Aniceto Arce

Aniceto Arce
22nd President of Bolivia
In office 15 August 1888 – 11 August 1892
Vice President	José Manuel del Carpio (1st) Serapio Reyes Ortiz (2nd)
Preceded by	Gregorio Pacheco
Succeeded by	Mariano Baptista
4th Vice President of Bolivia
First Vice President
In office 31 May 1880 – 11 March 1881 Serving with Belisario Salinas
President	Narciso Campero
Preceded by	Mariano Enrique Calvo
Succeeded by	Mariano Baptista
Minister of Finance
In office 18 October 1862 – 22 December 1862
President	José María de Achá
Preceded by	Rudecindo Carvajal
Succeeded by	Melchor Urquidi
Personal details
Born	Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza (1824-04-15)15 April 1824 Padcaya, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (now Bolivia)
Died	14 August 1906(1906-08-14) (aged 82) Sucre, Bolivia
Nationality	Bolivian
Political party	Conservative Constitutional
Spouse(s)	Amalia de Argandoña
Parents	Diego Antonio Arce Josefa Ruiz de Mendoza
Education	University of Saint Francis Xavier
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Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza (15 April 1824, Tarija – 14 August 1906) was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd President of Bolivia from 1888 to1892.^[1][2] He also served as the 4th Vice President of Bolivia from 1880 to 1881. The Aniceto Arce Province is named after him. Arce was a native of Tarija but was educated as a lawyer and resided most of his life in Sucre, where he became one of the country's foremost silver-mining tycoons. A supporter of Linares and Constitutionalist government, he later served in Congress during the 1870s until the time of the Daza dictatorship. Unlike other capable leaders of his day, Arce did not enlist to serve when the War of the Pacific developed in 1879. Indeed, his became one of the most accommodationist voices in the political spectrum, perhaps as a result of his extensive business connections to Chile, where he sold much of his silver, invested his profits, and sought financing for his projects. His position was that the Litoral was, for various lamentable reasons, largely indefensible. Thus, the country should cut its losses and seek an alliance with Chile rather than with Peru. Despite this minority position, what rang more clearly in the ears of most Bolivians was Arce's steadfast call for the establishment of a conservative democratic order, with the primacy of law, regular elections, and rule by enlightened pro-business elites such as himself. To this end, he founded the Conservative Party, participated as one of the principals in the 1880 Congress that toppled Hilarión Daza, and had a role in the drafting of the country's new Constitution. Moreover, he agreed to become Narciso Campero's vice-president for the crucial, nation-building 1880-84 period.

Nascent years[]

Early on, however, vice-president Arce's pro-Chile stance clashed with those of the patriotic President and retired General, who favored rearmament and a sustained diplomatic offensive against Chile, perhaps leading to a mediation of the conflict and if not, to a reinsertions of Bolivian troops in Peru's aid. Arce, as explained, favored a "realistic" policy of recognition that Bolivia had indeed lost its access to the Pacific, and that the best that could be done was to reach a modus vivendi with Santiago (which had the upper hand), even if this meant abandoning the hitherto sacrosanct alliance with Lima. President Campero took this to be a sign of treason and in 1881 expelled Arce, his own vice-president until then, to exile.

Eventually, Arce's name was cleared and he was allowed to return to the country. He promptly entered his name as Conservative Party candidate in the May 1884 Presidential elections, the first under the new charter and since 1873. Arce was widely expected to win too, but very narrowly lost to the "dark-horse" candidate Gregorio Pacheco, a man even wealthier than Arce and the country's chief philanthropist, who ran on a platform of apolitical "efficient administration." Being privileged silver miners from the South who shared a conservative, pro-business philosophy, the 2 reached an understanding, with Pacheco agreeing to become president in exchange for making Arce his vice-president and pledging himself to support the Conservative party candidate in the 1884 elections.

Political life[]

As had been agreed upon, President Pacheco supported Arce in the 1888 elections. It is thus that Arce, the Conservative Party caudillo, at long last became president in August 1888, at the age of 64. Even more so than Pacheco, Arce ruled repressively, but also consolidated many advances, including the completion of the first intra-Bolivian railway (leading from the Chilean border to Oruro) and the electrification of a number of Bolivian cities. He also promulgated a modern new set of banking and investment laws. Unabashedly pro-capitalist, devoted to practically unrestricted free entrepreneurship in the English tradition, and pro-insertion into the international economy under the aegis of foreign investment, he faced many pro-Liberal rebellions but somehow managed to hold on to power by the force of his assertive personality. He completed his term and in 1892 passed the baton to another Conservative, his understudy and vice-president Mariano Baptista.

Aniceto Arce at that point ostensibly retired from politics (he was 68 years old), although he served as an unofficial but very important adviser to the Conservative Presidents Baptista (1882–86) and Fernandez-Alonso (1896–99). He was forcefully returned to the political limelight at the turn of the century when he suffered political prosecution at the hands of the hated Liberal Party, which had at long last seized power in the so-called Civil War of 1899. Surprisingly, the elderly Arce was nonetheless allowed to present himself as candidate for president in the 1904 elections, presumably because he was 80 years old, unpopular, and therefore quite beatable. Finding the party he founded demoralized, vilified, and acephalous, the combative Arce accepted the difficult challenge of running against the officially supported, popular Liberal candidate Ismael Montes. He was trounced, losing by a wide margin—the largest in Bolivian electoral history up to that point. The former president then returned to retirement in his vast rural estate, where he died 2 years later in 1906, at the age of 82. He is best remembered for his assertive temperament and firm stance in favor of a civilian democratic (although oligarchic) order and for having laid the foundation for the functioning of a modern party system in the country.

References[]

External links[]

• Aniceto Arce at Find a Grave ‹See Tfd›

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