (4 titles)
Website	www.the-afc.com
2023 AFC Asian Cup

Qatar and Japan before the 2019 AFC Asian Cup final match.
Tournaments
1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027

The AFC Asian Cup is the primary association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), determining the continental champion of Asia. It is the second oldest continental football championship in the world after Copa América. The winning team becomes the champion of Asia and until 2015 qualified for the FIFA Confederations Cup.^[1]

The Asian Cup was held once every four years from the 1956 edition in Hong Kong until the 2004 tournament in China. However, since the Summer Olympic Games and the European Football Championship were also scheduled in the same year as the Asian Cup, the AFC decided to move their championship to a less crowded cycle. After 2004, the tournament was next held in 2007 when it was co-hosted by four nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Thereafter, it has been held every four years.

The Asian Cup has generally been dominated by a small number of top teams. Initially successful teams included South Korea (twice) and Iran (three times). Since 1984, Japan (four times) and Saudi Arabia (three times) have been the most successful teams, together winning seven of the last ten finals. The other teams which have achieved success are Qatar (2019 current champions), Australia (2015), Iraq (2007) and Kuwait (1980). Israel won in 1964 but was later expelled and has since joined UEFA.

Australia joined the Asian confederation in 2007 and hosted the Asian Cup finals in 2015. The 2019 tournament had been expanded from 16 teams to 24 teams, with the qualifying process doubling as part of the qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.^[2][3]

History[]

Beginning[]

A pan-Asian competition was first proposed after the end of World War II, but it was not implemented until 1950s. Two years after the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) came into being in 1954, the first ever AFC Asian Cup was staged in Hong Kong with seven of the twelve founding members taking part, making the tournament the second oldest in the world. The qualifying process involved the hosts plus the winners of the various zones (Central, Eastern and Western). It was only a four-team tournament, a format that also existed for 1960 and 1964. Each sub-confederation already hosts their own biennial championship, each with varying degrees of interest.^[4]

South Korea demonstrated its superiority in the early years of the competition as the country conquered the 1956 and 1960; this remains as South Korea's best achievements in the tournament.^[5]

West Asian domination (1964–1988)[]

After Hong Kong and South Korea hosting the two first editions, Israel was chosen as hosts of the 1964 AFC Asian Cup. Using the same format of the two previous editions, this tournament only had four teams and played in one single group to determine the champions. Israel eventually topped the tournament ahead of India with three wins.^[6] The format was updated to five teams in 1968 before it was expanded to six teams in 1972 and 1976.

The tournament became the preserve of Iran who won three consecutive tournaments in 1968, 1972 and 1976, with Iran hosting the former and the latter. Iran stays as the only national team in Asia to have won three consecutive Asian Cups. The 1972 final was notable as it was the first Asian Cup to use the group stage-knockout phase format, which was followed in the subsequent tournaments with some alternation.^[7] However, the tournament was marked with a dark note when Israel was expelled from the AFC in 1972 due to Arab–Israeli conflict.^[8]

From 1980 to 1988, the number of teams taking part expanded to ten, but West Asian countries continued their domination in the 1980s with Kuwait becoming the first Arab country to win the championship in 1980 held at home soil, beating South Korea 3–0 in the final.^[9] Saudi Arabia, after an initial poor start, began to emerge as the country qualified, then won two consecutive Asian trophies in 1984 and 1988, overcame both China and South Korea. Both tournaments were Saudi Arabia's debuts in any major competitions.^[10]

Japan's rise and professionalization of Asian Cup (1992–2011)[]

Up until 1990s, the AFC Asian Cup was mostly played in a more amateur level, despite its attempt to raise the standard. However, with Asia being granted more spots for the FIFA World Cup, attempts to professionalize the tournament also began. By the end of 1990s, the tournament has begun to be professionalized.

Japan until 1990s was mostly a small name in Asian football, and the country only qualified for the 1988 edition, the first time Japan took part in a continental football tournament. However, as Japan started to make a concrete move inroad to professional football, the country's fortunes increased. Japan hosted the 1992 AFC Asian Cup, which was reduced to eight teams and two groups, where it emerged victorious after beating Saudi Arabia, then-defending champions, 1–0, to win the country's first major international honour.^[11][12]

The 1996 AFC Asian Cup saw the tournament expanded to twelve teams in its process of professionalization. Held by the United Arab Emirates, the hosts breached into the final for the first time ever but was unable to win the trophy after losing to Saudi Arabia, who made it into the country's fourth consecutive Asian finals, on penalties. It was Saudi Arabia's third Asian title.^[11][13][14]

The 2000 AFC Asian Cup saw Lebanon took part in its first Asian tournament, and it was Saudi Arabia who again reached the final, but this time, Japan triumphed over Saudi Arabia 1–0 in a final filled with a majority of Saudi supporters.^[15] Japan would go on to retain their Asian trophy four years later, albeit in a more struggling style and a very heated, politically charged final toward hosts China.^[16] The 2004 edition was notable as it expanded to 16 teams and Saudi Arabia's absent from an Asian Cup final for the first time.

The 2007 AFC Asian Cup gained notable for the debut of Australia, which had abandoned the Oceania Football Confederation in 2006 (coincidentally the first team to qualify for the tournament), as well as being the first football competition in the world to be hosted by more than two nations, with four countries in Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia) hosting.^[17][18] In this tournament, Iraq crowned as Asian champions despite the ravaging Iraq War and sectarian tensions, overpowering the likes of Australia, South Korea and Saudi Arabia in process.^[19]

Australia (which joined the AFC in 2006), after its poor debut in 2007, rebounded to reach the final in 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar, but lost to Japan after extra-time; the win for Japan meant it became the most decorated team in Asian football with four titles.^[20] Still, the tournament was notable as the first Asian Cup to use the jersey numbers' order from 1 to 23, previously not practised in prior competitions.

Expansion of the Asian Cup (2015–now)[]

Following Australia's successes in the 2011 Asian Cup, the AFC approved the country to host the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. At the tournament, Australia managed to clamp down every opponent with only one loss, against eventual finalist South Korea, whom Australia would get a 2–1 final revenge after extra-time; the win officially sealed Southeast Asia's first Asian title as Australia joined the AFF in 2013.^[21]

At the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, the video assistant referees were used in the tournament for the first time,^[22] as well as an expansion to 24 teams.^[23] In addition, a fourth substitution was allowed during extra time.^[24] The tournament, hosted by the United Arab Emirates for the second time, witnessed the rise of Qatar, who conquered its first ever Asian title after beating Japan in the final 3–1.^[25] The tournament was marred by the Qatar diplomatic crisis, due to the UAE's entry ban on Qatari supporters, as well as shoe-throwing in the two's semi-final clash.^[26]

Format[]

Final tournament[]

Since 1972, the final tournament is played in two stages: the group stage and the knockout stage. Since 2019, each team plays three games in a group of four, with the winners and runners-up from each group advancing to the knockout stage along with the four best third-placed teams. In the knockout stage the sixteen teams compete in a single-elimination tournament, beginning with the round of 16 and ending with the final match of the tournament.

Trophy[]

The original trophy...

...and the redesigned one.

Current trophy design

There have been two Asian Cup trophies; the first one used between 1956 and 2015, and the second one in use since 2019.

The first trophy came in a form of a bowl with circular base. It was 42 centimeters tall and weighs 15 kilograms.^[27] Until the 2000 tournament, the black base contained plaques engraved with names of every winning country, as well as the edition won.^[28][29] The trophy was redesigned, adding more silver and reduce the black base to just a thin layer down. This base was plaque-free and the winning countries' names were engraved around the base.^[30]

During the draw for the 2019 group stage on 4 May 2018 at the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, an all new trophy made by Thomas Lyte was unveiled. It is 78 centimeters tall, 42 centimeters wide, and weighs 15 kilograms of silver.^[31] The trophy is modeled over lotus flower, a symbolically important aquatic Asian plant. Five petals of the lotus symbolize the five sub-confederations under the AFC.^[32] The winning countries' names are engraved around the trophy base, which is separable from the trophy's main body. This trophy has a handle on each side, unlike its predecessor.

Results[]

Edition	Year	Hosts		Final				Third place playoff or losing semi-finalists				Number of teams
				Winners	Score and Venue	Runners-up		Third place	Score and Venue	Fourth place
1	1956	Hong Kong		South Korea	round-robin	Israel		Hong Kong	round-robin	South Vietnam		4
2	1960	South Korea		South Korea	round-robin	Israel		Taiwan	round-robin	South Vietnam		4
3	1964	Israel		Israel	round-robin	India		South Korea	round-robin	Hong Kong		4
4	1968	Iran		Iran	round-robin	Burma		Israel	round-robin	Taiwan		5
5	1972	Thailand		Iran	2–1 (a.e.t.) National Stadium, Bangkok	South Korea		Thailand	2–2 (a.e.t.) (5–3 p) National Stadium, Bangkok	Khmer Republic		6
6	1976	Iran		Iran	1–0 Aryamehr Stadium, Tehran	Kuwait		China PR	1–0 Aryamehr Stadium, Tehran	Iraq		6
7	1980	Kuwait		Kuwait	3–0 Sabah Al Salem Stadium, Kuwait City	South Korea		Iran	3–0 Sabah Al Salem Stadium, Kuwait City	North Korea		10
8	1984	Singapore		Saudi Arabia	2–0 National Stadium, Singapore	China PR		Kuwait	1–1 (a.e.t.) (5–3 p) National Stadium, Singapore	Iran		10
9	1988	Qatar		Saudi Arabia	0–0 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p) Al-Ahli Stadium, Doha	South Korea		Iran	0–0 (a.e.t.) (3–0 p) Al-Ahli Stadium, Doha	China PR		10
10	1992	Japan		Japan	1–0 Hiroshima Big Arch, Hiroshima	Saudi Arabia		China PR	1–1 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p) Hiroshima Big Arch, Hiroshima	United Arab Emirates		8
11	1996	United Arab Emirates		Saudi Arabia	0–0 (a.e.t.) (4–2 p) Shiekh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi	United Arab Emirates		Iran	1–1 (a.e.t.) (3–2 p) Shiekh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi	Kuwait		12
12	2000	Lebanon		Japan	1–0 Sports City Stadium, Beirut	Saudi Arabia		South Korea	1–0 Sports City Stadium, Beirut	China PR		12
13	2004	China		Japan	3–1 Workers' Stadium, Beijing	China PR		Iran	4–2 Workers' Stadium, Beijing	Bahrain		16
14	2007	Indonesia  Malaysia  Thailand  Vietnam		Iraq	1–0 Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta	Saudi Arabia		South Korea	0–0 (a.e.t.) (6–5 p) Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, Palembang	Japan		16
15	2011	Qatar		Japan	1–0 (a.e.t.) Khalifa International Stadium, Doha	Australia		South Korea	3–2 Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium, Doha	Uzbekistan		16
16	2015	Australia		Australia	2–1 (a.e.t.) Stadium Australia, Sydney	South Korea		United Arab Emirates	3–2 Newcastle Stadium, Newcastle	Iraq		16
17	2019	United Arab Emirates		Qatar	3–1 Zayed Sports City Stadium, Abu Dhabi	Japan		Iran and  United Arab Emirates				24
18	2023	China										24
19	2027	TBD										24

Summary[]

Team	Winners	Runners-up	Third place	Fourth place	Semi-finalists	Top 2	Top 4
Japan	4 (1992*, 2000, 2004, 2011)	1 (2019)	—	1 (2007)	—	5	6
Saudi Arabia	3 (1984, 1988, 1996)	3 (1992, 2000, 2007)	—	—	—	6	6
Iran	3 (1968*, 1972, 1976*)	—	4 (1980, 1988, 1996, 2004)	1 (1984)	1 (2019)	3	9
South Korea	2 (1956, 1960*)	4 (1972, 1980, 1988, 2015)	4 (1964, 2000, 2007, 2011)	—	—	6	10
Israel	1 (1964*)	2 (1956, 1960)	1 (1968)	—	—	3	4
Kuwait	1 (1980*)	1 (1976)	1 (1984)	1 (1996)	—	2	4
Australia	1 (2015*)	1 (2011)	—	—	—	2	2
Iraq	1 (2007)	—	—	2 (1976, 2015)	—	1	3
Qatar	1 (2019)	—	—	—	—	1	1
China PR	—	2 (1984, 2004*)	2 (1976, 1992)	2 (1988, 2000)	—	2	6
United Arab Emirates	—	1 (1996*)	1 (2015)	1 (1992)	1 (2019*)	1	4
India	—	1 (1964)	—	—	—	1	1
Myanmar1	—	1 (1968)	—	—	—	1	1
Hong Kong	—	—	1 (1956*)	1 (1964)	—	0	2
Chinese Taipei2	—	—	1 (1960)	1 (1968)	—	0	2
Thailand	—	—	1 (1972*)	—	—	0	1
Vietnam3	—	—	—	2 (1956, 1960)	—	0	2
Cambodia4	—	—	—	1 (1972)	—	0	1
North Korea	—	—	—	1 (1980)	—	0	1
Bahrain	—	—	—	1 (2004)	—	0	1
Uzbekistan	—	—	—	1 (2011)	—	0	1

* hosts

¹ named Burma until 1989

² named Taiwan until 1980

³ inculuding results representing South Vietnam

⁴ named Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975

Records and statistics[]

Controversies[]

Despite being the second oldest continental football tournament, the AFC Asian Cup has suffered numerous criticisms.^[33][34][35] Criticisms over the inability of the AFC Asian Cup to attract large attendances, political interference, high costs of traveling between AFC member states and different cultures were highlighted over the Asian Cup.

Political interference[]

The AFC Asian Cup is marked with numerous instances of political interference. One of these was the case of Israel, as the team used to be a member of the AFC but following Yom Kippur War and increasing tensions against the Arab AFC members, Israel was expelled from the AFC in 1974 and had to compete in OFC until being granted UEFA membership in 1990.^[36] Meanwhile, similar cases also exist in other AFC tournaments like the one between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Following the 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran, Saudi Arabia had rejected playing with Iran and even threatened to withdraw if the AFC refused to follow, and even extended it to international level.^[37] Tensions between the two Koreas during the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification had led North Korea to withdraw from hosting the South Korean team and refusing to display the South Korean flag and play their national anthem. As a result, North Korea's home matches were moved to Shanghai.^[38]

Low attendances[]

Low crowds have also been another problems for the AFC Asian Cup. At the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, there had been concerns over low record of crowds due to little football interests and high costs of traveling between Asian nations leading to then-Australia coach Holger Osieck claiming that the Qatar Armed Forces were used to fill up the stadiums simply for aesthetics, while Australia international Brett Holman commented, "Worldwide it's not recognised as a good tournament".^[35]

See also[]

• AFF Championship
• CAFA Championship
• EAFF E-1 Football Championship
• SAFF Championship
• WAFF Championship

References and footnotes[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to AFC Asian Cup.

• AFC Asian Cup official website
• AFC Asian Cup official history book
• AFC Asian Cup, AFC.com
• RSSSF archive