Luis Arce

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Bolivian Army colonel and minister of the interior in the 1980s, see Luis Arce Gómez.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Arce and the second or maternal family name is Catacora.

The Most Excellent

Luis Arce
Luis Arce (23588020275) (cropped).jpg
67th President of Bolivia
Assumed office
8 November 2020
Vice PresidentDavid Choquehuanca
Preceded byJeanine Áñez
Minister of Economy and Public Finance
In office
23 January 2019 – 10 November 2019
PresidentEvo Morales
Preceded byMario Guillén
Succeeded byJosé Luis Parada Rivero
In office
23 January 2006 – 24 June 2017
PresidentEvo Morales
Preceded byWaldo Gutiérrez Iriarte
Succeeded byMario Guillén
Personal details
Born
Luis Alberto Arce Catacora

(1963-09-28) 28 September 1963 (age 57)
La Paz, Bolivia
Political partyMovement for Socialism
Spouse(s)Lourdes Brigida Durán Romero
Children
  • Luis Marcelo
  • Rafael Ernesto
  • Camila Daniela
ParentsCarlos Arce
Olga Catacora
Alma materInstitute of Banking Education
Higher University of San Andrés
University of Warwick (MEc)
Signature

Luis Alberto Arce Catacora (born 28 September 1963), also known as Lucho Arce, is a Bolivian politician serving as the 67th President of Bolivia since 2020.[1] He served as Minister of Economy and Public Finance from 2006 to 2017 and in 2019 during the administration of Evo Morales.[2] He is a member of the Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP) political party.

Arce was born in La Paz to a middle-class family. He graduated as an accountant from Institute of Banking Education in La Paz in 1984 before obtaining degrees in economics at the Higher University of San Andrés and the University of Warwick in England. He spent most of the 1990s as a public official in a succession of posts and teaching economics at various universities. In 2006 he was appointed Minister of Finance by the newly elected president, Evo Morales. Arce oversaw a period of economic growth in Bolivia, and as a member of MAS gained a reputation for being a technocrat.

Arce was chosen as the presidential candidate for the Movement for Socialism in the 2020 general election, which he won in the first round with 55.1% of the vote.

Early life[]

Luis Arce was born on 28 September 1963 in La Paz.[3] He is the son of Carlos Arce Gonzales and Olga Catacora, both teachers.[3] Arce grew up in a middle-class family, beginning his school studies in 1968 and graduating from high school in La Paz in 1980. He studied at the Institute of Banking Education in La Paz, initially graduating as an accountant in 1984. In 1991, he received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Higher University of San Andrés before completing his studies abroad at the University of Warwick at Coventry, United Kingdom, where he graduated in 1997 with a master's in economics. He also holds an honorary doctorate from the University of los Andes (UNANDES) and the Franz Tamayo Private University (UNIFRANZ) in Bolivia.[4][5]

Career[]

Arce has spent most of his working life as a public official, beginning in 1987 at the Central Bank of Bolivia, where he spent much of his professional career. From 1992 to 2005, he worked in the International Operations Management of the Central Bank of Bolivia as Deputy Manager of Reserves. Between 1994 and 1995, he was promoted to head of the Department of Information and Publications, of the Research and Analysis Sub-management, under the Management of Economic Studies of the Central Bank of Bolivia.[citation needed]

Arce also started working in academia as an undergraduate and postgraduate professor at various Bolivian public and private universities. He has given lectures at universities in Europe, North America, and Latin America, including Columbia University in New York, the University of Buenos Aires, and Harvard University.[6]

Minister of Economy and Public Finance[]

On 23 January 2006, President Evo Morales appointed Arce Minister of Finance. Three years later, he assumed command of the new Ministry of Economy and Public Finance. Some Bolivian media called Arce the mastermind of Bolivia's economic resurgence.[7] He oversaw Bolivia's nationalization of hydrocarbon, telecommunications, and mining companies, as well as the creation of BancoSur.[8] He oversaw the rapid expansion of the Bolivian economy, with GDP increasing by 344% and extreme poverty reduced from 38% to 15%.[9][10]

In 2011, the American Economy Magazine ranked Arce the region's 8th-best minister of the economy out of 18.[11] Crowded International Organization has highlighted Arce's work driving the Bolivian economy. Ahead of the 2014 Bolivian general election, The Wall Street Journal considered him the calling card in Morales's reelection.[12]

On 24 June 2017, Arce was forced to give up his position and travel to Brazil to undergo surgery to treat severe kidney cancer.[13] He remained there for a mandated recovery period before returning to his post as Minister of Economics on 23 January 2019.

As the Minister of Economics, Arce maintained a relatively low profile. Christopher Sabatini, a senior researcher fellow for Latin America at Chatham House and founder of Americas Quarterly, called Arce "one of the few technocrats in MAS". "He’s level headed" and "doesn’t engage in inflammatory rhetoric", Sabatini wrote.[14] Bolivian media often credited Arce with steering the nation through a period of economic growth. His policies were salient in slashing Bolivia's poverty rate during his terms and facilitating large amounts of economic growth as a result of rising gas exports.[15]

2020 presidential campaign[]

Main article: 2020 Bolivian general election

After the 2019 Bolivian political crisis that saw President Evo Morales's resignation, Interim President Jeanine Áñez called new elections. On 19 January 2020, Morales announced that after eight hours of meetings in Argentina, Arce and former Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca were the Movement for Socialism (MAS) candidates in the 2020 elections.[citation needed]

Some MAS opponents decried Arce as a puppet of Morales but Arce distanced himself from Morales during the campaign. A MAS leader from El Alto, David Apaza, said, "Categorically, Evo will not interfere in the government of brother Luis Arce ... [W]e believe our comrade [Morales] should rest, while brother Luis Arce takes the lead".[16] Arce stated that Morales "will not have any role in our government" but will still be the president of the party.[17]

Most public opinion polls showed Arce with a lead, but not one big enough to avoid a November runoff. By election night, the divided candidates of the right had managed to partially consolidate around former president Carlos Mesa as Áñez and former president Jorge Quiroga dropped out. Early results favored Mesa, but polling firm Ciesmori's quick-count of the vote on the morning of 19 October indicated that Arce had won 52.4% of the vote, enough to win the election outright without a runoff.[18] Arce and his party declared victory, which Áñez soon confirmed on Twitter.[19] Carlos Mesa, Arce's primary opponent, conceded the election at a news conference, saying that initial counts showed a "strong and clear" win for Arce.[20] The final tally gave Arce 55.1% of the vote and Mesa 28.8%.[21]

Bolivian newspaper El Deber called Arce's victory "clear and crushing" and praised him for his conciliatory statements after the result, while also stating that the new president will have to appease MAS's radical wing.[22] Writing on Los Tiempos, Oscar Díaz Arnau attributed Arce's victory to MAS's strong support in rural areas, the weakness of Mesa's candidacy, Arce's moderation, lack of connection between the opposition and rural inhabitants and the candidacy of Luis Fernando Camacho splitting anti-MAS voters and weakening the opposition.[23]

Arce officially became president-elect of Bolivia on 23 October 2020, after the completion of the official vote count and an announcement by the TSE.

On the night of 5 November, MAS spokesman Sebastián Michel denounced an attack committed against president-elect Arce. The statement came after a stick of dynamite was detonated at the party's campaign headquarters in La Paz. Though Arce suffered no physical damages, Michel pointed out that Arce still had not yet received state protection.[24]

Two-thirds controversy[]

While Arce was successful in his presidential bid, the general election resulted in the loss of the supermajority of more than two-thirds in both chambers of government which MAS had enjoyed since 2009. In order to mitigate this loss, MAS legislators in the outgoing assembly used their final days of control over both chambers of government to amend regulations governing both bodies so that motions that previously required the agreement of two-thirds would now only require a simple majority, an action various opposition leaders and legislators condemned.[25][26]

For his part, Arce endorsed the changes, saying that the decision "wakes up [the government]" for the incoming assembly. "What our Assembly has done is maintain legality. There are many laws that are going to be approved with two-thirds. That is established by the regulations and there should be no concern".[26]

Presidency (2020–present)[]

Inauguration of Arce and David Choquehuanca on 8 November 2020

Inauguration[]

Arce was symbolically inaugurated in Tiwanaku during a private ceremony on 6 November as part of an indigenous ritual.[27] He was officially inaugurated on 8 November.[1] The event was attended by former presidents Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé and Carlos Mesa as well as various presidents of neighbouring countries. Presidents Mario Abdo Benítez of Paraguay, Iván Duque Márquez of Colombia and Alberto Fernández of Argentina attended the inauguration.[28] King Felipe VI of Spain also attended and was honored as the most "illustrious guest".[29] Presidents Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela and Sebastián Piñera of Chile announced their intention to attend but shortly thereafter declined, sending their foreign ministers in their place.[28]

Notably not present was still-president Jeanine Áñez who had already left La Paz and settled in her home department of Beni a day prior.[30] Evo Morales was invited but did not return from exile in Argentina until the day after the inaugration.[31][32]

Cabinet[]

Main article: Cabinet of Luis Arce

Sixteen members of the ministerial cabinet were inaugurated on 9 November. Arce's cabinet comprises thirteen men and four women.[33][34][35] A Minister of Energy remained unappointed until 13 November when the position was merged with that of Minister of Hydrocarbons. Both Ministries are managed by Franklin Molina Ortiz.[36]

Bolivian indigenous politician Felipe Quispe criticized Arce for creating a cabinet that did not contain any indigenous members. However, the addition of Sabina Orellana, who is Quechua, to head the Ministry of Cultures would mean that there would be one indigenous representative.[37][38] By decree on 20 November, Arce reinstated the Ministry of Cultures which had been merged with the Ministry of Education by Áñez in June.[39] The office was renamed from Ministry of Cultures and Tourism to Ministry of Cultures, Decolonization and Depatriarchalization with the expanded task of combating "inequality between nationalities, as well as between men and women".[40]

Arce also returned the official residency of the president and his ministers to the Casa Grande del Pueblo. The building had been constructed during the presidency of Evo Morales to replace the historical Palacio Quemado but the Áñez government had refused to use it. Arce's government indicated plans to convert it into a museum.[41]

Foreign policy[]

As part as his first diplomatic act, Arce restored diplomatic relations with Iran and recognised the government of Nicolás Maduro, reverting the previous administration's recognition of Juan Guaidó. In a ceremony on 11 November at the Plaza Murillo in La Paz, ambassadors Mortessa Tabreshi of Iran and Alexander Yánez of Venezuela presented their credentials to the Bolivian president. Áñez had granted diplomatic distinctions to José Cumare, sent by the Guaidó government just two weeks prior.[42]

Arce also directed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to reinstate the country's membership in the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) from which the previous government had withdrawn.[43] In terms of regional integration, Arce stated that the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) was the "best way" to integrate Latin America. He also proposed "the recovery of UNASUR (Union of South American Nations)" which in 2018 and 2019 saw most of its members either withdraw or suspend their membership amid growing concern about Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro.[44]

On 13 December, Arce flew to Brazil for a routine medical check-up related to his previous treatment for kidney cancer.[45] Vice President Choquehuanca became acting president for 3 days until Arce's return on 15 December. Notably, Arce chose to take a commercial flight from Bolivia to Brazil and not use the presidential plane that Morales used, arguing issues of savings and efficiency.[46]

Visa requirements for United States and Israeli citizens were reinstated by Supreme Decree on 2 February 2021. The requirements had been put in place by the Morales administration in 2014 but repealed by the Áñez administration in December 2019. The government argued that the measure "unilaterally benefited Israeli and US citizens, without their countries granting similar benefit, within the framework of the reciprocity principle, for Bolivian citizens".[47][48]

In March 2021, the Arce government had its first diplomatic clashes with the United States after Secretary of State Antony Blinken called for the immediate release of former interim President Jeanine Áñez and her ministers. The Arce government denounced U.S. meddling in internal Bolivian affairs.[49][50]

Chile[]

See also: Bolivia–Chile relations and Atacama border dispute

On 23 March 2021, the date of Día del Mar commemorating Bolivia's loss of coastal access to Chile in the War of the Pacific, Arce reiterated the country's maritime claim as an "open and pending" issue.[51] Arce presented a nine-point "road map" regarding continued negotiation with Chile towards the goal of sovereign sea access with the first point being the resumption of a "bilateral approach with Chile through dialogue and negotiation, in order to identify formulas of understanding and integration between brother peoples". The second and third points hoped to create "a climate of peace and mutual trust" between the two countries while promoting free transit and decreasing trade barriers faced by exports and imports in Chilean ports. Other avenues for maritime integration were also discussed. These included the development of the Paraguay-Paraná waterway project "to make our access to the Atlantic Ocean effective" and the expansion of Bolivia's presence in the "free ports" granted to it by neighbouring countries, particularly as regards to the port of Ilo, Peru which Arce claimed could enable an alternative trade route to the Pacific.[52]

Hours after, Chilean Foreign Minister Andrés Allamand replied that while his country was "willing to resume dialogue with Bolivia without delay," he also affirmed that the issue of sovereign sea access had been "definitively resolved" by the International Court of Justice.[53] On the same day, President of the Senate Andrónico Rodríguez announced that Arce would travel to Chile to reestablish cordial relations. In terms of a date for such a visit, Rodríguez stated that there was " absolutely nothing scheduled, but surely between this month and next, it will be announced".[54] On 7 May, Allamand announced that the two states had agreed to reopen dialogue for the first time since 2010 in a move towards reestablishing formal diplomatic relations which had been suspended in 1978. Critically, the agreed upon road map did not include Bolivia's maritime demand.[55][56]

Mexico[]

See also: Bolivia–Mexico relations

At the invitation of Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Arce made his first foreign visit to Mexico on 23 March 2021, with official acts beginning the following day.[57][58] Presidential spokesperson Jorge Richter stated that the Mexican invitation had been made "about two months ago" and that it was "fundamentally protocol visit".[59] Ahead of the visit, Arce outlined his agenda stating that the governments would discuss foreign debt relief, the importance of CELAC as it relates to the integration of its member states, as well as scientific cooperation, trade, investments, and the strengthening of cultural ties.[58]

Another topic of discussion was the role of the Organization of American States (OAS) which played a major role in the 2019 political crisis and just weeks prior had condemned the imprisonment of former president Jeanine Áñez as well as members of her cabinet on charges of terrorism, sedition, and conspiracy.[60] Days prior on 17 March, the Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs had called on the OAS to stop its interference in Bolivian foreign affairs.[61] Bilateral relations between the two states were officially reestablished on 24 March.[62] Arce, who in 2019 joined Evo Morales in taking asylum in Mexico, expressed his happiness to return to the country "no longer as a refugee".[63]

On 26 March, Arce announced that starting from 24 May 2021, visa requirements would be lifted for Bolivians travelling to Mexico.[64][65]

COVID-19 pandemic[]

See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia

On 23 December 2020, meetings were held between Arce and the governors of the nine Departments of Bolivia in the Casa Grande del Pueblo to coordinate actions against the coronavirus pandemic.[66] In his Christmas address, Arce praised "the heroes of the health personnel who, from the front line of combat against the pandemic, saved so many Bolivians".[67] On 30 December, the Arce government granted emergency approval for the use of the Russian Sputnik V vaccine based on Phase III clinical trials in Russia.[68] Both governments signed a contract to acquire 5.2 million doses in order to vaccinate 2.6 million people.[68][69]

On 28 December it was announced that Minister of Defense Edmundo Novillo had tested positive for COVID-19 followed soon after by Foreign Minister Rogelio Mayta on 4 January 2021.[70] Presidential spokesman Jorge Richter also stated that multiple deputy ministers had tested positive but that President Arce and Vice President Choquehuanca had both tested negative.[70] Minister of Public Works Edgar Montaño became the third cabinet minister to contract the virus on 11 January 2021 followed four days later by Minister of Health Édgar Pozo who as a result resigned due to his advanced age.[71] On 29 November, Pozo had been criticized for stating that the government would be conducting a study of the benefits of chlorine dioxide as a treatment for COVID-19. Chlorine dioxide is a toxic substance with no known efficacy in treating COVID-19 and its use as medicine has been condemned by the World Health Organization. Several hospitalizations in Bolivia had been reportedly linked to ingestion of the substance.[72]

Arce faced criticism for his comments asking the population to "hold out" until vaccines could arrive, with former president Jeanine Áñez calling him "irresponsible and incapable" of dealing with the second wave of the pandemic.[73] Former presidential opponent Luis Fernando Camacho called Arce's comments hypocritical when he himself had weeks earlier travelled to Brazil to receive medical care.[74] At the swearing-in of new Health Minister Jeyson Auza on 16 January, Arce stated that "the solution is vaccination. [...] That is the country's strategy, and we are doing it".[73] He further outlined that "holding out now means applying a strategy in all sub-national instances" and to "not resist without a strategy, which we have been announcing for a long time, including in meetings with governments and municipalities". Arce referred to the previous administration, stating that "we have endured a de facto government and we have resisted until democracy is restored, today we have to endure the coronavirus". He blamed the Áñez government for causing a delay of four months in vaccine acquisition negotiations.[73]

On 24 May 2021, Arce received his first dose of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine[75][76] and announced a plan to vaccinate school teachers who have to be present at schools during the school year. He stated that he had ordered health minister Jeyson Auza to coordinate the vaccination program.[77]

Sanitary Emergency Law and Strikes[]

Main article: 2021 Bolivian doctors' strike

The Ley de Emergencia Sanitaria (Sanitary Emergency Law) was promulgated by Arce on 17 February 2021 with the stated purpose of "protect[ing] public health and prevent[ing] its loss or deterioration".[78] The article had been opposed by representatives of the health sector who on 5 February voiced their rejection of the law, claiming that "it violates the Political Constitution of the State".[79] The dispute centered on three sections; those which set a basic rate for hospitalization services and medical treatment, regulations restricting the hiring of foreign medical personnel only to instances where there are none available in the country, and the prohibition on the suspension or interruption of health services during the health emergency.[80] The latter was especially resisted by the health sector as it was viewed as a restriction on their right to protest.[81]

On 10 February, the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB) and the Pact of Unity met with the Ministry of Health and issued a demand that Arce enact the new law within 24 hours.[82] They also denounced the doctors groups as responding to corporate interests and supporting the "commercialization of health". The following day, the National Health Council (Conasa), a union of doctors and health workers, issued its own 24 hour demand that the government meet to discuss the law or face protests.[82] With the enactment of the law on 17 February, Conasa announced the following day a general strike lasting from 19 to 28 February.[83] The Bolivian Ombudsman's Office stated that "While the health sector's right to protest is recognized as a vulnerable group against COVID-19, its demands must be reasonable and all avenues for dialogue must be exhausted". It also warned that the strikes would pose a health risk to Bolivians needing medical attention due to COVID-19.[83]

"Managing president" and the regional elections[]

Main article: 2021 Bolivian regional elections

The first six months of Arce's presidency coincided with regional elections for governors, mayors, and municipal assemblies within the nine departments of Bolivia. Despite the challenges faced by MAS in consolidating support after the 2019 crisis, Arce remained notably separate and silent from the many campaigns, especially as compared to ex-president Evo Morales who was viewed by many outside and within the party as intervening far too heavily, particularly in regards to the selection of candidates. Arce's seeming lack of interest in the subnationals led to the political analyst Marcelo Arequipa dubbing him "a neutral actor" and a "managing president" who "presents himself as someone who does not care about the internal political dispute of the MAS" but rather is more interested in governing nationally and carrying out his agenda. Pando Senator Luis Adolfo Flores said that "I have not seen the president in a political campaign," adding that "Electorally, some candidates take the opportunity to shake hands, to take a photo. But the president's visits are not necessarily for campaigning". In this way, while Morales remained the face of political actions on the ground, Arce maintained his focus on carrying out his national agenda.[84]

Publications[]

Arce has published several books and articles on economics, including The Bolivian Economic Social Communitarian Productive Model (2015), "Uncertainty and Dollarization in Bolivia",[85] "Is the Mechanism of Bolsin Appropriate (Central Bank’s currency market)?", "Brief Assessment of Bolivian Exchange Rate Regime", "Contribution to the Debate on Dollarization", "Demand for Money in Bolivia", and "Financial Liberalization and Concentration in the Banking System".[11]

Personal life[]

Arce was married to Jéssica Mosqueira with whom he had three children; Luis Marcelo, Rafael Ernesto, and Camila Daniela.[86][87] His current[when?] wife is Lourdes Brigida Durán Romero. She is the first First Lady of Bolivia to be the wife of the president since 2006. Evo Morales was never married with his sister Esther Morales serving as First Lady while Jeanine Áñez's husband Héctor Hernando Hincapié Carvajal served as the First Gentleman.[87] Having studied in the United Kingdom, Arce is fluent in English as well as Portuguese.[88]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Copa announces that Arce will be inaugurated on November 8" (in Spanish). 23 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Who is Luis Arce, the President Elect of Bolivia?" (in Spanish). 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Luis Arce, un delfín que nada sobre el capital político de Evo Morales". France24. 25 September 2020.
  4. ^ VILLALOBOS, Tania (5 May 2016). "Luis Alberto Arce Catacora". Trigésimo sexto período de sesiones de la CEPAL (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  5. ^ "UNIFRANZ website". www.unifranz.edu.bo.
  6. ^ "Luis Arce: 'No hay una desaceleración profunda de la economía' - La Razón". 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Economía y finanzas - El milagro económico de Bolivia". RFI. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  8. ^ Bolivian-American Chamber of Commerce[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ González, Diego. "¿Cuáles son las claves del éxito económico boliviano? | DW | 12 July 2019". DW.COM (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  10. ^ Lazcano, Miguel (26 January 2020). "Bolivia redujo a mayor ritmo la pobreza extrema - La Razón". La Razón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "Luis Alberto Arce". World Bank Live. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  12. ^ Otis, John (9 October 2014). "Bolivian Leader's Re-Election Calling Card: Socialist Economy Minister". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  13. ^ "Ateo y poderoso, Arce llegó a creer en la energía de la oración" (in Spanish). www.paginasiete.bo. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  14. ^ Nugent, Ciara (20 October 2020). "The Far-Left Wins Back Power in Bolivia. What Does That Mean for the Country's Future?". Time Magazine. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  15. ^ "Bolivia's ex-economy minister takes asylum in Mexico". RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  16. ^ Phillips, Tom; Collyns, Dan (19 October 2020). "Bolivia election: exit polls suggest thumping win for Evo Morales's party". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  17. ^ Rochabrun, Marcelo (20 October 2020). "Exclusive: Bolivia's President-elect Arce says 'no role' for Morales in new government". Reuters. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  18. ^ Rochabrun, Marcelo; Ramos, Daniel (19 October 2020). "Bolivia's socialists claim victory as unofficial count shows big win". Reuters. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  19. ^ @jeanineanez (19 October 2020). "Aún no tenemos cómputo oficial, pero por los datos con los que contamos, el Sr. Arce y el Sr. Choquehuanca han ganado la elección. Felicito a los ganadores y les pido gobernar pensando en Bolivia y en la democracia" [We still do not have an official count, but from the data we have, Mr. Arce and Mr. Choquehuanca have won the election. I congratulate the winners and ask them to govern with Bolivia and democracy in mind.] (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
  20. ^ Reeves, Philip (19 October 2020). "Ally Of Socialist Evo Morales On Track To Win Bolivia's Election As Rival Concedes". NPR.org. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Resultados Elecciones Nacionales 2020". computo.oep.org.bo. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  22. ^ "Una clara y aplastante victoria | EL DEBER". eldeber.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  23. ^ "Razones para una victoria y para una derrota". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 26 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Bolivia: el MAS denunció un atentado con dinamita en contra del presidente electo Luis Arce". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). 6 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  25. ^ "MAS launches trial against 20 Añez management authorities" (in Spanish). 27 October 2020.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b "MAS neutralizes the opposition for 5 years with the endorsement of Arce" (in Spanish). 28 October 2020.
  27. ^ "Arce y Choquehuanca son posesionados de forma simbólica en Tiwanaku". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b "Tres presidentes, 15 misiones y nutrida guardia sindical en la asunción de Arce". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  29. ^ "El Rey de España llega a Bolivia y lo declaran "Huésped Ilustre"". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 7 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  30. ^ "Áñez deja La Paz un día antes de la transmisión de mando y se instala en Beni". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Evo Morales será invitado a inauguración de Luis Arce en Bolivia". CNN (in Spanish). 28 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  32. ^ Stefano Pozzebon, Mitchell McCluskey and Ivana Kottasová. "Bolivia's former President Evo Morales returns home after a year in exile". CNN. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  33. ^ "Who's who in Luis Arce's cabinet: Know the profile of the sixteen ministers which make it up". El Deber (in Spanish). 9 November 2020.
  34. ^ "Who are the ministers of Luis Arce's cabinet". RedUno (in Spanish). 9 November 2020.
  35. ^ "Bolivia: Sabina Orellana, Quechua woman, is the new Minister of Cultures, Decolonization and Depatriarchization". nodal.am (in Spanish). 20 November 2020.
  36. ^ "Minister of Hydrocarbons also assumes control of Ministry of Energy". www.la-razon.com (in Spanish). 13 November 2020.
  37. ^ "El Mallku is disappointed in government and criticizes that there are no indigenous members in the cabinet". EJU.tv (in Spanish). 16 November 2020.
  38. ^ "Arce posesiona a Sabina Orellana como la nueva ministra de Culturas | La Prensa". 26 November 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  39. ^ "Arce posesiona a Sabina Orellana como la nueva ministra de Culturas | La Prensa". www.laprensa.com.bo. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Se crea el Ministerio de Culturas, Descolonización y Despatriarcalización, para promover la cultura y revertir las desigualdades". Viceministerio de Comunicación - Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Arce gobernará desde la Casa Grande del Pueblo y prevén que el Palacio Quemado sea museo". La Razón | Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  42. ^ "Bolivia cambia su política exterior retomando relaciones con Irán y Venezuela". www.efe.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  43. ^ "Bolivia reanuda su participación en la Unasur, Alba y Celac". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  44. ^ "Arce anuncia regreso pleno a la Celac y plantea recuperar la Unasur". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  45. ^ "Presidente Arce viaja a Brasil para revisión médica". CNN (in Spanish). 13 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  46. ^ Bolivia, Opinión. "Bajo perfil y rebrote de la pandemia marcan los dos meses de gestión de Arce en el Gobierno". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  47. ^ "Gobierno decreta la exigencia de visas para ciudadanos de Israel y EEUU". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Suscripción digital | El Deber | Bolivia". El Deber (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Estados Unidos exigió la liberación de la ex presidenta de Bolivia Jeanine Áñez" [The United States demanded the release of former Bolivian president Jeanine Áñez]. Infobae (in Spanish). 27 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  50. ^ "Bolivia tilda de "injerencia" pronunciamiento de EE.UU. sobre Jeanine Áñez" [Bolivia labels the US pronouncement on Jeanine Áñez as "interference"]. Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). 28 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  51. ^ "Bolivia dice que su demanda marítima es una cuestión "abierta y pendiente" • Hola News". Hola News. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  52. ^ "Arce presenta "hoja de ruta" de 9 puntos para "inserción" de Bolivia en el Pacífico". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Bolivia y Chile coinciden en restablecer el diálogo, Blanco confía en que 'arrancará muy pronto'". La Razón | Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  54. ^ "Andrónico: Presidente Arce visitará Chile en busca de restablecer relaciones". Correo del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  55. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Chile y Bolivia descongelan sus relaciones tras 11 años | DW | 07.05.2021". DW.COM (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  56. ^ News, Latin America (10 May 2021). "Chile and Bolivia work to resume diplomatic relations after decades-long hiatus". The Rio Times. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  57. ^ Staff, Forbes (19 March 2021). "Senado recibirá al presidente de Bolivia en una sesión solemne". Forbes México (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b "Arce deja la presidencia a Choquehuanca y emprende viaje oficial a México". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  59. ^ "El presidente Arce viajará este martes a México a invitación de su homólogo López Obrador". La Razón | Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  60. ^ "Arce viaja a México para tratar temas de cooperación, deuda externa, OEA, entre otros". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 23 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  61. ^ Reuters Staff (18 March 2021). "Mexico to OAS: Stop interfering in Bolivia's internal affairs". Reuters. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  62. ^ "En México, Arce y López Obrador relanzan las relaciones bilaterales para 'recuperar la hermandad'". La Razón | Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  63. ^ "Luis Arce: Es una felicidad volver a México ya no en calidad de refugiado • Hola News". Hola News. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  64. ^ "Desde mayo los bolivianos podrán ingresar sin visa a México | Unitel". unitel.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  65. ^ "Desde el 24 de mayo, los bolivianos no necesitarán visa para ir a México". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  66. ^ Bolivia, Opinión. "Arranca reunión entre Arce y gobernadores para coordinar acciones contra la pandemia". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  67. ^ Bolivia, Opinión. "Arce en su mensaje de Navidad: "es momento de que los bolivianos nos hermanemos"". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  68. ^ Jump up to: a b Reuters Staff (6 January 2021). "Russia says Bolivia has registered Sputnik V vaccine". Reuters. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  69. ^ "Piden que Arce y Choquehuanca sean los primeros en usar la vacuna Sputnik-V". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  70. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bolivia's top diplomat tests positive for COVID-19 - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  71. ^ Bolivia, Opinión. "Ministro Montaño da positivo a la COVID-19 y el Gabinete de Arce suma tres casos". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  72. ^ Porter, Tom. "Bolivia's new government is encouraging people to take toxic bleach as a cure for COVID-19, a victory for a months-long disinformation campaign". Business Insider. Business Insider. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  73. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Arce a Áñez: Se aguantó un gobierno de facto, toca aguantar el coronavirus y recuperar la salud para el pueblo boliviano". La Razón | Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  74. ^ Bolivia, Opinión. "Camacho a Arce: Usted en Brasil, Evo en una clínica ¿Y tiene cara para pedirle al pueblo que aguante?". Opinión Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  75. ^ "Luis Arce recibe la vacuna contra el Covid-19" [Luis Arce receives the vaccine against Covid-19]. EJUTV (in Spanish). 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  76. ^ "Aplican la primera dosis de Sputnik V al presidente Luis Arce" [They apply the first dose of Sputnik V to President Luis Arce]. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  77. ^ "Arce anuncia vacunación contra el COVID-19 a maestros que pasan clases presenciales y semipresenciales" [Arce announces vaccination against COVID-19 to teachers who take face-to-face and blended classes]. La Razón (in Spanish). 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  78. ^ "Edición: 1360NEC Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia". www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  79. ^ "Entra en vigencia Ley de Emergencia Sanitaria pese a rechazo de médicos". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  80. ^ "Gobierno promulga la Ley de Emergencia Sanitaria | EL DEBER". eldeber.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  81. ^ "Arce promulga Ley de Emergencia Sanitaria que prohíbe protestas de médicos". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  82. ^ Jump up to: a b "Arce promulga la Ley de Emergencia Sanitaria y pone en vigencia regulaciones". La Razón | Noticias de Bolivia y el Mundo. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  83. ^ Jump up to: a b de 2021, 19 de Febrero. "El personal sanitario de Bolivia anunció un paro general en respuesta a la promulgación de la Ley de Emergencia Sanitaria". infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  84. ^ "Arce da una mano a los candidatos del MAS, pero ¿se ayuda a sí mismo haciendo campaña?". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  85. ^ Arce C., Luis Alberto. "Incertidumbre y Dolarización en Bolivia" (PDF). Bolovian Government. Retrieved 12 May 2020.[permanent dead link]
  86. ^ "¿Quién es Luis Arce, el recién electo presidente de Bolivia?". Milenio Digital (in Spanish). Milenio Televisión. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  87. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lourdes Brígida Durán: así es la nueva primera dama de Bolivia (después de 14 años)". www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com (in Spanish). 8 November 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  88. ^ "Olguita, Lourdes y sus 3 hijos forman el mundo afectivo de Luis Arce". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 April 2021.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""