Bakerloo line

Bakerloo line
A southbound 1972 Stock Bakerloo Line train at Queen's Park
Overview
Stations	25
Colour on map	Brown
Website	tfl.gov.uk/tube/route/bakerloo/
Service
Type	Rapid transit
System	London Underground
Depot(s)	Stonebridge Park London Road Queen's Park
Rolling stock	1972 Tube Stock
Ridership	111,136,000 (2011/12)[1] passenger journeys
History
Opened	10 March 1906
Last extension	1917
Technical
Line length	23.2 km (14.4 mi)
Character	Deep level
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
show Transport for London rail lines London Underground Bakerloo Central Circle District Hammersmith & City Jubilee Metropolitan Northern Piccadilly Victoria Waterloo & City Other systems Crossrail DLR London Overground London Trams TfL Rail v t

The Bakerloo line (/ˌbeɪkərˈluː/) is a London Underground line that goes from Harrow & Wealdstone in suburban north-west London to Elephant & Castle in south London, via the West End. Coloured brown on the Tube map, it serves 25 stations, 15 of which are underground, over 14.4 miles (23.2 km). It runs partly on the surface and partly in deep-level tube tunnels.

The line is so named because it runs via Baker Street and Waterloo. From Queen's Park to Harrow & Wealdstone (the section above ground), the line shares tracks with the London Overground Watford DC line and runs parallel to the West Coast Main Line. There is, however, a short tunnel at the western end of Kensal Green.

Opened between 1906 and 1915, many of its stations retain elements of their design to a common standard: the stations below ground using Art Nouveau decorative tiling by Leslie Green, and the above-ground stations built in red brick with stone detailing in an Arts & Crafts style. It is the ninth-busiest line on the network, carrying more than 111 million passengers annually.

History[]

The route had its origins in the failed projects of the pneumatic 1865 Waterloo and Whitehall Railway and the 1882 Charing Cross and Waterloo Electric Railway.^[2]

Originally called the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway, the line was constructed by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) and opened between Lambeth North (at the time named Kennington Road) and Baker Street on 10 March 1906.^[3] It was extended eastward to Elephant & Castle five months later, on 5 August. The contraction of the name to "Bakerloo" rapidly caught on, and the official name was changed to match in July 1906.^[3]

When work on the line started in June 1898, it had been financed by the mining entrepreneur and company promoter Whitaker Wright, who fell foul of the law over the financial proceedings involved and dramatically committed suicide at the Royal Courts of Justice, after being convicted in 1904. As a result, work on the line was stopped for a few months and did not resume until Charles Yerkes and UERL stepped in and took over the project.^[3]

By 1913, the line had been extended westward from its original northern terminus at Baker Street, with interchange stations with the Great Central Railway at Marylebone and with the Great Western Railway at Paddington, and a new station at Edgware Road.

Watford branch[]

The northbound Bakerloo line platform at Edgware Road

In 1915, the line was extended to Queen's Park, where it joined the LNWR's Euston-Watford DC line (now part of London Overground) to Watford Junction. Bakerloo services to Watford Junction were reduced in the 1960s and cut back in 1982 to Stonebridge Park.

Services as far as Harrow & Wealdstone were gradually restored from 1984, and in 1989 the present all-day service was instituted.

Stanmore branch[]

By the mid-1930s, the Metropolitan line was suffering from congestion caused by the limited capacity of its tracks between Baker Street and Finchley Road stations. To relieve this pressure, the network-wide New Works Programme included the construction of new sections of tunnel between the Bakerloo line's platforms at Baker Street and Finchley Road and the replacement of three Metropolitan line stations (Lord's, Marlborough Road and Swiss Cottage) between those points with two new Bakerloo stations (St. John's Wood and Swiss Cottage). The Bakerloo line took over the Metropolitan line's service to Stanmore on 20 November 1939. The branch remained part of the Bakerloo line until 1 May 1979, when similar congestion problems for the Bakerloo line caused by two branches converging at Baker Street led to the opening of the Jubilee line, initially created by connecting the Stanmore branch to new tunnels bored between Baker Street and Charing Cross.

When the Bakerloo line was extended to Watford in 1915, it acquired an interchange at Harrow & Wealdstone with another route to Stanmore, the Stanmore branch line. This branch line was operated by the LNWR and terminated at a separate Stanmore station (later renamed Stanmore Village). It was closed in 1964, partly due to the success of the rival Metropolitan/Bakerloo Underground line to Stanmore.^[4]

Camberwell extension[]

An extension at the southern end of the line to Camberwell and Denmark Hill was proposed and approved in 1931 as part of the London Electric Metropolitan District and Central London Railway Companies (Works) Act, 1931.^[5][6] In April 1937, the estimated cost of the proposed extension was £5,000,000 (approximately £299 million today)^[7] and the London Passenger Transport Board announced that, due to rising materials prices, the extension had been postponed until the Board's finances improved.^[8] Apart from the extension of the sidings south of Elephant & Castle, no work on the extension took place before the Second World War, but the powers were renewed by the government in 1947 under the Special Enactments (Extension of Time) Act, 1940.^[9] A projected extension as far as Camberwell was shown on a 1949 edition of the Underground map but no further work was done.^[10] The train describers at Warwick Avenue station showed Camberwell as a destination until the 1990s.^[11] Further extensions of the line were considered - south to Peckham Rye in the 1970s, and east to London Docklands and Canary Wharf in the 1980s. Neither proposal was proceeded with.^[12][13]

Electricity supply[]

One oddity is that, almost from its opening until 1917, the Bakerloo operated with the polarity of the conductor rails reversed, the outside rail negative and the centre rail positive. This came about because the Bakerloo shared a power source with the District Railway. On the Bakerloo, the outside conductor rail tended to leak to the tunnel wall, whereas on the District Railway, the centre rail shared a similar problem. The solution was to reverse the polarity on the Bakerloo line, so that the negative rail leaked on both systems.^[14] In 1917, the two lines were separated when the LNWR began its 'New Line' service between Euston and Watford Junction, which the Bakerloo would share north of Queens Park. As a result, normal operation was restored.

Centenary[]

The line celebrated its centenary on 10 March 2006, when various events were organised on the line.^[15]

Future developments[]

Re-extension to Watford Junction[]

Over the next few years the northern section of the line may again see changes following the decision in February 2006 to transfer responsibility for Euston-Watford suburban services (on the Watford DC Line) from the Department for Transport (DfT) to Transport for London (TfL). This was in conjunction with the reorganisation of a number of north London railways under London Overground.^[16][17]

Under a former London Plan, it was projected that by 2026 the Bakerloo line would be re-extended from Harrow & Wealdstone to Watford Junction, restoring the pre-1982 service. The railway line from Queens Park to Watford Junction, currently shared with London Overground, would be shared with the Bakerloo line.^[16] The Best And Final Bid documentation for the Croxley Rail Link project indicates that this Bakerloo line extension is now "unlikely" because "TfL's plans to extend the Bakerloo line to Watford Junction are on hold indefinitely due to funding and business case constraints".^[18]

Extension to Lewisham and Hayes[]

Proposed Bakerloo line extension to Lewisham, safeguarded by TfL in 2021

Since the late 2000s, Transport for London (TfL) has been planning an extension of the line, with a route to Lewisham via Old Kent Road safeguarded in 2021.^[19] 4 stations would be built at Burgess Park, Old Kent Road, New Cross Gate and Lewisham,^[20] with provision for a further extension along the Mid-Kent line to Hayes and Beckenham Junction. This could occur following the completion of the extension to Lewisham.^[21] Estimated to cost between £4.7bn to £7.9bn (in 2017 prices), the extension would take around 7 years to construct.^[22] Due to TfL's poor finances following the COVID-19 pandemic, work to implement the extension is currently on hold.^[20]

Rolling stock[]

Former rolling stock[]

A northbound 1938 Bakerloo train at Harlesden station

When opened in 1906, the Bakerloo line was operated by Gate Stock trains, built at Trafford Park, Manchester. To cope with the extension to Queen's Park, 12 extra motor cars of the London Underground 1914 Stock were ordered, ten from Brush of Loughborough and two from the Leeds Forge Company.

To operate services north of Queen's Park, 72 additional cars were built by the Metropolitan Carriage, Waggon and Finance Company of Birmingham. These trains, known as the Watford Joint Stock, were partly owned by the Underground and partly by the London and North Western Railway (later London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)). They were initially painted in LNWR livery. They were not equipped with air-operated doors and proved slow and unreliable, so they were replaced by new trains of Standard Stock in 1930 (although a few were retained by the LMS). For some years in the 1930s Watford trains had a distinctive blue stripe at window level.

In 1932, some carriages built for the Piccadilly line by Cammell Laird in Nottingham in 1919 were transferred to the Bakerloo line. When built, these had been the first Tube trains to have air-operated doors. These were later replaced by more trains of Standard Stock, in turn being replaced by 1938 stock and 1949 stock.

Until the opening of the Jubilee line in 1979, the Bakerloo line was worked by both 1938 stock and 1972 stock. The 1972 stock was intended for the Jubilee line, so from 1979 the Bakerloo line (now minus the Stanmore branch) was again entirely operated by 1938 stock. From 1983 the 1938 stock began to be replaced by trains of 1959 stock, but this was a temporary measure until 1972 stock became available. The last 1938 stock train was withdrawn on 20 November 1985. From 1986, the 1959 stock was transferred to the Northern line.^[23]

Current and future infrastructure[]

The interior of a Bakerloo line train

The Bakerloo line is operated entirely by Mark 2 1972 stock, displaced from the Jubilee line by 1983 stock. The trains are maintained at Stonebridge Park depot.

All Bakerloo line trains are painted in the London Underground livery of red, grey and blue, and are the smaller size of the two sizes used on the network, since the line goes deep underground in small tunnels.

In the early 2000s, the interiors of the trains were 'deep-cleaned' and the upholstery replaced using a blue moquette. The seating layouts are both longitudinal and transverse; some cars have longitudinal seating only.

A TfL Finance and Policy Committee Paper dated 11 March 2015 revealed that the repair programme for the 1972 Stock would cost more than planned, due to the worse-than-expected condition of the fleet.^[24]

In early 2016, a four-year refurbishment programme began with the first of the new-look cars operating on the line in March.^[25] Each car's interior is being cleaned, the seating moquette replaced with a variation of the Barman type seen on other lines, and handrails and lighting renewed. Each car is being assessed and repair work carried out to ensure the stock can operate safely until its replacement with the New Tube for London stock by the early 2030s.

Transport for London proposes to upgrade the line eventually, but not until other deep-level lines have been dealt with. This will include new signalling and new trains, enabling a maximum frequency of 27 trains per hour. TfL currently expects these to be in place by 2033.^[26]

LUL has invited Alstom, Bombardier and Siemens to develop a new concept of lightweight, low-energy, semi-articulated train for the deep-level lines, provisionally called "Evo" (for 'evolution'). So far only Siemens has publicised an outline design, which would feature air-conditioning and would also have battery power enabling the train to run on to the next station if third and fourth rail power were lost. It would have a lower floor and 11% higher passenger capacity than the present tube stock.^[27] There would be a weight saving of 30 tonnes, and the trains would be 17% more energy-efficient with air-conditioning included, or 30% more energy-efficient without it.^[28] The intention is that these new trains would eventually operate on the Bakerloo, Central, Piccadilly and Waterloo & City lines.^[29]

Map[]

Services[]

Off-peak services on Bakerloo line are:

• 6 tph (trains per hour) from Harrow & Wealdstone to Elephant & Castle
• 3 tph from Stonebridge Park to Elephant & Castle
• 11 tph from Queen's Park to Elephant & Castle

This forms a 20tph service (or a train every 3 minutes) between Queen's Park and Elephant & Castle.

Stations[]

hide v t Bakerloo line
Legend
Watford DC line to Watford Junction (Bakerloo closed 1982) Turnback siding Harrow & Wealdstone Stanmore branch line (closed 1964) Kenton Metropolitan line London–Aylesbury line South Kenton North Wembley Chiltern Main Line Wembley Central Stonebridge Park Depot (LU) London Underground Network Rail line ownership Stonebridge Park Harlesden Dudding Hill Line Willesden Junction North London Line to Richmond │ to Stratford West London line to Clapham Junction Kensal Green Network Rail London Underground line ownership Queen's Park North sheds Queens Park Watford DC line to Euston Queen's Park South sheds Kilburn Park Maida Vale Warwick Avenue Paddington Edgware Road Marylebone link from Jubilee line Baker Street link to Jubilee line Regent's Park Oxford Circus Piccadilly Circus Charing Cross Embankment River Thames Waterloo Lambeth North London Road Depot Elephant & Castle proposed extension

Note: For the former Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line, see the Jubilee line article.

Station	Image	Opened[30]	Additional Information
Harrow & Wealdstone		16 April 1917	Connects with London Overground and National rail Services. Service withdrawn 24 September 1982. Service restored 4 June 1984.map 1
Kenton		16 April 1917	Service withdrawn 24 September 1982. Service restored 4 June 1984.map 2
South Kenton		3 July 1933	Service withdrawn 24 September 1982. Service restored 4 June 1984.map 3
North Wembley		16 April 1917	Service withdrawn 24 September 1982. Service restored 4 June 1984.map 4
Wembley Central		16 April 1917	Connects with National rail Services. Opened as Wembley Central for Sudbury; renamed 5 July 1948. Service withdrawn 24 September 1982. Service restored 4 June 1984.map 5
Stonebridge Park		1 August 1917	map 6
Harlesden		16 April 1917	map 7
Willesden Junction		10 May 1915	Connects with London Overground.map 8
Kensal Green		1 October 1916	map 9
Queen's Park		11 February 1915	Connects with London Overground and National rail services.map 10
Kilburn Park		31 January 1915	map 11
Maida Vale		6 June 1915	map 12
Warwick Avenue		31 January 1915	map 13
Paddington ( Trains to Heathrow)		1 December 1913	Connects with Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines, TfL rail and National rail services.map 14
Edgware Road		15 June 1907	map 15
Marylebone		27 March 1907	Connects with National rail services. Opened as Great Central; renamed 15 April 1917.map 16
Baker Street		10 March 1906	Connects with Circle, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee and Metropolitan Lines.map 17
Regent's Park		10 March 1906	map 18
Oxford Circus		10 March 1906	Connects with Central and Victoria lines.map 19
Piccadilly Circus		10 March 1906	Connects with Piccadilly line.map 20
Charing Cross		10 March 1906	map 21Connects with Northern line and National rail services. Opened as Trafalgar Square; renamed 1 May 1979.[31]
Embankment		10 March 1906	map 22 Connects with Circle, District and Northern lines. Opened as Charing Cross; renamed 12 September 1976.[31]
Waterloo		10 March 1906	Connects with Jubilee, Northern and Waterloo & City lines and National rail services.map 23
Lambeth North		10 March 1906	Opened as Kennington Road; renamed Westminster Bridge Road 5 August 1906, renamed Lambeth North 15 April 1917.map 24
Elephant & Castle		5 August 1906	Connects with Northern line and National rail services.map 25

Former stations[]

Watford branch[]

Between 1917 and 1982, Bakerloo line trains continued along the DC line past Harrow & Wealdstone to Watford Junction. These stations continue to be served by London Overground. Proposals have surfaced to re-extend the Bakerloo line to Watford Junction and service the following stations:

Stanmore branch[]

The Stanmore branch was originally constructed by the Metropolitan Railway and was designated as the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line in 1939. It was transferred to the Jubilee line on 1 May 1979. It connected to the main Bakerloo line at Baker Street.

Depots[]

Bakerloo line depot at London Road

The Bakerloo line is currently served by three depots: a main depot at Stonebridge Park,^{map 26} opened on 9 April 1978 on the site of a former British Rail power station which contains the fleet's maintenance facilities; the original depot at London Road^{map 27} (between Elephant and Castle and Lambeth North, though connected to the line between Lambeth North and Waterloo); and a small depot immediately north of Queens Park,^{map 28} built in 1915. The Queens Park depot is unique on the London Underground network in that trains in passenger service run through it.

When Bakerloo line services ran to Watford, there was also an additional depot, Croxley Green Light Maintenance Depot at Croxley Green; this depot closed in November 1985 following the withdrawal of services.

When the Bakerloo had two branches at its northern end, to Queens Park (as currently) and to Stanmore (now taken over by the Jubilee line), the depot at Neasden on the Stanmore branch was the principal one on the line. The Jubilee taking over this branch from 1979 was the reason behind building the new Stonebridge Park depot.

The London Road depot is unusual in that, although the depot is on the surface, the line passes nearby in tunnel, connected by a short and sharply graded branch tunnel.

See also[]

• Leslie Green, architect of the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway's early stations
• Stanley Heaps, architect of the extension stations from Warwick Avenue to Kilburn Park
• List of crossings of the River Thames
• Tunnels underneath the River Thames

Maps[]

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bakerloo Line.

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Route map:

• Official website
• "Bakerloo line facts". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
• "Bakerloo Line Underground Stations – Facts, Trivia And Impressions". 24 December 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
• "Bakerloo Line". Clive's UndergrounD Line Guides. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.