Artocarpus

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Artocarpus
Starr 031209-0044 Artocarpus altilis.jpg
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Artocarpeae
Genus: Artocarpus
J.R.Forster & G.Forster
Species

See text

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.[1]

Description[]

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The flora type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

Taxonomy[]

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage; they used it in their book Characteres generum plantarum. It is maintained as a conserved name.

Subgenera[]

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

  • Subgenus : Perianth of fruit is partially connate (fused).
  • Subgenus : Perianth is entirely connate.
  • Subgenus Cauliflori[2]

Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea, and some researchers treat this taxon as a fourth subgenus of Artocarpus.

Extant species[]

hideSubgenus Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
Artocarpus Starr 060703-8343 Artocarpus altilis.jpg Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Breadfruit, Seeded breadfruit, Sukun, Antipolo, Camansi, Anubing Oceania from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia.
Arto aniso T 070203 mncg.JPG Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. Entawak, Mentawa Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Philippines
(F. M. Jarrett) C. C. Berg Borneo
Artocarpus camansi 1.jpg Artocarpus camansi Blanco Breadnut, Kluwih, Deeball Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Kochummen Borneo (Sarawak)
Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. Chaplaish Yunnan China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand
Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap.jpg Reinw. ex Blume Benda, Bendo, Teureup Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.
Jarrett Borneo (Sabah)
Artocarpus hirsutus fruit.jpg Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Anjily, WildJack, Jungle Jack, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini Western Ghats, India
Jarrett Peninsular Malaysia
Jarrett Maluku.
Kochummen Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak).
Miq. Pudau, Pudu Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo.
Keledang (2).jpg Keledang Indonesia
King Peninsula Malaysia to Sumatera.
King Borneo
Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul Dugdug Mariana Islands and Guam
Gagnep. Vietnam
Jarrett Philippines (Mindanao, Samar)
Artocarpus nobilis.jpg Artocarpus nobilisThwaites Ceylon breadfruit south western regions of Sri Lanka
8158Marang Philippines Artocarpus odoratissimus 12.jpg Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco Johey oak, Terap, Marang, Morangbaum Borneo, Palawan, and Mindanao Island
Jarrett Borneo (Sarawak)
Merr. Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
Artocarpus rigidus Blume Monkey jackfruit Indochina and Malesia
F.M.Jarrett Pingan, Mountain Terap Sarawak.
Artocarpus scortechinii1.jpg Artocarpus scortechinii King Two winged Artocarpus, Black Terap Malaysia
Diels New Guinea.
Artocarpus sericicarpus 6zz.jpg Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett Peluntan, Gumihan, Pedalai, Hairy Terap Borneo (Sarawak), Malaysia (Sabah), the Philippines and Kalimantan (Indonesia)
Jarrett Sumatra
Timbangan (Artocarpus tamaran) (8082540008).jpg Becc. Elephant Jack, Tamaran Borneo
Miq. Nicobar Islands, Peninsula Thailand to W. New Guinea.
Artocarpus treculianus Elmer Togop, Tugup Philippines
Cauliflori (F.M. Jarrett) Zerega, Supardi, and Motley Jarrett Borneo (Sarawak)
Artocarpus heterophylla fruit 01.JPG Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka, Langka, Jackfruit India, South East of Indian Subcontinent, China to Philippines
Artocarpus integer Fruit and Tree.JPG Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Cempedak southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and can be found in Indonesia to the island of New Guinea
Pseudojaca Trécul Berg Borneo (Kalimantan)
(Miq.) J. J. Smith Peninsula Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan)
Merr. Tampang Borneo
Artocarpus dadah fruit.jpg Artocarpus dadah Miq. Dadah, Tampang Sumatra
Teysm. & Binnend. Eastern Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya
Jarrett Malaya to Sumatera.
Artocarpus gomezianus 16.JPG Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul Sampang Assam to W. Malesia
S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.Chang NW Yunnan, China
(King) Merr. Beruni, Selanking Southern China to Sumatra, Singapore and Borneo
Becc. Beruni, Selanking Borneo
Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth. White Kwai Muk China
Monkey Jack (Artocarpus lakoocha) 4.jpg Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Lakoocha, Monkey fruit Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Artocarpus lamellosus Blanco Butong China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Yunnan) Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
Becc. Borneo
S.S.Chang et al. Chongqing (Nanchuan), China
Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.Wu S Yunnan (Jinping), China
Blanco Philippines.
Artocarpus parvus Gagnep. Kwai muk South-East Asia, China.
Gagnepain China (SE Yunnan), N Vietnam
C.Y.Wu China (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
Kochummen Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak).
Miq. Sulawesi to Maluku.
Artocarpus rubroveniaWarb. Kalulot Philippines.
Elmer Philippines
Pierre China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan)Laos, Vietnam
C.C.Berg N Thailand
Jarrett NE. Borneo.
A.Chev. ex Gagnep. China(Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, N Vietnam.
Miq. Sulawesi to New Guinea.
Merr. Taiwan (Lan Yu), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines

[3][4][5]

Fossil record[]

Fossil leaves and fruits of †Artocarpus dicksoni have been found in Cretaceous formations of West Greenland. Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus ordinarius have been found in Cretaceous stratum at the south bank of the Yukon River just above Rampart, Alaska.[6] Fossils of †Artocarpus californica have been described from Eocene and Miocene strata of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon.[7] 8 fossil species of Artocarpus (†A. capellinii, †A. isseli, †A. macrophylla, †A. massalongoi, †A. multinervis, †A. ovalifolia, †A. sismondai and †A. taramellii) from the lower Oligocene, have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and Sassello in Central Liguria, Italy.[8]

Uses[]

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kwai Muk (Artocarpus parvus), Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), Pudau (), Anjily (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) (Artocarpus hirsutus), Chaplaish (Artocarpus chama), and Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

Gallery[]

  • Artocarpus elasticus, Heritage Tree, Terap, Fort Canning, Singapore

  • Bark of Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis

  • Marang (A. odoratissimus) is in the Artocarpus subgenus.

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134.
  2. ^ "Species list – Zerega Lab". NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  3. ^ GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  4. ^ "Name – Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  5. ^ "Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  6. ^ The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181–184 by Charles Arthur Hollick – 1 January 1936 – U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.
  7. ^ The Lower Ecene Floras of Southeastern North America by Edward Wilber Berry, Professional Paper – United States Geological Survey, The Survey, 1916
  8. ^ Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza – Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145–164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 – ISSN 0375-7633 – doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14

References[]

  • Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.


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