Atmanirbhar Bharat

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Atmanirbhar Bharat[a] (Devanagari: आत्मनिर्भर भारत, ISO: Ātmanirbhara Bhārata) which translates to 'self-reliant India',[8] is a phrase used and popularized by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the Government of India in relation to the economic vision and economic development in the country. In this context, the term is used as an umbrella concept with regard to making India a larger and more involved part of the world economy, pursuing policies that are efficient, competitive and resilient, that encourage equity, and being self-sustaining and self-generating.

The english phrase has been used by Modi since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and digital India. The first popular mention in hindi came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission' during the announcement of India's COVID–19 pandemic related economic package in 2020. Since then phrase has been used across ministries such as the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in relation to press releases, statements and policies. The phrase has also been used by the government in relation to India's new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union Budget of India. The concept under the premiership of Narendra Modi has been adapted from previous explanations and usages of the concept in the Indian sub-continent.

The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. Self-reliance as a phrase and concept has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple Five-Year Plans of India between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted that India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since the day it was created. Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India encompassing sectors such as beverages, the automotive sector, cooperatives, the financial services and banking sector and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector.

History[]

Political self-reliance and self-rule[]

The spinning wheel or charkha was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of Nai Talim.
M. S. Swaminathan's efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a World Food Prize commendation from President Ronald Reagan.[9]

India saw a push for political self-reliance, for swaraj (explained as self-governance or self-rule), during its independence movement.[10] Thinkers of that time such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore also explained self-reliance not only in the terms of a nation, but of the self.[11][12] This included the discipline of an individual and the values in a society.[11][12] With the foundation of educational institutes such as the Visva-Bharati University, Tagore also had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.[13] M. S. Swaminathan writes that in his youth, "like that of most others in India of the 1930s, was a period of idealism and nationalism. Young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals...".[9]

Economic self-reliance and dependence[]

The swadeshi movement (where Swadeshi is an adjective explained as 'of one's own country'[14]) was one of the sub-continents most impactful pre-independence movements.[15][16] It was successfully implemented post the partition of Bengal in 1905.[17]

Indian nationalists emphasized economic self-reliance in the years leading up to independence, of which planning was an important part.[18] The National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1938 under INC president Subhash Chandra Bose.[19] The committee was multi-disciplinary and comprised well known personalities from across the sub-continent.[20] Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an economic unit, industrialized and self-sufficient.[19] However, there was much opposition to these plans, including non-cooperation by Gandhi, who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and labelled the committees efforts pointless.[21] Another pre-independence effort to chart out the course for the economic development of independent India during its years of decolonisation was the Bombay Plan, penned down by J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla and A. Dalal among others.[22] The Bombay Plan sought to make India self-sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy, a stark contrast to 21st century India.[23] In the following years India took cue from economic models in the Soviet Union, later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil.[24]

Independent India's first major policy document, the , echoed the "national consensus" in the nation regarding how India was to proceed as a nation.[25] This national consensus called for a mixed economy and self-reliance.[26] Under Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, India's Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) paved the way for India to become self-sufficient and one of world leaders in the production of various agricultural products such as milk and tea.[27]

In a 1983 Sanjaya Baru wrote that self-reliance could be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government [...]."[28] He based this on a lecture in 1982 at Sydenham College, in which economist Ashok Mitra had also said, "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course."[28] Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of (colonial) dependence, something unwanted and undesirable. Also, India did not lack in pre-existing capability and infrastructure that was much needed for economic development.[28] However, following India's decision to take International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded that "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to "self-reliance" any longer as constituting a national goal."[29]

In 2000, Y. V. Reddy, (representative image) then the Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), spoke at some length on self-reliance during the Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture: "self reliance of a country lies in its economic strength and resilience to potential vulnerabilities".[30]

Private companies and their products have been considered as fine examples of self-reliance in India such as— the Maruti 800 car, Thums Up beverage, Amul, HDFC, the leading pharmaceutical companies of India, and Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India.[31][32][33]

In October 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said,[34]

...self-reliance does not imply pursuing a policy of autarky. It does not mean cutting ourselves away from the world. Self-reliance in the modern world implies the ability to pursue one's interests with self-confidence and faith in one's own capabilities. We do not have to pursue self-reliance by doing everything ourselves. We can, indeed, pursue greater self-reliance by creating inter-relationships of inter-dependence that enhance our bargaining power. Greater interaction with the world can in fact enhance a nation's self-reliance by creating a web of mutually beneficial inter-relationships.

Policy and Five-Year Plans[]

The Planning Commission of India's lead document, it's twelve Five Year Plans published from 1951 to 2014, contained some form or other of self-reliance or self-sufficiency as a goal.[35] The first two plans laid the foundations of self-sufficiency and self-reliance in government policy, which was to be implemented through concepts such as import-substitution.[35] When this did not achieve adequate progress, the plans shifted to a larger emphasis on promoting self-reliance.[35] The aim was that India should have enough money to buy what it needed, unlike the June of 1991, when India had foreign exchange reserves for only two weeks.[35] These situations, and practices such those during Licence Raj led to renewed calls for self-reliance.[35] While the plans spoke of self-reliance, Bimal Jalan, who would go on to be an RBI governor, explains that the outlook towards self-reliance swung and oscillated between plans, also influenced by factors outside India.[36] He was clear that self-reliance has to go hand in hand with improvements in other economic indicators, and thus self-reliance had to be understood and defined accordingly.[37]

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, in an address to the National Development Council in 1976, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".[38] The Fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) had the achievement of self-reliance as a goal in itself among the three stated objectives, the other two being related to GDP and poverty.[39] Usage also included achieving "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to non-renewable resources.[40] The report noted that in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.[40]

Increase in self-reliance in oil production, in capabilities related to atomic energy, space technologies, agricultural research and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in seventh plan.[41] In prospect, self-reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of making it through to external shocks.[41] Conversely "excessive reliance" was used in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007). The tenth plan also stated that "Science and Technology [...] plays a lead role in contributing... self-reliance."[42] The next plan mentioned the "desire for attaining and sustaining self-reliance in some sectors of the economy".[43]

Defense sector[]

Initial operating capability variants of No. 45 Squadron doing air manoeuvres
Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight DASH-IV from Elbit Systems[45]
Indigenous HAL Tejas, a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.[44]
PM's statement following nuclear tests, 1998

In 1947... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.

Statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament, 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May, [7][6]

India has seen a shift in the principles governing its defense production— self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn saw changes such as an emphasis in public-private co-production and independent private production.[46] In 1992 a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, then the Scientific Advisor to the Defense Minister.[47] The committee created an index, called the self-reliance index, to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of the total procurement.[48] The ten year target to increase self-reliance in defense was never achieved.[48] Further, this index did not take into account factors like critical components or sanctions during an actual conflict.[49] In 2000, K. Subrahmanyam of India's National Security Advisory Board emphasized on the need to distinguish between self-reliance from self-sufficiency in the defense sector.[50] He laid emphasis that the most pragmatic way for India would be to go towards self-reliance and not self-sufficiency. This would lead to its own challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier.[50]

Atmanirbhar Bharat[]

In the backdrop of the coronavirus pandemic in India, the pandemic induced lockdown, and a pre-existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government came out with an adapted idea of self-reliance.[51] On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi used the hindi phrase popularly for the first time when he said,[3] (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) "Self-reliant India" is the only path. It is said in our scriptures — EshahPanthah. That is — self-sufficient India."[35][2] While the speech was in Hindi, this reference by Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.[35][2] The Indian government came out with an economic package in the coming days labelled as the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (transl. Self-reliant India Mission).[5]

External video
video icon PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12th May 2020), PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14) on YouTube

Swaminathan Aiyar says the same, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. India in the 1960s-70s tried self-sufficiency and it didn't work out.[52] Aiyer says that "to go back to self-sufficiency again appears to be going in the wrong direction."[52] Sadanand Dhume raised skepticism related to the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it signalled a revival of pre-liberalisation era policies.[53] 'Aatmanirbharta' or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020.[54][8]

The adapted self-reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged was ready to associate with and challenge the globalised world, as opposed to past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and the matter of post-independence foreign aid.[55] However, even swadeshi has been adapted with slogans such as 'vocal for local' while at the same time global interconnectedness is being promoted.[55] The government aims to reconcile this, Economist Intelligence Unit explains, "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".[56]

Usage by the Modi government[]

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase 'self-reliance' in June 2014 in relation to defense manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.[57] He reiterated this over the years, including in 2018 and the need for India to make its own weapons.[58] In August 2014 he connected self-reliance to Digital India[59] and in September 2014 to making the poor self-reliant.[60]

Its proponents, including Prime Minister Modi and cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said that this self-reliant policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist in nature. For India, self-reliance plays out as being a larger and more important part of the world economy.[61][62] The concept requires policy-making that allows this to happen, including policies that are efficient and resilient and policies that encourage equity and competitiveness.[4] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating.[4] This translates to creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".[63] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman reiterated that the atmanirbhar Bharat campaign was not bringing back socialism or import substitution, rather the intention is to boost manufacturing.[64] The five pillars of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' have been elucidated as— economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.[65]

COVID-19 pandemic initiatives[]

A 5ml vial of Covaxin[66][67] has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat.[68]

The research, development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India was connected to atmanirbharta by the President,[69] Vice President,[70] Prime Minister,[68] and other Union Ministers in separate statements.[71] PM Modi has stated that "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".[68]

A total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth ₹29.87 lakh crore (US$400 billion) were announced by the government on 12 May, 12 October and 12 November 2020 in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled as Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.[72][73][74] As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package, numerous government decisions took place such as changing the definition of MSMEs,[75] boosting scope for private participation in numerous sectors,[76] increasing FDI in the defense sector;[76] and the vision has found support in many sectors such as the solar manufacturers sector.[77]

The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited numbers before March 2020, to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered as a fine example of a self-reliant India.[78][79] The PPE industry in India has become a ₹10,000 crore (US$1.3 billion) industry in three months, the second largest after China.[80]

In July 2020 the ministry of consumer affairs, food and public distribution issued a statement placing food rationing under the ambit of atmanirbhar Bharat.[3] In August 2020, following the migrant crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants under it.[3]

Other initiatives[]

The importance of education and research has been recognized for self-reliance.[81] In an address to the students of Visva-Bharati University, the new National Education Policy of India was once again connected to creating an atmanirbhar Bharat,[82] and the Prime Minister challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.[13] The education minister of India has also stressed the linkage between education and an atmanirbhar Bharat.[83] Educationist and university administrator C. Raj Kumar explains the vision of an 'Atmanirbhar University' which combines the vision of John Henry Newman's work "Idea of a University" with the Humboldtian model of higher education.[83] Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote atmanirbhar Bharat.[84]

During a speech in 2017, the Prime Minister said that the government was trying to tap human capital flight, and had the aim of engaging India's diaspora.[85] To this effect new organisations such as IN-SPCAe in the space sector would aim to channelize India's space talent.[86]

The Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders in attendance.

In August 2020, the Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced that the Defence Ministry is "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on dozens of military items in a staged manner over a period of 5 years.[87][88] The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)[89] were also launched with an aim towards self reliance.[90][91] The 2016 Defence Procurement Procedure introduced a new category of procurement— Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured).[92]

Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.[93] Government backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair which was digitally launched in February 2021.[94] The phrase was also connected to the 2021 Union Budget of India.[95]

In July 2020 the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage app building.[96] 6940 entries were received. 24 app were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The success of the led to a continuation of the challenge through another round of entry submission.[97]

Slogans[]

Slogans initiated under atmanirbhar Bharat include 'vocal for local', 'local for global', 'make for world' and 'brain drain to brain gain'.[98][99]

Vocal for local[]

Not only should products be 'made in India', but the promotion of those products should take place so as to make those products competitive.[99][100] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said that "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."[101][102] Amul Managing Director RS Sodhi explained that the phrase vocal–for–local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn’t mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it."[99] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', that local products in India should have global appeal and reach.[99] The slogan has also been extended to sectors such as the toy sector, "time to be vocal for local toys".[103]

Make for the world[]

Prime Minister Modi, during the 2020 Independence speech, said that 'make for world' should go hand in hand with 'make in India' and that the slogan 'make for world' should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.[101][104] A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".[105]

Difficulties and challenges[]

Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield - brain and talent.

Romesh Thapar, 1968[106]

While an atmanirbhar Bharat has been promoted extensively during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this does not always play out in government policies.[107] India's trade deficit does not allow it to reduce dependence on imports and opt instead for increased protectionism or isolation.[108]

Calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an atmanirbhar Bharat instead, are practically difficult in the short term for India as the country imports $75 billion worth of goods every year from China, to the extent that parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.[109] Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020 which resulted in a number of fatalities, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given projects such as the Delhi-Meerut RRTS.[110][111] However, a Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6 km of the project.[112]

In August 2021 economist Jaijit Bhattacharya said that state governments in India have made it harder for domestic companies to respond to request for proposals to the benefit of global players. In the absence of policy on self-reliance, having an atmanirbhar ombudsman would help the balance.[113]

In sectors such as food production (food grains[b] such as wheat and rice; fruits, vegetables, milk, meat) India is self-sufficient. However nutrition and hunger remain a challenge.[114][115]

Commentary[]

At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China.

Nirmala Sitharaman, Finance Minister,[116] 25 June 2020

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called by some as a re-packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement using new taglines such as 'Vocal for Local'.[117][118][119] Opposition members have spoken about how India has been enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self-reliant - SAIL for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, AIIMS for medical science, DRDO for defence research, HAL for aviation, ISRO for space research , CCL, NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.[120] Some have re-phrased it to "Fend For Yourself" Campaign,[121] while it has also been called as "economic nationalism".[122] It has been noted (satirically) that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy... for growth and development".[3] Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.[123]

See also[]

References and notes[]

Notes
  1. ^ Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat,[1] AtmaNirbhar Bharat,[2] AatmaNirbhar Bharat,[3] Aatmanirbhar Bharat,[4] and Atman Nirbhar Bharat.[5] In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत्मनिर्भरता / Aatmanirbharta,[6] officially translated as self-reliance.[7]
  2. ^ The definition of 'food grains' varies.
Citations
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  3. ^ a b c d e Mohanty, Prasanna (14 November 2020). "Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?". Business Today. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
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  6. ^ a b "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran (Hindi)". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. Hosted by National Informatics Centre. Contents via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat. 27 May 1998. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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  37. ^ Jalan 1972, p. 761.
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  47. ^ Singh 2013, p. 248.
  48. ^ a b Behera 2013, p. 32.
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Bibliography

Further reading[]

  • Agarwal, Shriman Narayan (1944), The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India, Foreword by Mahatma Gandhi, Bombay: Padma Publications
  • Banerjee, B N; Parikh, G D; Tarkunde, V M (1944), Peoples Plan for Economic Development of India, Members of the post-war reconstruction committee of the Indian Federation of Labour, Bombay: Indian Federation of Labour, Delhi

Speeches[]

Books[]

  • Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK (1980). Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance. Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  • Mohanty, Prasanna (2021). "6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back". An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5479-189-5.

Journals[]

News[]

Think-tanks[]

External links[]

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