Akwáwa language

Akwáwa
Akwáwa
Native to	Brazil
Region	Pará
Ethnicity	Suruí do Pará, Asuriní, Parakanã
Native speakers	(700 (1999) ; to 1,500 cited 1995–2006)
Language family	Tupian Tupí–Guaraní Tenetehara Akwáwa; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; asu – Asuriní; mdz – Suruí; pak – Parakanã
Glottolog	tupi1284
ELP	Asuriní do Tocantins; Parakanã; Suruí do Pará;

Akwáwa is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster spoken in Pará in western Brazil.

Dialects[]

There are three distinct dialects:^[1]

Both the name Asuriní and Suruí are used for related peoples and their languages: Suruí of Jiparaná, Suruí of Rondônia, Asuriní of Xingú, etc.

The following is the Parakanã dialect:^[3]

Vowel sounds are realized as nasalized when preceding nasal consonants.
/e/ can also be heard as [ɛ] when in stressed position.
/ɨ/ can also be heard as [ə] when preceding a vowel.
/a/ can be heard as back [ʌ] when in word-final position. In its nasal form, it is heard as back [ʌ̃].
/o/ can be heard as [u] when in unstressed position.

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	lab.	Glottal
Plosive	p	t	tʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative	β					h
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Tap		ɾ

/β/ can also be heard as a glide [w].
/tʃ/ can be realized as a glide [j] in final position, and as voiced [dʒ] in intervocalic positions.

^ ^a ^b Cheryl Jensen, 1999, "Tupí-Guaraní", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, The Amazonian Languages
^ Asuriní at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Suruí at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Parakanã at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Souza e Silva, Auristéa Caetana (1999). Aspectos da referência alternada em Parakanã. Universidade Federal do Pará.

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