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Non-binary gender

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"Enby" and "Non-binary" redirect here. For the village in Estonia, see Einbi. For other uses, see Binary (disambiguation).

Non-binary
A genderqueer pride flag held aloft with the words "El Futuro No Es Binario - Genderqueer" written across it
A genderqueer pride flag in Valencia reading "The future is not binary" in Spanish
ClassificationGender identity
AbbreviationsEnby, NB
SubcategoriesVarious, see below
Other terms
SynonymsGenderqueer
Associated termsAndrogyny, queer, third gender, transgender, two-spirit
Flag
Non-binary pride flag
Flag nameNon-binary pride flag
Creation2014
DesignerKye Rowan
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Non-binary[a] or genderqueer is an umbrella term for gender identities that are neither male nor female‍—‌identities that are outside the gender binary.[2][3] Non-binary identities fall under the transgender umbrella, since non-binary people typically identify with a gender that is different from their assigned sex,[3] though some non-binary individuals do not consider themselves transgender.[4]

Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate third gender,[5] identify with more than one gender,[6][7] no gender (agender), or have a fluctuating gender identity (genderfluid).[8] Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation,[9] and non-binary people have a variety of sexual orientations, just as cisgender people do.[10] Being non-binary is also not the same as being intersex; most intersex people identify as either male or female.[11]

Non-binary people as a group vary in their gender expressions, and some may reject gender "identities" altogether.[12] Some non-binary people are medically treated for gender dysphoria with surgery or hormones, as trans men and trans women often are.[13]

Terms, definitions, and identities

"Bigender" redirects here. For the sexual attraction to more than one gender, see Bisexual.

A non-binary pride flag at a parade in Paris reading "Mon genre est non-binaire" ("My gender is non-binary")

The term genderqueer originated in queer zines of the 1980s as a precursor to the term non-binary.[14] It gained wider use in the 1990s among political activists,[15] especially Riki Anne Wilchins.[16] Wilchins used the term in a 1995 essay published in the first issue of In Your Face to describe anyone who is gender nonconforming, and identified as genderqueer in their 1997 autobiography.[17][18] Wilchins was also one of the main contributors to the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary published in 2002.[19] The internet allowed the term genderqueer to spread even further than zines, and by the 2010s the term was introduced to the mainstream via celebrities who publicly identified under the genderqueer umbrella.[15]

Genderqueer is often used to self-identify by people who challenge binary social constructions of gender.[20][page needed] In addition to being an umbrella term for non-binary gender identities, genderqueer has been used as an adjective to refer to any people who are perceived to transcend or divert from traditional distinctions of gender, regardless of their gender identity. Individuals may express gender non-normatively by not conforming into the binary gender categories of "man" and "woman".[21]

The term genderqueer has also been applied by those describing what they see as gender ambiguity.[22][page needed] Androgynous (also androgyne) is frequently used as a descriptive term for people in this category. This is because the term androgyny is closely associated with a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.[23][page needed] However, not all genderqueer people identify as androgynous. Some genderqueer people identify as a masculine woman or a feminine man or combine genderqueer with another gender option.[24] Being non-binary is not the same as being intersex, and most intersex people identify as either male or female.[11] Some people use enby (from the letters 'NB') as a short form of non-binary.[25][26]

Many references use the term transgender to include genderqueer/non-binary people.[12][27][28] This use of the word as a broad term for various kinds of gender variation dates to at least 1992 and the publication of Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come by Leslie Feinberg.[15] In 1994, non-binary author Kate Bornstein wrote that "All the categories of transgender find a common ground in that they each break one or more of the rules of gender: What we have in common is that we are gender outlaws, every one of us."[29] The Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum use the term gender-expansive to convey "a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system".[30]

Agender people ("a-" meaning "without"), also called genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,[31][32] are those who identify as having no gender or being without a gender identity.[33][34][35] Although this category includes a broad range of identities which do not conform to traditional gender norms, scholar Finn Enke states that people who identify with any of these positions may not necessarily self-identify as transgender.[36] Agender people have no specific set of pronouns; singular they is typically used, but it is not the default.[37] Neutrois and agender were two of 50 available custom genders on Facebook, which were added on 13 February 2014.[38] Agender is also available as a gender option on OkCupid since 17 November 2014.[39]

Bigender (also bi-gender or dual gender) people have two gender identities and behaviors. Identifying as bigender is typically understood to mean that one identifies as both male and female or moves between masculine gender expression and feminine gender expression, having two distinct gender identities simultaneously or fluctuating between them.[40][41][42] This is different from identifying as genderfluid, as those who identify as genderfluid may not go back and forth between any fixed gender identities and may experience an entire range or spectrum of identities over time.[43][44] The American Psychological Association describes the bigender identity as part of the umbrella of transgender identities.[45] Some bigender individuals express two distinct personas, which may be feminine, masculine, agender, androgyne, or other gender identities; others find that they identify as two genders simultaneously. A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and 8% of those who were assigned female at birth identified as either "a transvestite, cross-dresser, drag queen, or a bigendered person".[46] A 2016 Harris poll conducted on behalf of GLAAD found that 1% of millennials identify as bigender.[47][48] Trigender people shift among male, female, and third gender.[49]

Demigender people identify partially or mostly with one gender and at the same time with another gender.[50][51] There are several subcategories of the identity. A demi-boy or demi-man, for example, identifies at least partially with being a boy or a man (no matter the sex and gender they were assigned at birth) and partly with other genders or with no other gender (agender). A demiflux person feels that the stable part of their identity is non-binary.[51]

Pangender (also polygender or omnigender) people have multiple gender identities.[52] Some may identify as all genders at the same time.[53]

Genderfluid people often express a desire to remain flexible about their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.[54] They may fluctuate among differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.[54][55] A genderfluid individual may also identify as bigender, trigender, or pangender.[6][7][56]

Transfeminine is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.[57]

In a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in Winnipeg, the term two-spirit, which refers to third-gender or gender-variant people from Indigenous North American communities, was created "to distinguish and distance Native American/First Nations people from non-Native peoples".[58]

Xenogender is an umbrella term for gender identities that are described with terms outside standard human understandings of gender. These gender identities are typically defined metaphorically in relation to animals, plants, things or sensory characteristics rather than male or female.[59][60]

History

Further information: Third gender § History, and Transgender history

In 1776, the Public Universal Friend identified as a genderless evangelist, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns,[61][62] an early instance of an American publicly identifying as not binary.[63]

In 1781, Jens Andersson of Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, was imprisoned and put on trial after getting married to Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a Lutheran church. When asked about his gender, the response was “Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele” (“He believes he belongs to both”).[64]

In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project was started to advocate for expanding gender options on official documentation.[65] In 2016, James Shupe was the first person to have a non-binary gender on official documents in the United States.[66]

In 2015, legislator Estefania Cortes-Vargas came out as non-binary in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta during a debate over the inclusion of transgender rights in the provincial human rights code.[67]

Pronouns and titles

Main articles: Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns and Gender-neutral language
Pronoun pin badges from a 2016 art and tech festival

Some non-binary or genderqueer people use gender-neutral pronouns. In English, usage of singular "they", "their" and "them" is the most common;[68][69] non-standard pronouns – commonly referred to as neopronouns[70] – such as xe, ze, sie, co, and ey are sometimes used as well. Some others use conventional gender-specific pronouns "he" or "she", alternately use "he" and "she", or use only their name and do not use pronouns at all.[71] Many use additional neutral language, such as the title Mx.[72]

Legal recognition

Main article: Legal recognition of non-binary gender

Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification – such as passports and driver's licenses – only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. However, with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as a greater number of governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.[2]

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. Some non-Western societies have long recognized transgender people as a third gender, though this may not (or may only recently)[73] include formal legal recognition. In Western societies, Australia may have been the first country to legally recognize a classification of sex outside of "male" and "female" on legal documentation, following the recognition of Alex MacFarlane's intersex status in 2003.[74] The wider legal recognition of non-binary people – following the recognition of intersex people in 2003 – in Australian law followed between 2010 and 2014, with legal action taken against the New South Wales Government Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages by transgender activist Norrie May-Welby to recognize Norrie's legal gender identity as "non-specific". India's Supreme Court formally recognized transgender and non-binary people as a distinct third gender in 2014, following legal action taken by transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi.[75] In July 2021, Argentina incorporated non-binary gender in its national ID card, becoming the first country in South America to legally recognize non-binary gender on all official documentation; non-binary people in the country will have the option to renew their ID with the letter "X" under gender.[76][77]

While the United States does not federally recognize a non-binary gender, in 2016 Oregon became the first state to recognize a non-binary gender identity.[78] Following Oregon, in 2017 California passed an act allowing citizens to identify as "non-binary" on official documents.[78] As of 2019, eight states have passed acts that allow "non-binary" or "X" designations on certain identifying documents.[78] One of the main arguments against the inclusion of a third gender identifier in the U.S. is that it would make law enforcement and surveillance harder, however countries that have officially recognized a third gender marker have not reported these issues.[78] In the United States there are no explicit laws to protect non-binary people from discrimination. However, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it is illegal for an employer to require employees to conform to gender stereotypes,[79] or to fire them merely for being transgender.[80]

Discrimination

Main article: Discrimination against non-binary people

Various countries throughout history have criminalized transgender and non-binary gender identities.[81][better source needed]

In the United States, the majority of respondents to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose "A gender not listed here". The "not listed here" respondents were nine percentage-points (33 percent) more likely to report forgoing healthcare due to fear of discrimination than the general sample (36 percent compared to 27 percent). Ninety percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 percent reported having attempted suicide.[82]

The majority of reported discrimination faced by non-binary individuals often includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect.[78] People who are non-binary are also often viewed as partaking in part of a trend and are thus deemed insincere or attention-seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a large form of discrimination faced by non-binary individuals.[78]

Misgendering is also a problem that many individuals face, be it intentional or unintentional. In the case of intentional misgendering, transphobia is a driving force. Also, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped into the larger, controversial, subject of safe spaces and political correctness,[83] causing push back, and intentional misgendering from some individuals.

Symbols and observances

Main article: LGBT symbols
Anjali Gopalan and Gopi Shankar Madurai inaugurating Asia's first Genderqueer Pride Parade at Madurai with a rainbow and genderqueer flag[84][85]

Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.[86][87][88] The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by Kye Rowan.[89] Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of – or between – male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.[90]

Genderfluid people, who also fall under the genderqueer umbrella, have their own flag as well. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.[87][91]

Agender people, who also sometimes identify as genderqueer, have their own flag. This flag uses black and white stripes to represent an absence of gender, and a green stripe to represent non-binary genders.[92]

International Non-Binary People's Day is celebrated on 14 July.[93][94][95][96]

  • Trans pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of (from top to bottom) light blue, pink, white (which represents nonbinary people), pink and light blue.

    Transgender pride flag, in which white represents non-binary people[97][98]

  • Agender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, black, grey, white, green, white, grey, and black.

    Agender pride flag

  • Bigender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, light pink, lavender, white, light blue, and blue.

    Bigender pride flag

  • Genderfluid pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, white, purple, black, and blue.

    Genderfluid pride flag

  • Genderqueer pride flag, made up of three horizontal stripes, which are, from top to bottom, purple, white, and green.

    Genderqueer pride flag

  • Non-binary pride flag, made up of four horizontal stripes, which are, from top to bottom, yellow, white, purple, and black.

    Non-binary pride flag

  • Upside down female symbol with an x instead of a cross.

    Non-binary gender symbol

Population figures

According to a 2021 study by the Williams Institute, an estimated 1.2 million American adults aged between 18 and 60 identify as non-binary, making up 11% of the LGBTQ population in that age bracket in the United States.[99] A survey conducted in 2020 by The Trevor Project found that 26% of LGBTQ youth (ages 13–24) in the United States identify as non-binary.[100][101]

A 2019 survey of the Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ population in Hamilton, Ontario, called Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton showed that 19% of the 906 respondents identified as non-binary.[102]

A 2017 survey of Canadian LGBT+ people called LGBT+ Realities Survey found that 4% of the 1,897 respondents identified as non-binary transgender and 1% identified as non-binary outside of the transgender umbrella.[103]

According to The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 35% of the nearly 28,000 transgender respondents to the anonymous online survey identified as non-binary.[104][105]

A 2011 survey conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the UK found that 0.4% of the 10,039 respondents identified as non-binary. It does not allow inference about the share of non-binary people in the whole population, since the survey sample was not necessarily representative. The purpose of the survey was to test if respondents are willing to answer questions about their transsexual status.[106]:4-5

A 2021 survey found that 0.4% of adults in Switzerland describe themselves as non-binary.[107] The survey of 2,690 Swiss residents was weighted to be reflective of the entire population.[108]

A 2021 survey published in Scientific Reports found that 1.19% of Brazilian adults are non-binary.[109]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also spelled nonbinary. The term enby, from the abbreviation "NB", is also used.[1]

References

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