List of crossings of the River Thames

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

London Bridge, in central London
Newbridge, in rural Oxfordshire

The River Thames is the second-longest river in the United Kingdom. It is crossed by over 200 bridges, 27 tunnels, six public ferries, one cable car link, and one ford along its 215-mile (346 km) course.

Barrier and boundary[]

Until sufficient crossings were established, the river provided a formidable barrier for most of its course – in post-Roman Britain during the Dark Ages Belgic-Celtic tribal lands and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and subdivisions were defined by which side of the river they were on. When English counties were established, the river formed a boundary between the counties on either side. After rising in Gloucestershire, the river flows between, on the north bank, the historic counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Middlesex and Essex; and on the south bank, the counties of Wiltshire, Berkshire, Surrey, and Kent. However the many permanent crossings that have been built over the centuries have changed the dynamics and made cross-river development and shared responsibilities more practicable.

In 1911 Caversham, on the north bank, was transferred into Berkshire. In 1965, with the creation of Greater London, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames united areas formerly in Middlesex and Surrey; and at the same time two urban districts in Middlesex (united in 1974) became part of Surrey. Further changes in 1974 moved some of the boundaries away from the river. For example, much of the north west of Berkshire including Wallingford, Abingdon and Wantage became part of Oxfordshire, and some southern parts of Buckinghamshire became part of Berkshire, including Slough, Eton and Wraysbury. The number of county councils has dwindled (as well as their area) in south-east and central southern England in favour of increased localisation.[note 1] Despite these changes, in the sports of rowing and skiffing the river banks are still referred to by their traditional county names, and in sports such as football and cricket historic county areas are sometimes used.[note 2]

History of crossings[]

Wallingford Bridge (Oxfordshire)

Many of the present road bridges over the river are on the sites of earlier fords, ferries and wooden structures. The earliest known major crossings of the Thames by the Romans were at London Bridge and Staines Bridge. At Folly Bridge in Oxford the remains of an original Saxon structure can be seen, and medieval stone structures such as Wallingford Bridge, Newbridge and Abingdon Bridge are still in use. Kingston's growth is believed to stem from its having the only crossing between London Bridge and Staines until the beginning of the 18th century. Proposals to build bridges across the Thames at Lambeth and Putney in around 1670 were defeated by the Rulers of the Company of Watermen, since it would mean ruin for the 60,000 rivermen who provided ferry services and also provided a pool of naval reserve.[1]

An engraving by Claes Van Visscher showing Old London Bridge in 1616

During the 18th century, many stone and brick road bridges were built – from new or to replace existing structures – in London and further up the river. These included Westminster Bridge, Putney Bridge, Datchet Bridge, Windsor Bridge and Sonning Bridge. Several central London road bridges were built in the 19th century, most conspicuously Tower Bridge, the only bascule bridge on the river, designed to allow ocean-going ships to pass beneath it. The most recent road bridge sites are the bypasses at Isis Bridge and Marlow By-pass Bridge and the motorway bridges, most notably the two on the M25: Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and M25 Runnymede Bridge.

The development of the railways resulted in a spate of bridge building in the 19th century, including Blackfriars Railway Bridge and Charing Cross (Hungerford) Railway Bridge in central London, and the spectacular railway bridges by Isambard Kingdom Brunel at Maidenhead, Gatehampton and Moulsford.

The world's first underwater tunnel was the Thames Tunnel by Marc Brunel built in 1843, designed for horse-drawn carriages but used as a pedestrian route; since 1869 the tunnel has carried trains on the East London Line. The Tower Subway (1870) was briefly used for a railway; later came all the deep-level tube lines. Two road tunnels were built in East London at the end of the 19th century, the Blackwall Tunnel and the Rotherhithe Tunnel; and the latest tunnel is the Dartford Crossing.

Many foot crossings were established across the weirs that were built on the non-tidal river, and some of these remained when the locks were built – for example at Benson Lock. Others were replaced by a footbridge when the weir was removed, as at Hart's Weir Footbridge. Around the year 2000, several footbridges were added, either as part of the Thames Path or in commemoration of the Millennium. These include Temple Footbridge, Bloomers Hole Footbridge, the Hungerford Footbridges and the Millennium Bridge, all of which have distinctive designs.

Some ferries still operate on the river. The Woolwich Ferry carries cars and passengers across the river in the Thames Gateway and links the North Circular and South Circular roads. Upstream are smaller pedestrian ferries, for example Hampton Ferry and the Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry; the latter is the only non-permanent crossing that remains on the Thames Path.

Note on the listing[]

Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 
Download coordinates as: KML

The list starts at the downstream (estuary) end and follows the river upstream towards the source. A few of the crossings listed are public pedestrian crossings using walkways across lock gates and bridges above or adjacent to the adjoining weirs. Most of the other locks on the River Thames also have walkways across their lock gates and weirs, but these either do not completely cross the river, or are restricted to authorised personnel only, and are therefore not listed. Crossings listed in italics are inaccessible to the public. Besides the ferry crossings listed, there are commuter boat services operating along the river in London, and tourist boat services operating both in London and upstream. Whilst the principal purpose of these services is not to carry people across the river, it may be possible to use them to do so.

North Sea to London[]

Crossing Type Coordinates Opened Notes Photo
Thames Cable Tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°26′35″N 0°24′22″E1970Carries two 400kV circuits;[2][3] accessible by authorised personnel only
Gravesend–Tilbury Ferry Edit this on WikidataFerry route51°26′55″N 0°22′3″E1571 or before[4]GravesendThames3393.JPG
400 kV Thames Crossing Edit this on WikidataOverhead power line crossing51°27′53″N 0°17′48″E1965Overhead power line 623 ft tall crossing the Thames at Swanscombe and GraysThames Estuary at Grays - geograph.org.uk - 305379.jpg
High Speed 1 tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°27′46″N 0°17′37″E2007Two 2.5 km tunnels, 7.15 m internal diameter, between West Thurrock (Essex) and Swanscombe (Kent)Thames Tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 48959.jpg
Queen Elizabeth II Bridge Edit this on WikidataCable-stayed bridge, road bridge51°27′52″N 0°15′30″E30 Oct 1991Cable-stayed bridge - the southbound element of the Dartford CrossingQueen Elizabeth II Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1323615.jpg
Dartford Tunnel (eastern) Edit this on WikidataRoad tunnel51°27′54″N 0°15′29″EMay 1980Dartford Tunnel 01.JPG
Dartford Tunnel (western) Edit this on WikidataRoad tunnel51°27′55″N 0°15′27″E18 Nov 1963Dartford West Tunnel (geograph 5729137).jpg
Dartford Cable Tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°28′5″N 0°14′58″E2005Carrying electrical cable; accessible by authorised personnel only

Proposed[]

The Lower Thames Crossing is a proposed road crossing, located east of the Dartford Crossings and Gravesend, close to the Thames Cable Tunnel. Currently in the Planning stages, the tunnel is planned to open in 2027/28.[5]

East London[]

Crossing Type Coordinates Opened Notes Photo
Barking cable tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel[7]51°30′43″N 0°6′33″E1920s[8]Carries four 33 kV electricity circuits from Barking substation to Sewell Road substation, Thamesmead[6]
Docklands Light Railway tunnel Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°29′55″N 0°4′31″E2009Between King George V and Woolwich Arsenal stations
Crossrail tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°29′48″N 0°3′50″E2014[10]Completed in 2014,[9] these will open to the public with the opening of the Elizabeth Line
Woolwich foot tunnel Edit this on WikidataPedestrian tunnel51°29′56″N 0°3′42″E26 Oct 1912WoolwichTunnelLondon.jpg
Woolwich Ferry Edit this on WikidataFerry route, boat service51°29′46″N 0°3′43″E23 Mar 1889London, Woolwich Ferry 02.jpg
Thames Barrier Edit this on WikidataFlood barrier51°29′52″N 0°2′12″E1984Service tunnel accessible by authorised personnel onlyThames Barrier 03.jpg
Emirates Air Line Edit this on WikidataAerial lift51°30′10″N 0°0′42″E28 Jun 2012110813-203 CPS (11711627636).jpg
Millennium Dome cable tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel1999[11]Accessible by authorised personnel only
Jubilee line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′17″N 0°0′31″E1999Between North Greenwich and Canning Town stations.
Blackwall Tunnel (eastern) Edit this on WikidataRoad tunnel51°30′19″N 0°0′7″W1967For southbound vehicular traffic onlyInside the Blackwall Tunnel.JPG
Blackwall Tunnel (western) Edit this on WikidataRoad tunnel51°30′13″N 0°0′14″W22 May 1897[12]For northbound vehicular traffic onlyBlackwall tunnel southern portal.jpg
Jubilee line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′1″N 0°0′19″W1999Between Canary Wharf and North Greenwich stations.
Greenwich foot tunnel Edit this on WikidataPedestrian tunnel51°29′0″N 0°0′37″W1902[13]Inside Greenwich Foot Tunnel.jpg
Docklands Light Railway tunnel Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°29′5″N 0°0′37″W1999Between Island Gardens and Cutty Sark stations.
Deptford cable tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°29′11″N 0°1′18″WCarries 30 11 kV electricity circuits[14]
Jubilee line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′2″N 0°1′48″W1999Between Canada Water and Canary Wharf stations.
Canary Wharf – Rotherhithe Ferry Edit this on WikidataFerry route51°30′17″N 0°1′55″WCanary Wharf - Rotherhithe Ferry.jpg
Rotherhithe Tunnel Edit this on WikidataRoad tunnel, pedestrian tunnel51°30′23″N 0°2′55″W12 Jun 1908Single carriageway in each direction, with footways on each side. Built originally for horse-drawn carriages. Pedestrians, riders, cyclists are permitted, but advised to use alternatives due to fumes and speed.Rotherhithe tunnel map 1906.png
Thames Tunnel Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′9″N 0°3′13″W[15]1843The world's first underwater tunnel, linking Wapping to Rotherhithe. Originally designed as a road tunnel for horse-drawn traffic, the necessary access ramps were never built and it was opened as a pedestrian tunnel. It was converted to a rail tunnel, reopening in 1869 and becoming part of the London Overground network in 2010.Thamestunnel.jpg
New Cross to Finsbury Market Cable Tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°29′3″N 0°3′31″W, 51°30′7″N 0°3′44″W2017Carries three 132 kV electricity circuits[16]

Under construction[]

  • The Silvertown Tunnel began construction in August 2020[17] and should be completed in 2025.[18] This will relieve the Blackwall Tunnels between the Greenwich Peninsula and West Silvertown and to allow larger HGVs and double-decker buses to cross the river at this point.

Proposed[]

  • An extension of the Docklands Light Railway across the river to Thamesmead is proposed.[19]
  • The Rotherhithe crossing, a pedestrian and cycle crossing between Rotherhithe and Canary Wharf, was originally proposed as a bridge, but Transport for London abandoned plans for a bridge in 2019, and has since explored establishing a ferry service instead.

Central London[]

Crossing Type Coordinates Opened Notes Photo
Tower Bridge Edit this on WikidataBascule bridge[20][21], steel bridge, road bridge, tourist attraction, suspension bridge51°30′20″N 0°4′31″W21 Jun 1886London - London Tower Bridge - 140806 171049.jpg
Tower Subway Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel, tube railway, pedestrian tunnel51°30′30″N 0°4′44″W2 Aug 1870Formerly an underground railway - now used for water mains and telephone cables and accessible only by authorised personnelTower Subway 1870.jpg
Northern Line (Bank branch) tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′28″N 0°5′13″W1900Between London Bridge and Bank
London Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge, prestressed concrete bridge, arch bridge, box girder bridge51°30′29″N 0°5′16″W17 Mar 1973Other bridges have stood on or near this site since around AD 50London Bridge from South bank.jpg
City & South London Railway tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′29″N 0°5′20″W1890This railway's original crossing of the river between Borough and King William Street; abandoned in 1900 when the Northern line City branch tunnels were opened on a new alignment
Cannon Street Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataGirder bridge, steel bridge, railway bridge51°30′30″N 0°5′31″W1883Cannon street railway bridge 2.jpg
Southwark Bridge Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, road bridge, arch bridge51°30′32″N 0°5′40″W1921Southwark Bridge, River Thames, London, England.jpg
Millennium Bridge Edit this on WikidataSuspension bridge, footbridge51°30′37″N 0°5′54″W10 Jun 2000Mill.bridge.from.tate.modern.arp.jpg
Bankside Cable Tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°30′35″N 0°5′56″W1940sEast of Blackfriars rail bridge, 132 kV and 33 kV electricity circuits[22]
Blackfriars Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, arch bridge[23], truss bridge, railway bridge51°30′35″N 0°6′12″W1886St Pauls Cathedral From BlackFriars.jpg
Blackfriars Bridge Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, road bridge, arch bridge51°30′35″N 0°6′16″W1869Blackfriars Bridge, River Thames, London, with St Pauls Cathedral.jpg
Waterloo & City line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′35″N 0°6′20″W1898Between Waterloo and Bank
Waterloo Bridge Edit this on Wikidatabox girder bridge, girder bridge, road bridge, Zone 3 A road51°30′31″N 0°7′1″W1945, 18 Jun 1817Waterloo bridge.jpg
Northern line (Charing Cross branch) tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′23″N 0°7′10″W1926Between Waterloo and Embankment
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, footbridge, railway bridge, cable-stayed bridge51°30′22″N 0°7′12″W1845Rail bridge flanked by newer pedestrian bridgesHungerford.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg
Bakerloo line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′20″N 0°7′14″W1906Between Waterloo and Embankment
Bankside–Charing Cross cable tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°30′22″N 0°7′13″WUnderneath Hungerford Bridge[22]
Jubilee line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°30′4″N 0°7′18″W1999Between Waterloo and Westminster
Westminster Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge, arch bridge51°30′3″N 0°7′19″W[15]24 May 1862, 18 Nov 1750Westminster, London (7660306446).jpg
Lambeth Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge, arch bridge51°29′41″N 0°7′26″W[15]12 May 1932Lambeth bridge.jpg
Vauxhall Bridge Edit this on WikidataDeck arch bridge, steel bridge, road bridge, conflation51°29′15″N 0°7′37″W1816Architectuur london.jpg
Victoria line tunnels Edit this on WikidataRailway tunnel51°29′14″N 0°7′39″W1971Between Vauxhall and Pimlico
Wimbledon – Pimlico cable tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°29′10″N 0°7′42″W1996Electricity cables[24]
Battersea steam tunnel Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°29′3″N 0°8′31″W20th centuryBetween Battersea and Pimlico is a single tunnel carrying four pipes, two 30" Thames Water mains and two 11" pipes feeding the Pimlico District Heating system, originally powered by Battersea Power Station.[25]
Battersea exhaust tunnels Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°29′2″N 0°8′48″W1920sBetween Battersea and either side of Victoria are two tunnels. Tunnels are labelled 'A' and 'B'; A splits further to become 'C' under Ranelagh Gardens.[citation needed]
Grosvenor Bridge Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, railway bridge, arch bridge51°29′5″N 0°8′51″W1860Also known as Victoria Railway BridgeGrosvenor Bridge, London.jpg

Former[]

  • At least two Emergency Thames Bridges were erected as a precaution against enemy action during World War II. The first of these bridges was built from Victoria Embankment to County Hall, London and was constructed in 1942[26] before being demolished in 1948.[27] The second such bridge was constructed at Millbank outside the Tate Britain in 1942[28] before also being dismantled in 1948.[29]

Planned[]

South West London[]

Crossing Type Co-ordinates Date opened Notes Photo
Chelsea Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge, suspension bridge51°29′5″N 0°9′0″W6 May 1937[31]Chelsea Bridge, London.jpg
Albert Bridge Edit this on WikidataSuspension bridge, beam bridge, Ordish–Lefeuvre system, steel bridge, road bridge51°28′57″N 0°10′0″W[15]1873Albert Bridge from the South.jpg
Battersea Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge[32], iron bridge[32]51°28′52″N 0°10′21″W21 Jul 1890Replaced an earlier bridge, opened in 1771.Battersea Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 493706.jpg
Battersea Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, arch bridge51°28′24″N 0°10′48″W[15]2 Mar 1863West London Line. Also called the Cremorne Bridge.Battersea Railway Bridge, London 04.JPG
Wandsworth Bridge Edit this on WikidataCantilever bridge, steel bridge, road bridge51°27′54″N 0°11′17″W25 Sep 1940WandsworthBridge.jpg
London Power Tunnels Edit this on WikidataUtility tunnel51°27′47″N 0°11′35″W / 51.463°N 0.193°W / 51.463; -0.193 (London Power Tunnels Wimbledon - Kensal Green)2018, 2011Wimbledon - Kensal Green
Fulham Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge, footbridge, truss bridge51°27′57″N 0°12′35″W3 Jun 1889FulhamRailwayBridge.jpg
Putney Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°28′0″N 0°12′48″W[15]1729Replaced an earlier bridge, known as Fulham Bridge, opened in 1729.
This is the downstream limit of the Thames towpath.[33]
Putney Bridge.jpg
Hammersmith Bridge Edit this on WikidataSuspension bridge[34], road bridge51°29′20″N 0°13′47″W[15]1827As of August 2020, Hammersmith Bridge is closed, with river navigation beneath also prohibited.Hammersmith Bridge 1, London, UK - April 2012.jpg
Barnes Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataTruss arch bridge, steel bridge, arch bridge, railway bridge, footbridge51°28′22″N 0°15′14″W1895BarnesRailwayBridgeUpstream.jpg
Chiswick Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge, reinforced concrete bridge, arch bridge51°28′23″N 0°16′11″W3 Jul 1933Chiswick-Bridge-15-540-3.jpg
Kew Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge, truss bridge, girder bridge51°29′2″N 0°16′46″W1 Jan 1869The Other Kew Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1230501.jpg
Kew Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, stone bridge, road bridge51°29′13″N 0°17′15″W1903Kew Bridge in London 2007 Sept 21.jpg
Dahlia Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°29′4″N 0°17′51″W2012Crosses to Lot's Ait in the middle of the Thames.Dahlia Bridge.jpg
Richmond Lock and Footbridge Edit this on Wikidatafootbridge, arch bridge, Lock51°27′44″N 0°19′2″W1894Richmond Lock from Isleworth,Middx looking SE.jpg
Twickenham Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, road bridge51°27′38″N 0°18′52″W3 Jul 1933Twickenham Bridge312-315b.jpg
Richmond Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataSteel bridge, arch bridge, railway bridge51°27′36″N 0°18′49″W1848Richmond Railway Bridge 333r1.jpg
Richmond Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, stone bridge, road bridge51°27′26″N 0°18′26″W1777Richmond 018 Richmond Bridge TT panorama.JPG
Hammerton's Ferry Edit this on WikidataFerry route51°26′48″N 0°18′50″W1909From Marble Hill House, Twickenham to Ham House, Ham.Hammerton's Ferry midriver.jpg
Teddington Lock Footbridges Edit this on WikidataIron bridge, suspension bridge, girder bridge, footbridge51°25′50″N 0°19′18″W1889The Thames Path crosses these bridges; downstream there are paths on both sides of the river until the Greenwich foot tunnel.TeddBridge.JPG
Kingston Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, railway bridge51°24′49″N 0°18′30″W1863Kingston Railway Bridge.JPG
Kingston Bridge Edit this on WikidataStone bridge, road bridge, arch bridge, toll bridge51°24′40″N 0°18′31″W[15]17 Jul 1828The Thames Path crosses this bridge.Kingston Bridge2.jpg
Hampton Court Bridge Edit this on WikidataWooden bridge, steel bridge, road bridge, arch bridge51°24′14″N 0°20′33″W1933From Hampton Court to East Molesey. The Thames Path crosses this bridge.Hampton Court Bridge 1.jpg
Hampton Ferry Edit this on WikidataFerry route51°24′43″N 0°21′45″W1519From Hampton to Hurst Park, East Molesey.Hampton Ferry (geograph 2070883).jpg

Planned[]

London to Windsor[]

Crossing Type Co-ordinates Date opened Notes Photo
Walton Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°23′15″N 0°25′52″W2013Walton Bridge - Aug 2013.JPG
Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry Edit this on WikidataPassenger ferry51°22′57″N 0°27′25″W16th centuryThe only ferry specifically part of the Thames Path and the most upstream operating ferryShepperton Ferry.jpg
Chertsey Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°23′20″N 0°29′11″W[15]1785Chertsey Bridge.jpg
M3 Chertsey Bridge Edit this on WikidataHighway bridge51°23′39″N 0°29′12″W1971Carrying the M3 motorwayM3Bridge01.JPG
Staines Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°25′50″N 0°30′40″W1856Built by the London and South Western Railway. Carries the Waterloo to Reading Line.Staines Railway Bridge Over The Thames.jpg
Staines Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°26′0″N 0°31′1″W1832Bridges continuously recorded near this site since 1228.StainesBridge01.JPG
M25 Runnymede Bridge Edit this on WikidataHighway bridge51°26′15″N 0°32′5″W1961Carrying the M25 motorway and, on the older part of the bridge, the A30; widened in 1983 and 2005.M25RunnymedeBridge01.JPG
Albert Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°28′17″N 0°35′3″W1927Replaced a cast-iron bridge built in 1850-51.Albert Bridge, Dachet (Nancy).JPG
Victoria Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°29′16″N 0°35′29″W1967Replacing an 1851 bridge.Victoria Bridge Datchet.JPG
Black Potts Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°29′33″N 0°35′49″W1850Black Potts Bridge (Nancy).JPG
Windsor Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge, bicycle bridge51°29′9″N 0°36′30″W1850Formerly used as a road bridge.Windsortownbridge.jpg
Windsor Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°29′11″N 0°37′5″W[15]1849Brunelwindsorbridge.jpg
Queen Elizabeth Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°29′12″N 0°37′23″W1966Queen Elizabeth Bridge, Windsor (Nancy).JPG

Former[]

  • The Datchet Bridge, built in 1707, was demolished in 1848, and replaced by the Albert and Victoria bridges.

Windsor to Reading[]

Crossing Type Co-ordinates Date opened Notes Image
Summerleaze Footbridge Edit this on WikidataWooden bridge, footbridge51°29′59″N 0°40′54″W1992Summerleaze footbridge (Nancy).JPG
M4 Thames Bridge Edit this on WikidataHighway bridge51°30′24″N 0°41′9″W1961Carrying the M4 Motorway; incorporates a footbridgeM4 Thames Bridge 20190711 121622 (48256348266).jpg
Maidenhead Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°31′16″N 0°42′6″W1838Carrying the Great Western Main Line.Brunel's Railway Bridge at Maidenhead - geograph.org.uk - 94793.jpg
Maidenhead Bridge Edit this on WikidataBridge51°31′26″N 0°42′7″W1777Bridge recorded 1280.Maidenhead Bridge (1).jpg
Taplow Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°32′0″N 0°41′55″W2018Newest Thames crossing.
Cookham Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°33′44″N 0°42′21″W1867CookhamBridge01.JPG
Bourne End Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge, footbridge51°34′30″N 0°42′51″W1895Footbridge added onto the rail bridge specifically for the Thames Path.Bourne End Railway and Foot Bridge.JPG
Marlow By-pass Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°33′58″N 0°45′43″W1972Marlow Bypass Bridge.JPG
Marlow Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°34′2″N 0°46′23″W[15]1832Replaced bridge built in 1530.Uk-marlow-bridge.jpg
Temple Footbridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°33′7″N 0°47′49″W1989Temple Footbridge was built in 1989 specifically for the Thames Path.TempleFootbridge01.JPG
Hambleden Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°33′37″N 0°52′24″W1884Hambleden Lock - geograph.org.uk - 956439.jpg
Henley Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°32′15″N 0°54′1″W1786Earlier bridge dates from at least 1232.Henley Bridge.jpg
Shiplake Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°30′7″N 0°52′41″W1897ShiplakeRlyBr01.JPG
Sonning Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°28′33″N 0°54′50″W[15]1775Earlier bridge recorded 1530 and one in 1125.SonningBridge01.JPG
Sonning Backwater Bridges Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°28′36″N 0°54′57″W1986The French Horn from Sonning Backwater Bridge.JPG
Caversham Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°27′39″N 0°57′51″W1875Reading, UK - panoramio (42).jpg
Reading Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°27′39″N 0°58′5″W1923Reading Bridge.jpg
Christchurch Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge, bicycle bridge, cable-stayed bridge51°27′44″N 0°58′13″W30 Sep 2015Reading Cycle and Pedestrian Bridge 02.jpg
Caversham Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°27′57″N 0°58′38″W1926Earliest bridge on site recorded in 1231.Caversham Bridge.jpg

Former[]

  • A footbridge was built in 2012, for the London Olympics, to enable spectators of the rowing events held at Dorney Lake to gain access from Windsor Racecourse. It was removed after the Olympics.[35]

Reading to Oxford[]

Crossing Type Co-ordinates Date opened Notes Photo
Reading Festival Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°28′2″N 1°0′43″W2008Temporarily erected each year on permanent footings for the period of the annual Reading Festival; accessible to festival ticket-holders and other authorised personnel onlyReading Festival Bridge.jpg
Whitchurch Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°29′13″N 1°5′7″W1902Toll bridgeWhitchurch toll bridge - geograph.org.uk - 924807.jpg
Gatehampton Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, railway bridge51°30′42″N 1°7′40″W[15]18382008-05 Gatehampton Railway Bridge.JPG
Goring and Streatley Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°31′23″N 1°8′33″W1923GoringBridge01.JPG
Moulsford Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, railway bridge51°33′30″N 1°8′33″W[15]1839MoulsfordRlyBr01.JPG
Winterbrook Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°35′18″N 1°7′24″W1993ByPass Bridge.JPG
Wallingford Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°36′2″N 1°7′10″W[15]1809Bridge recorded 1141.UK-Wallingford Bridge.JPG
Benson Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°36′59″N 1°7′3″WBenson Lock.jpg
Shillingford Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°37′27″N 1°8′22″W, 51°37′28″N 1°8′22″W[15]1827Replaced bridge built 1763.Shillingford Bridge.JPG
Little Wittenham Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°38′15″N 1°10′47″W1870LittleWitBr01.JPG
Day's Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°38′18″N 1°10′45″WDay's Lock and weir - geograph.org.uk - 1248222.jpg
Clifton Hampden Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°39′16″N 1°12′38″W1867Clifton Hampden Bridge (4) (Nancy).JPG
Appleford Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°38′38″N 1°14′27″W19272008-05 Appleford Rail Bridge (2).JPG
Sutton Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°38′59″N 1°15′56″W[15]1807Along Sutton bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1433848.jpg
Sutton Pools footbridges Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°38′45″N 1°16′34″WLinking four islands in the river courseWeir at Sutton Courtenay (geograph 5597973).jpg
Culham Cut Bridge Edit this on WikidataBridge51°39′2″N 1°15′58″W[15]A bridge across the weir on the Culham Cut, west of Culham LockBridge over the Culham Cut (geograph 5187956).jpg
Culham Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°39′1″N 1°16′3″WOther bridges cross the main river channelCulham Lock - geograph.org.uk - 1336789.jpg
Abingdon Bridge Edit this on WikidataArch bridge, road bridge51°40′6″N 1°16′45″W, 51°40′6″N 1°16′45″W[15]1416AbingdonBrBu02.JPG
Abingdon Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°40′14″N 1°16′9″WAbingdonLock01.JPG
Nuneham Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°40′10″N 1°14′27″W1929NunehamRlyBridge01.JPG
Sandford Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°42′29″N 1°13′59″WSandford Lock 05.jpg
Kennington Railway Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°43′17″N 1°14′32″W1923KenningtonRlyBridge01.JPG
Isis Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°43′30″N 1°14′30″W1965IsisBridge01.JPG
Iffley Lock Edit this on WikidataLock, footbridge51°43′43″N 1°14′25″WA narrowboat in Iffley Lock - geograph.org.uk - 1253460.jpg
Donnington Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°44′8″N 1°14′31″W1962Donnington Bridge.jpg
Folly Bridge Edit this on WikidataDeck arch bridge51°44′47″N 1°15′23″W[15]1827Stone bridge built 1085Folly Bridge from the west.jpg
Grandpont Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°44′50″N 1°15′39″W1930sFriarsWharfFootbridge.jpg
Gasworks Bridge Edit this on WikidataFootbridge51°44′47″N 1°15′49″W1886Originally built to carry a rail line to the Oxford Gasworks, which closed in 1960.Gasworks Bridge, Oxford - geograph.org.uk - 872489.jpg
Osney Rail Bridge Edit this on WikidataRailway bridge51°44′50″N 1°16′2″W1887, 1850Two adjacent bridgesOsneyRailBridge.jpg
Osney Bridge Edit this on WikidataRoad bridge51°45′10″N 1°16′23″W1889OsneyBridge01.JPG

Oxford to Cricklade[]

The ford at Duxford
Crossing Type Co-ordinates Date opened Notes
Medley Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°45′50″N 1°16′49″W / 51.76389°N 1.28028°W / 51.76389; -1.28028 (Medley Footbridge) 1865
Godstow Bridge Road bridge 51°46′47″N 1°17′59″W / 51.77972°N 1.29972°W / 51.77972; -1.29972 (Godstow Bridge) 1792 A previous bridge was held by the Royalists in 1645.
A34 Road Bridge Road bridge 51°46′51″N 1°18′11″W / 51.78083°N 1.30306°W / 51.78083; -1.30306 (A34 Road Bridge) 1961
King's Lock Lock and pedestrian bridge
Eynsham Lock Lock and pedestrian bridge Permissive
Swinford Toll Bridge Road bridge 51°46′28″N 1°21′33″W / 51.77444°N 1.35917°W / 51.77444; -1.35917 (Swinford Toll Bridge) 1777
Pinkhill Lock Lock and pedestrian bridge 51°45′37″N 1°21′52″W / 51.76028°N 1.36444°W / 51.76028; -1.36444 (Pinkhill Lock)
Hart's Weir Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°42′24″N 1°23′36″W / 51.70667°N 1.39333°W / 51.70667; -1.39333 (Hart's Weir Footbridge) 1879
Newbridge Road bridge 51°42′35″N 1°25′2″W / 51.70972°N 1.41722°W / 51.70972; -1.41722 (Newbridge) 1250[36]
Duxford Ford and Shifford Lock Cut footbridge Ford and pedestrian bridge 51°41′55″N 1°27′58″W / 51.69861°N 1.46611°W / 51.69861; -1.46611 (Duxford Ford) and 51°42′18″N 1°28′14″W / 51.70500°N 1.47056°W / 51.70500; -1.47056 (Shifford Lock Cut footbridge) The ford crosses the original river channel to an island formed on its other side by the Shifford Lock Cut, which is crossed by a footbridge. There is no footbridge across the original river channel, which must be forded by pedestrians.
Tenfoot Bridge Pedestrian bridge 51°41′38″N 1°29′23″W / 51.69389°N 1.48972°W / 51.69389; -1.48972 (Tenfoot Bridge) 1869
Tadpole Bridge Road bridge 51°42′5″N 1°31′2″W / 51.70139°N 1.51722°W / 51.70139; -1.51722 (Tadpole Bridge) 1784
Rushey Lock Lock and pedestrian bridge 51°41′54″N 1°32′4″W / 51.69833°N 1.53444°W / 51.69833; -1.53444 (Rushey Lock)
Old Man's Bridge Pedestrian bridge 51°41′59″N 1°34′5″W / 51.69972°N 1.56806°W / 51.69972; -1.56806 (Old Man's Bridge) 1868
Radcot Bridge Road bridge 51°41′36″N 1°35′19″W / 51.69333°N 1.58861°W / 51.69333; -1.58861 (Radcot Bridge) 1787
Eaton Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°41′6″N 1°38′41″W / 51.68500°N 1.64472°W / 51.68500; -1.64472 (Eaton Footbridge) 1936
Buscot Lock Lock and pedestrian bridge 51°40′52″N 1°40′6″W / 51.68111°N 1.66833°W / 51.68111; -1.66833 (Buscot Lock)
Bloomers Hole Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°41′15″N 1°40′31″W / 51.68750°N 1.67528°W / 51.68750; -1.67528 (Bloomers Hole Footbridge) 2000 Built in 2000 for the Thames Path
St. John's Bridge Road bridge 51°41′22″N 1°40′44″W / 51.68944°N 1.67889°W / 51.68944; -1.67889 (St. John's Bridge) 1886
Halfpenny Bridge Road bridge 51°41′32″N 1°41′34″W / 51.69222°N 1.69278°W / 51.69222; -1.69278 (Halfpenny Bridge) 1792 The upstream limit of the navigable Thames
Round House Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°41′18″N 1°42′16″W / 51.68833°N 1.70444°W / 51.68833; -1.70444 (Footbridge) The original towpath extends upstream to this point, by the connection with the now disused Thames and Severn Canal
Hannington Bridge Road bridge 51°39′48″N 1°44′57″W / 51.66333°N 1.74917°W / 51.66333; -1.74917 (Hannington Bridge) 1841
Castle Eaton Bridge Road bridge 51°39′39″N 1°47′33″W / 51.66083°N 1.79250°W / 51.66083; -1.79250 (Castle Eaton Bridge) 1893
Water Eaton House Bridge Pedestrian bridge 51°38′39″N 1°49′21″W / 51.64417°N 1.82250°W / 51.64417; -1.82250 (Water Eaton House Bridge)
Eysey Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°38′43″N 1°50′18″W / 51.64528°N 1.83833°W / 51.64528; -1.83833 (Eysey Footbridge)
A419 Road Bridge Road bridge 51°38′34″N 1°50′43″W / 51.64278°N 1.84528°W / 51.64278; -1.84528 (A419 Road Bridge) 1988
Cricklade sewage works bridge Road bridge 51°38′36″N 1°51′5″W / 51.64333°N 1.85139°W / 51.64333; -1.85139 (Cricklade sewage works bridge) Access road to sewage works, accessible to authorised personnel only
Cricklade Town Bridge Road bridge 51°38′40″N 1°51′17″W / 51.64444°N 1.85472°W / 51.64444; -1.85472 (Cricklade Town Bridge) 1852

Cricklade to the source[]

Not all of the bridges above Cricklade are listed below. For example, there are a number of small agricultural bridges allowing access between fields, and bridges to properties in Ashton Keynes that are not mentioned.

Crossing Type Co-ordinates Notes
Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°39′5″N 1°52′31″W / 51.65139°N 1.87528°W / 51.65139; -1.87528 (Footbridge)
Midland and South Western Junction Railway bridge Pedestrian and cycle bridge 51°39′5″N 1°52′31″W / 51.65139°N 1.87528°W / 51.65139; -1.87528 (Midland and South Western Junction Railway bridge) Formerly a rail bridge
Footbridge at Hailstone House Pedestrian bridge 51°38′57″N 1°53′11″W / 51.64917°N 1.88639°W / 51.64917; -1.88639 (Footbridge at Hailstone House)
Manor Farm bridge Road bridge 51°38′24″N 1°54′10″W / 51.64000°N 1.90278°W / 51.64000; -1.90278 (Manor Farm bridge) North of Manor Farm, Waterhay
Brook Farm bridge Road bridge 51°38′23″N 1°54′14″W / 51.63972°N 1.90389°W / 51.63972; -1.90389 (Brook Farm bridge) North of Brook Farm, Waterhay
Waterhay Bridge Road bridge 51°38′17″N 1°54′53″W / 51.63806°N 1.91472°W / 51.63806; -1.91472 (Waterhay Bridge)
Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°38′20″N 1°55′25″W / 51.63889°N 1.92361°W / 51.63889; -1.92361 (Footbridge)
Bridge on High Road, Ashton Keynes Road bridge 51°38′25″N 1°55′51″W / 51.64028°N 1.93083°W / 51.64028; -1.93083 (Bridge on High Road, Ashton Keynes)
Bridge on The Derry, Ashton Keynes Road bridge 51°38′30″N 1°55′56″W / 51.64167°N 1.93222°W / 51.64167; -1.93222 (Bridge on The Derry, Ashton Keynes)
Bridge on Gosditch, Ashton Keynes Road bridge 51°38′42″N 1°56′7″W / 51.64500°N 1.93528°W / 51.64500; -1.93528 (Bridge on Gosditch, Ashton Keynes)
Bridge on Church Walk, Ashton Keynes Road bridge 51°38′48″N 1°56′10″W / 51.64667°N 1.93611°W / 51.64667; -1.93611 (Bridge on Church Walk, Ashton Keynes)
Bridge on Church Lane, Ashton Keynes Road bridge 51°38′48″N 1°56′14″W / 51.64667°N 1.93722°W / 51.64667; -1.93722 (Bridge on Church Lane, Ashton Keynes)
Bridge on B4696, Ashton Keynes Road bridge 51°38′46″N 1°56′31″W / 51.64611°N 1.94194°W / 51.64611; -1.94194 (Bridge on B4696, Ashton Keynes)
Bridges Road bridge and pedestrian bridge 51°38′46″N 1°56′56″W / 51.64611°N 1.94889°W / 51.64611; -1.94889 (Bridges)
Bridge Road bridge 51°38′43″N 1°57′38″W / 51.64528°N 1.96056°W / 51.64528; -1.96056 (Bridge)
Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°38′48″N 1°57′46″W / 51.64667°N 1.96278°W / 51.64667; -1.96278 (Footbridge)
Bridge Road bridge 51°38′51″N 1°57′58″W / 51.64750°N 1.96611°W / 51.64750; -1.96611 (Bridge)
Bridge Road bridge 51°38′52″N 1°58′2″W / 51.64778°N 1.96722°W / 51.64778; -1.96722 (Bridge)
Bridge Road bridge 51°38′54″N 1°58′8″W / 51.64833°N 1.96889°W / 51.64833; -1.96889 (Bridge)
Footbridge Pedestrian bridge 51°38′59″N 1°58′17″W / 51.64972°N 1.97139°W / 51.64972; -1.97139 (Footbridge)
Bridge Road bridge 51°39′2″N 1°58′24″W / 51.65056°N 1.97333°W / 51.65056; -1.97333 (Bridge)
Neigh Bridge Road bridge 51°39′6″N 1°58′29″W / 51.65167°N 1.97472°W / 51.65167; -1.97472 (Neigh Bridge)
Bridge south of Ewen Road bridge 51°40′27″N 1°59′44″W / 51.67417°N 1.99556°W / 51.67417; -1.99556 (Bridge south of Ewen)
Parker's Bridge, Ewen Road bridge 51°40′31″N 2°0′25″W / 51.67528°N 2.00694°W / 51.67528; -2.00694 (Parker's Bridge, Ewen)
A429 Road Bridge Road bridge 51°40′47″N 2°0′53″W / 51.67972°N 2.01472°W / 51.67972; -2.01472 (A429 Road Bridge) Demolished bridge on the currently closed Cirencester Branch Line ran over the road. Part of the Beeching Axe legacy.
A433 Road Bridge, Fosse Way Roman Road Road bridge 51°41′24″N 2°1′21″W / 51.69000°N 2.02250°W / 51.69000; -2.02250 (A433 Road Bridge) At Thames Head

The river splits as it passes through Ashton Keynes. An alternative route to that listed above crosses High Bridge at

 WikiMiniAtlas
51°38′13″N 1°55′46″W / 51.63694°N 1.92944°W / 51.63694; -1.92944 (High Bridge, Ashton Keynes) and Three Bridges at
 WikiMiniAtlas
51°38′18″N 1°56′21″W / 51.63833°N 1.93917°W / 51.63833; -1.93917 (Three Bridges, Ashton Keynes)
.

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ For example Berkshire County Council and Middlesex County Council were abolished and smaller authorities have been created in the counties adjoining the Thames, from the Borough of Swindon unitary authority to Medway Council on the Thames Estuary.
  2. ^ e.g. Buckinghamshire County Cricket Club, Middlesex County Football Association and Middlesex County Cricket Club

References[]

  1. ^ "Parishes: Putney - British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  2. ^ Anon (May 1970). "Cables Down Under". Electronics & Power. 16 (5): 175. doi:10.1049/ep.1970.0161.
  3. ^ Haswell, C.K. (December 1969). "Thames Cable Tunnel". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 44 (4): 323–430. doi:10.1680/iicep.1969.7250.
  4. ^ Map drawn by a one-time Portreve (Mayor) of Gravesend, William Bourne, and included in The Book of Gravesham Sydney Harker, 1979 ISBN 0 86023 091 0]
  5. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing - Design and build - Highways England". Highways England. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Open Infrastructure Map".
  8. ^ https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/barking-power-station-creekmouth-barking-11049
  9. ^ "Thames Tunnel – Plumstead to North Woolwich". Crossrail. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  10. ^ http://www.crossrail.co.uk/construction/tunnelling/railway-tunnels/thames-tunnel-plumstead-to-north-woolwich
  11. ^ "Monitoring settlement in London Clay".
  12. ^ John Witherow; Flora Shaw (eds.), The Times, London: Times Newspapers, ISSN 0140-0460, Wikidata Q50008
  13. ^ http://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200064/local_history_and_heritage/1917/
  14. ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t National Heritage List for England, Wikidata Q6973052
  16. ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  17. ^ "Greenwich issues air quality warning as tunnel work moves ahead". News Shopper. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  18. ^ "Silvertown Tunnel". Transport for London. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  19. ^ "TfL Press Release - TfL and its partners commence further feasibility work on extending DLR into Thamesmead to support new homes and growth". tfl-newsroom.prgloo.com. Transport for London. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  20. ^ "THE NEW TOWER BRIDGE. OPENING BY THE PRINCE".
  21. ^ Geordie Greig (ed.), London Evening Standard, London: Alexander Lebedev, ISSN 2041-4404, OCLC 751429165, Wikidata Q666494
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  23. ^ https://structurae.net/structures/blackfriars-railway-bridge-1886
  24. ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  25. ^ "Pimlico District Heating" (PDF). Westminster Council.
  26. ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Victoria Embankment to County Hall, construction work in progress". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  27. ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Victoria Embankment to County Hall, demolition work in progress". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  28. ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Millbank site, construction work in progress". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  29. ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Millbank site, structure is dismantled". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  30. ^ "London bridge designs unveiled". 21 July 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  31. ^ Matthews, Peter (2008). London's Bridges. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7478-0679-0. Wikidata Q105305831.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.dwwindsor.com/.../in-situ-refurbishment-o...
  33. ^ Walton, A. (1834). A Tour on the Banks of the Thames from London to Oxford, in the Autumn of 1829. London: T. W. Hord. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide.
  34. ^ http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1080793
  35. ^ https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/news/dorney/2310/Olympic-bridge-in-place-at-Dorney.html[bare URL]
  36. ^ Thacker, Fred. S. (1920). "The Thames Highway". 2, Locks and Weirs: 77. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Further reading[]

  • Tucker, Joan (2012). Ferries of the Upper Thames. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-967-1.

External links[]

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