List of crossings of the River Thames
The River Thames is the second-longest river in the United Kingdom. It is crossed by over 200 bridges, 27 tunnels, six public ferries, one cable car link, and one ford along its 215-mile (346 km) course.
Barrier and boundary[]
Until sufficient crossings were established, the river provided a formidable barrier for most of its course – in post-Roman Britain during the Dark Ages Belgic-Celtic tribal lands and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and subdivisions were defined by which side of the river they were on. When English counties were established, the river formed a boundary between the counties on either side. After rising in Gloucestershire, the river flows between, on the north bank, the historic counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Middlesex and Essex; and on the south bank, the counties of Wiltshire, Berkshire, Surrey, and Kent. However the many permanent crossings that have been built over the centuries have changed the dynamics and made cross-river development and shared responsibilities more practicable.
In 1911 Caversham, on the north bank, was transferred into Berkshire. In 1965, with the creation of Greater London, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames united areas formerly in Middlesex and Surrey; and at the same time two urban districts in Middlesex (united in 1974) became part of Surrey. Further changes in 1974 moved some of the boundaries away from the river. For example, much of the north west of Berkshire including Wallingford, Abingdon and Wantage became part of Oxfordshire, and some southern parts of Buckinghamshire became part of Berkshire, including Slough, Eton and Wraysbury. The number of county councils has dwindled (as well as their area) in south-east and central southern England in favour of increased localisation.[note 1] Despite these changes, in the sports of rowing and skiffing the river banks are still referred to by their traditional county names, and in sports such as football and cricket historic county areas are sometimes used.[note 2]
History of crossings[]
Many of the present road bridges over the river are on the sites of earlier fords, ferries and wooden structures. The earliest known major crossings of the Thames by the Romans were at London Bridge and Staines Bridge. At Folly Bridge in Oxford the remains of an original Saxon structure can be seen, and medieval stone structures such as Wallingford Bridge, Newbridge and Abingdon Bridge are still in use. Kingston's growth is believed to stem from its having the only crossing between London Bridge and Staines until the beginning of the 18th century. Proposals to build bridges across the Thames at Lambeth and Putney in around 1670 were defeated by the Rulers of the Company of Watermen, since it would mean ruin for the 60,000 rivermen who provided ferry services and also provided a pool of naval reserve.[1]
During the 18th century, many stone and brick road bridges were built – from new or to replace existing structures – in London and further up the river. These included Westminster Bridge, Putney Bridge, Datchet Bridge, Windsor Bridge and Sonning Bridge. Several central London road bridges were built in the 19th century, most conspicuously Tower Bridge, the only bascule bridge on the river, designed to allow ocean-going ships to pass beneath it. The most recent road bridge sites are the bypasses at Isis Bridge and Marlow By-pass Bridge and the motorway bridges, most notably the two on the M25: Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and M25 Runnymede Bridge.
The development of the railways resulted in a spate of bridge building in the 19th century, including Blackfriars Railway Bridge and Charing Cross (Hungerford) Railway Bridge in central London, and the spectacular railway bridges by Isambard Kingdom Brunel at Maidenhead, Gatehampton and Moulsford.
The world's first underwater tunnel was the Thames Tunnel by Marc Brunel built in 1843, designed for horse-drawn carriages but used as a pedestrian route; since 1869 the tunnel has carried trains on the East London Line. The Tower Subway (1870) was briefly used for a railway; later came all the deep-level tube lines. Two road tunnels were built in East London at the end of the 19th century, the Blackwall Tunnel and the Rotherhithe Tunnel; and the latest tunnel is the Dartford Crossing.
Many foot crossings were established across the weirs that were built on the non-tidal river, and some of these remained when the locks were built – for example at Benson Lock. Others were replaced by a footbridge when the weir was removed, as at Hart's Weir Footbridge. Around the year 2000, several footbridges were added, either as part of the Thames Path or in commemoration of the Millennium. These include Temple Footbridge, Bloomers Hole Footbridge, the Hungerford Footbridges and the Millennium Bridge, all of which have distinctive designs.
Some ferries still operate on the river. The Woolwich Ferry carries cars and passengers across the river in the Thames Gateway and links the North Circular and South Circular roads. Upstream are smaller pedestrian ferries, for example Hampton Ferry and the Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry; the latter is the only non-permanent crossing that remains on the Thames Path.
Note on the listing[]
The list starts at the downstream (estuary) end and follows the river upstream towards the source. A few of the crossings listed are public pedestrian crossings using walkways across lock gates and bridges above or adjacent to the adjoining weirs. Most of the other locks on the River Thames also have walkways across their lock gates and weirs, but these either do not completely cross the river, or are restricted to authorised personnel only, and are therefore not listed. Crossings listed in italics are inaccessible to the public. Besides the ferry crossings listed, there are commuter boat services operating along the river in London, and tourist boat services operating both in London and upstream. Whilst the principal purpose of these services is not to carry people across the river, it may be possible to use them to do so.
North Sea to London[]
Crossing | Type | Coordinates | Opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thames Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°26′35″N 0°24′22″E | 1970 | Carries two 400kV circuits;[2][3] accessible by authorised personnel only | |
Gravesend–Tilbury Ferry | Ferry route | 51°26′55″N 0°22′3″E | 1571 or before[4] | ||
400 kV Thames Crossing | Overhead power line crossing | 51°27′53″N 0°17′48″E | 1965 | Overhead power line 623 ft tall crossing the Thames at Swanscombe and Grays | |
High Speed 1 tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°27′46″N 0°17′37″E | 2007 | Two 2.5 km tunnels, 7.15 m internal diameter, between West Thurrock (Essex) and Swanscombe (Kent) | |
Queen Elizabeth II Bridge | Cable-stayed bridge, road bridge | 51°27′52″N 0°15′30″E | 30 Oct 1991 | Cable-stayed bridge - the southbound element of the Dartford Crossing | |
Dartford Tunnel (eastern) | Road tunnel | 51°27′54″N 0°15′29″E | May 1980 | ||
Dartford Tunnel (western) | Road tunnel | 51°27′55″N 0°15′27″E | 18 Nov 1963 | ||
Dartford Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°28′5″N 0°14′58″E | 2005 | Carrying electrical cable; accessible by authorised personnel only |
Proposed[]
The Lower Thames Crossing is a proposed road crossing, located east of the Dartford Crossings and Gravesend, close to the Thames Cable Tunnel. Currently in the Planning stages, the tunnel is planned to open in 2027/28.[5]
East London[]
Crossing | Type | Coordinates | Opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barking cable tunnel | Utility tunnel[7] | 51°30′43″N 0°6′33″E | 1920s[8] | Carries four 33 kV electricity circuits from Barking substation to Sewell Road substation, Thamesmead[6] | |
Docklands Light Railway tunnel | Railway tunnel | 51°29′55″N 0°4′31″E | 2009 | Between King George V and Woolwich Arsenal stations | |
Crossrail tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°29′48″N 0°3′50″E | 2014[10] | Completed in 2014,[9] these will open to the public with the opening of the Elizabeth Line | |
Woolwich foot tunnel | Pedestrian tunnel | 51°29′56″N 0°3′42″E | 26 Oct 1912 | ||
Woolwich Ferry | Ferry route, boat service | 51°29′46″N 0°3′43″E | 23 Mar 1889 | ||
Thames Barrier | Flood barrier | 51°29′52″N 0°2′12″E | 1984 | Service tunnel accessible by authorised personnel only | |
Emirates Air Line | Aerial lift | 51°30′10″N 0°0′42″E | 28 Jun 2012 | ||
Millennium Dome cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 1999[11] | Accessible by authorised personnel only | ||
Jubilee line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′17″N 0°0′31″E | 1999 | Between North Greenwich and Canning Town stations. | |
Blackwall Tunnel (eastern) | Road tunnel | 51°30′19″N 0°0′7″W | 1967 | For southbound vehicular traffic only | |
Blackwall Tunnel (western) | Road tunnel | 51°30′13″N 0°0′14″W | 22 May 1897[12] | For northbound vehicular traffic only | |
Jubilee line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′1″N 0°0′19″W | 1999 | Between Canary Wharf and North Greenwich stations. | |
Greenwich foot tunnel | Pedestrian tunnel | 51°29′0″N 0°0′37″W | 1902[13] | ||
Docklands Light Railway tunnel | Railway tunnel | 51°29′5″N 0°0′37″W | 1999 | Between Island Gardens and Cutty Sark stations. | |
Deptford cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′11″N 0°1′18″W | Carries 30 11 kV electricity circuits[14] | ||
Jubilee line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′2″N 0°1′48″W | 1999 | Between Canada Water and Canary Wharf stations. | |
Canary Wharf – Rotherhithe Ferry | Ferry route | 51°30′17″N 0°1′55″W | |||
Rotherhithe Tunnel | Road tunnel, pedestrian tunnel | 51°30′23″N 0°2′55″W | 12 Jun 1908 | Single carriageway in each direction, with footways on each side. Built originally for horse-drawn carriages. Pedestrians, riders, cyclists are permitted, but advised to use alternatives due to fumes and speed. | |
Thames Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 51°30′9″N 0°3′13″W[15] | 1843 | The world's first underwater tunnel, linking Wapping to Rotherhithe. Originally designed as a road tunnel for horse-drawn traffic, the necessary access ramps were never built and it was opened as a pedestrian tunnel. It was converted to a rail tunnel, reopening in 1869 and becoming part of the London Overground network in 2010. | |
New Cross to Finsbury Market Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′3″N 0°3′31″W, 51°30′7″N 0°3′44″W | 2017 | Carries three 132 kV electricity circuits[16] |
Under construction[]
- The Silvertown Tunnel began construction in August 2020[17] and should be completed in 2025.[18] This will relieve the Blackwall Tunnels between the Greenwich Peninsula and West Silvertown and to allow larger HGVs and double-decker buses to cross the river at this point.
Proposed[]
- An extension of the Docklands Light Railway across the river to Thamesmead is proposed.[19]
- The Rotherhithe crossing, a pedestrian and cycle crossing between Rotherhithe and Canary Wharf, was originally proposed as a bridge, but Transport for London abandoned plans for a bridge in 2019, and has since explored establishing a ferry service instead.
Central London[]
Crossing | Type | Coordinates | Opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tower Bridge | Bascule bridge[20][21], steel bridge, road bridge, tourist attraction, suspension bridge | 51°30′20″N 0°4′31″W | 21 Jun 1886 | ||
Tower Subway | Utility tunnel, tube railway, pedestrian tunnel | 51°30′30″N 0°4′44″W | 2 Aug 1870 | Formerly an underground railway - now used for water mains and telephone cables and accessible only by authorised personnel | |
Northern Line (Bank branch) tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′28″N 0°5′13″W | 1900 | Between London Bridge and Bank | |
London Bridge | Road bridge, prestressed concrete bridge, arch bridge, box girder bridge | 51°30′29″N 0°5′16″W | 17 Mar 1973 | Other bridges have stood on or near this site since around AD 50 | |
City & South London Railway tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′29″N 0°5′20″W | 1890 | This railway's original crossing of the river between Borough and King William Street; abandoned in 1900 when the Northern line City branch tunnels were opened on a new alignment | |
Cannon Street Railway Bridge | Girder bridge, steel bridge, railway bridge | 51°30′30″N 0°5′31″W | 1883 | ||
Southwark Bridge | Steel bridge, road bridge, arch bridge | 51°30′32″N 0°5′40″W | 1921 | ||
Millennium Bridge | Suspension bridge, footbridge | 51°30′37″N 0°5′54″W | 10 Jun 2000 | ||
Bankside Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°30′35″N 0°5′56″W | 1940s | East of Blackfriars rail bridge, 132 kV and 33 kV electricity circuits[22] | |
Blackfriars Railway Bridge | Steel bridge, arch bridge[23], truss bridge, railway bridge | 51°30′35″N 0°6′12″W | 1886 | ||
Blackfriars Bridge | Steel bridge, road bridge, arch bridge | 51°30′35″N 0°6′16″W | 1869 | ||
Waterloo & City line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′35″N 0°6′20″W | 1898 | Between Waterloo and Bank | |
Waterloo Bridge | box girder bridge, girder bridge, road bridge, Zone 3 A road | 51°30′31″N 0°7′1″W | 1945, 18 Jun 1817 | ||
Northern line (Charing Cross branch) tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′23″N 0°7′10″W | 1926 | Between Waterloo and Embankment | |
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges | Steel bridge, footbridge, railway bridge, cable-stayed bridge | 51°30′22″N 0°7′12″W | 1845 | Rail bridge flanked by newer pedestrian bridges | |
Bakerloo line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′20″N 0°7′14″W | 1906 | Between Waterloo and Embankment | |
Bankside–Charing Cross cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°30′22″N 0°7′13″W | Underneath Hungerford Bridge[22] | ||
Jubilee line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′4″N 0°7′18″W | 1999 | Between Waterloo and Westminster | |
Westminster Bridge | Road bridge, arch bridge | 51°30′3″N 0°7′19″W[15] | 24 May 1862, 18 Nov 1750 | ||
Lambeth Bridge | Road bridge, arch bridge | 51°29′41″N 0°7′26″W[15] | 12 May 1932 | ||
Vauxhall Bridge | Deck arch bridge, steel bridge, road bridge, conflation | 51°29′15″N 0°7′37″W | 1816 | ||
Victoria line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°29′14″N 0°7′39″W | 1971 | Between Vauxhall and Pimlico | |
Wimbledon – Pimlico cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′10″N 0°7′42″W | 1996 | Electricity cables[24] | |
Battersea steam tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′3″N 0°8′31″W | 20th century | Between Battersea and Pimlico is a single tunnel carrying four pipes, two 30" Thames Water mains and two 11" pipes feeding the Pimlico District Heating system, originally powered by Battersea Power Station.[25] | |
Battersea exhaust tunnels | Utility tunnel | 51°29′2″N 0°8′48″W | 1920s | Between Battersea and either side of Victoria are two tunnels. Tunnels are labelled 'A' and 'B'; A splits further to become 'C' under Ranelagh Gardens.[citation needed] | |
Grosvenor Bridge | Steel bridge, railway bridge, arch bridge | 51°29′5″N 0°8′51″W | 1860 | Also known as Victoria Railway Bridge |
Former[]
- At least two Emergency Thames Bridges were erected as a precaution against enemy action during World War II. The first of these bridges was built from Victoria Embankment to County Hall, London and was constructed in 1942[26] before being demolished in 1948.[27] The second such bridge was constructed at Millbank outside the Tate Britain in 1942[28] before also being dismantled in 1948.[29]
Planned[]
South West London[]
Planned[]
- Diamond Jubilee Footbridge, a pedestrian bridge adjacent to Battersea Railway Bridge, granted planning permission in 2013.
London to Windsor[]
Crossing | Type | Co-ordinates | Date opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walton Bridge | Road bridge | 51°23′15″N 0°25′52″W | 2013 | ||
Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry | Passenger ferry | 51°22′57″N 0°27′25″W | 16th century | The only ferry specifically part of the Thames Path and the most upstream operating ferry | |
Chertsey Bridge | Road bridge | 51°23′20″N 0°29′11″W[15] | 1785 | ||
M3 Chertsey Bridge | Highway bridge | 51°23′39″N 0°29′12″W | 1971 | Carrying the M3 motorway | |
Staines Railway Bridge | Railway bridge | 51°25′50″N 0°30′40″W | 1856 | Built by the London and South Western Railway. Carries the Waterloo to Reading Line. | |
Staines Bridge | Road bridge | 51°26′0″N 0°31′1″W | 1832 | Bridges continuously recorded near this site since 1228. | |
M25 Runnymede Bridge | Highway bridge | 51°26′15″N 0°32′5″W | 1961 | Carrying the M25 motorway and, on the older part of the bridge, the A30; widened in 1983 and 2005. | |
Albert Bridge | Road bridge | 51°28′17″N 0°35′3″W | 1927 | Replaced a cast-iron bridge built in 1850-51. | |
Victoria Bridge | Road bridge | 51°29′16″N 0°35′29″W | 1967 | Replacing an 1851 bridge. | |
Black Potts Railway Bridge | Railway bridge | 51°29′33″N 0°35′49″W | 1850 | ||
Windsor Bridge | Footbridge, bicycle bridge | 51°29′9″N 0°36′30″W | 1850 | Formerly used as a road bridge. | |
Windsor Railway Bridge | Railway bridge | 51°29′11″N 0°37′5″W[15] | 1849 | ||
Queen Elizabeth Bridge | Road bridge | 51°29′12″N 0°37′23″W | 1966 |
Former[]
- The Datchet Bridge, built in 1707, was demolished in 1848, and replaced by the Albert and Victoria bridges.
Windsor to Reading[]
Former[]
- A footbridge was built in 2012, for the London Olympics, to enable spectators of the rowing events held at Dorney Lake to gain access from Windsor Racecourse. It was removed after the Olympics.[35]
Reading to Oxford[]
Oxford to Cricklade[]
Cricklade to the source[]
Not all of the bridges above Cricklade are listed below. For example, there are a number of small agricultural bridges allowing access between fields, and bridges to properties in Ashton Keynes that are not mentioned.
The river splits as it passes through Ashton Keynes. An alternative route to that listed above crosses High Bridge at 51°38′13″N 1°55′46″W / 51.63694°N 1.92944°W and Three Bridges at 51°38′18″N 1°56′21″W / 51.63833°N 1.93917°W.
See also[]
- Islands in the River Thames
- Locks and weirs on the River Thames
- List of bridges in London
- London River Services
- Thames Path
- Tunnels underneath the River Thames
Notes[]
- ^ For example Berkshire County Council and Middlesex County Council were abolished and smaller authorities have been created in the counties adjoining the Thames, from the Borough of Swindon unitary authority to Medway Council on the Thames Estuary.
- ^ e.g. Buckinghamshire County Cricket Club, Middlesex County Football Association and Middlesex County Cricket Club
References[]
- ^ "Parishes: Putney - British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
- ^ Anon (May 1970). "Cables Down Under". Electronics & Power. 16 (5): 175. doi:10.1049/ep.1970.0161.
- ^ Haswell, C.K. (December 1969). "Thames Cable Tunnel". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 44 (4): 323–430. doi:10.1680/iicep.1969.7250.
- ^ Map drawn by a one-time Portreve (Mayor) of Gravesend, William Bourne, and included in The Book of Gravesham Sydney Harker, 1979 ISBN 0 86023 091 0]
- ^ "Lower Thames Crossing - Design and build - Highways England". Highways England. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map".
- ^ https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/barking-power-station-creekmouth-barking-11049
- ^ "Thames Tunnel – Plumstead to North Woolwich". Crossrail. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ^ http://www.crossrail.co.uk/construction/tunnelling/railway-tunnels/thames-tunnel-plumstead-to-north-woolwich
- ^ "Monitoring settlement in London Clay".
- ^ John Witherow; Flora Shaw (eds.), The Times, London: Times Newspapers, ISSN 0140-0460, Wikidata Q50008
- ^ http://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200064/local_history_and_heritage/1917/
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t National Heritage List for England, Wikidata Q6973052
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Greenwich issues air quality warning as tunnel work moves ahead". News Shopper. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ "Silvertown Tunnel". Transport for London. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ "TfL Press Release - TfL and its partners commence further feasibility work on extending DLR into Thamesmead to support new homes and growth". tfl-newsroom.prgloo.com. Transport for London. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "THE NEW TOWER BRIDGE. OPENING BY THE PRINCE".
- ^ Geordie Greig (ed.), London Evening Standard, London: Alexander Lebedev, ISSN 2041-4404, OCLC 751429165, Wikidata Q666494
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ https://structurae.net/structures/blackfriars-railway-bridge-1886
- ^ "Open Infrastructure Map". Open Infrastructure Map. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Pimlico District Heating" (PDF). Westminster Council.
- ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Victoria Embankment to County Hall, construction work in progress". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Victoria Embankment to County Hall, demolition work in progress". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Millbank site, construction work in progress". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "Emergency Thames Bridge: Millbank site, structure is dismantled". City of London Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "London bridge designs unveiled". 21 July 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ Matthews, Peter (2008). London's Bridges. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7478-0679-0. Wikidata Q105305831.
- ^ Jump up to: a b https://www.dwwindsor.com/.../in-situ-refurbishment-o...
- ^ Walton, A. (1834). A Tour on the Banks of the Thames from London to Oxford, in the Autumn of 1829. London: T. W. Hord. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide.
- ^ http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1080793
- ^ https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/news/dorney/2310/Olympic-bridge-in-place-at-Dorney.html[bare URL]
- ^ Thacker, Fred. S. (1920). "The Thames Highway". 2, Locks and Weirs: 77. Cite journal requires
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(help)
Further reading[]
- Tucker, Joan (2012). Ferries of the Upper Thames. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-967-1.
External links[]
- Media related to Crossings of the River Thames at Wikimedia Commons
- Crossings of the River Thames
- Lists of bridges in the United Kingdom
- Crossings in the United Kingdom by river
- London-related lists
- Bridges in England by river
- England geography-related lists
- Lists of river crossings