Asiatic salamander

Asiatic salamanders; Temporal range: Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Urodela
Suborder:	Cryptobranchoidea
Family:	Hynobiidae; Cope, 1859
Genera
	Batrachuperus; Hynobius; Liua; Onychodactylus; Pachyhynobius; Paradactylodon; Pseudohynobius; Ranodon; Salamandrella

The Asiatic salamanders (family Hynobiidae) are primitive salamanders found all over Asia, and in European Russia. They are closely related to the giant salamanders (family Cryptobranchidae), with which they form the suborder Cryptobranchoidea. About half of hynobiids currently described are endemic to Japan.^[1]

Hynobiid salamanders practice external fertilization, or spawning. And, unlike other salamander families which reproduce internally, male hynobiids focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding.^[2] The female lays two egg sacs at a time, each containing up to 70 eggs. Parental care is common.^[3]

A few species have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. Larvae can sometimes have reduced external gills if they live in cold and very oxygen-rich water.^[4]

Fossils of hynobiids are known from the Miocene to the present in Asia and Eastern Europe, though fossils of Cryptobranchoids more closely related to hynobiids than to giant salamanders extend back to the Middle Jurassic.^[5]

Phylogeny[]

Cladograms based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011)^[6] and modified using Mikko Haaramo ^[7]

?†Iridotriton hechti

?†Liaoxitriton

?Protohynobius puxiongensis

Onychodactylus

	Pachyhynobius shangchengensis

	Salamandrella

Hynobius

	Ranodon sibiricus

	Paradactylodon

Batrachuperus

	Liua

	Pseudohynobius

Classification[]

Currently, 81 species are known. These genera make up the Hynobiidae:

Subfamily Hynobiinae

Genus Afghanodon
- Afghanodon mustersi (Smith, 1940)

Genus Batrachuperus (Chinese stream salamanders)
- Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950
- Batrachuperus londongensis Liu and Tian, 1978
- Batrachuperus pinchonii (David, 1872)
- Batrachuperus tibetanus Schmidt, 1925
- Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Liu, 1950

Genus Hynobius - (Asian salamanders)
- Hynobius abei Sato, 1934
- Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
- Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
- Hynobius amjiensis Gu, 1992
- Hynobius arisanensis Maki, 1922
- Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912)
- Hynobius chinensis Günther, 1889
- Hynobius dunni Tago, 1931
- Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922
- Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018
- Hynobius fucus Lai and Lue, 2008
- Hynobius glacialis Lai and Lue, 2008
- Hynobius guabangshanensis Shen, 2004
- Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Hynobius hidamontanus Matsui, 1987
- Lantz, 1931
- Hynobius ikioi Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017
- Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
- Hynobius katoi Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004
- Hynobius kimurae Dunn, 1923
- Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Hynobius leechii Boulenger, 1887
- Hynobius lichenatus Boulenger, 1883
- Hynobius maoershanensis Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006
- Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017
- Hynobius naevius (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
- Hynobius nebulosus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
- Hynobius nigrescens Stejneger, 1907
- Hynobius okiensis Sato, 1940
- Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
- Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Hynobius quelpaertensis Mori, 1928
- Hynobius retardatus Dunn, 1923
- Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
- Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
- Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
- Hynobius sonani (Maki, 1922)
- Hynobius stejnegeri Dunn, 1923
- Hynobius takedai Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984
- Hynobius tokyoensis Tago, 1931
- Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018
- Hynobius tsuensis Abé, 1922
- Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
- Hynobius turkestanicus Nikolskii, 1910
- Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016
- Matsui and Okawa, 2019
- Dunn, 1923
- Hynobius yangi Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003
- Hynobius yiwuensis Cai, 1985

Genus Liua (Wushan salamanders)
- Liua shihi (Liu, 1950)
- Liua tsinpaensis (Liu and Hu, 1966)
Genus Pachyhynobius (stout salamanders)
- Pachyhynobius shangchengensis Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983
Genus Paradactylodon (Middle Eastern stream salamanders)
- Paradactylodon persicus (Eiselt and Steiner, 1970)
Genus Pseudohynobius
- Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus (Hu and Fei, 1978)
- Pseudohynobius guizhouensis Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
- Pseudohynobius jinfo Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
- Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis Xu and Zeng, 2007
- Pseudohynobius puxiongensis (Fei and Ye, 2000)
- Pseudohynobius shuichengensis Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
Genus Ranodon (Semirichensk salamanders)
- Ranodon sibiricus Kessler, 1866
Genus Salamandrella (Siberian salamanders)
- Salamandrella keyserlingii Dybowski, 1870
- Salamandrella tridactyla Nikolskii, 1905

Subfamily Onychodactylinae

Genus Onychodactylus (clawed salamanders)
- Onychodactylus fischeri (Boulenger, 1886)
- Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014
- Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
- Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782)
- Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013
- Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
- Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
- Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013
- Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
- Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012

References[]

^ (Hasumi 2002).
^ (Hasumi, 2002).
^ Lanza, B.; Vanni., S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
^ Hasumi, M. (2002). About hynobiids. Retrieved May 8, 2005 from [1].
^ Jia, Jia; Anderson, Jason S.; Gao, Ke-Qin (2021-07-23). "Middle Jurassic stem hynobiids from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders". iScience. 24 (7). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102744. ISSN 2589-0042.
^ Pyron, R.A.; Weins, J.J. (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–853. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
^ Haaramo, Mikko (2011). "Caudata – salamanders". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.

External links[]

Data related to Hynobiidae at Wikispecies

[1] (Hasumi 2002).

[2] (Hasumi, 2002).

[EoR-3] Lanza, B.; Vanni., S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.

[4] Hasumi, M. (2002). About hynobiids. Retrieved May 8, 2005 from [1].

[5] Jia, Jia; Anderson, Jason S.; Gao, Ke-Qin (2021-07-23). "Middle Jurassic stem hynobiids from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders". iScience. 24 (7). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102744. ISSN 2589-0042.

[6] Pyron, R.A.; Weins, J.J. (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–853. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.

[7] Haaramo, Mikko (2011). "Caudata – salamanders". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.

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v t Caudate families by suborder
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Craniata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia
Cryptobranchoidea	Cryptobranchidae Hynobiidae
Salamandroidea	Ambystomatidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae Proteidae Rhyacotritonidae Salamandridae
Sirenoidea	Sirenidae