Lower Thames Crossing

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Lower Thames Crossing
LocationKent/Thurrock/Havering/Essex
ProposerDepartment for Transport
Project websiteHighways England - Lower Thames Crossing
StatusProposed
Typeroad
Cost estimate (high)£8.2bn
Cost estimate (low)£6.4bn
Start date2024
Completion date2029/2030

The Lower Thames Crossing is a proposed road crossing of the Thames estuary close to the Dartford Crossing that links the counties of Kent and Essex, and its proposed approaches. If built it would also pass through the district of Thurrock however on the Kent side would pass through Gravesham to cut through the North Downs, supplementing the Dartford route. The approximately 14.3-mile (23.0 km) route will soon be assessed by the Planning Inspectorate.[1]

First proposed in the early 2010s, the crossing is designed to relieve the pressure on the existing A282 Dartford Crossing.[2] The proposed route would connect the M25 motorway and A13 north of the river to the M2 motorway south of the river.[3] If built, the crossing would have the longest road tunnel in the UK at 2.6 miles (4.2 km).[4] The road number A122 has been identified for the proposed road.[5]

The crossing is estimated to cost between £6.4bn and £8.2bn[6] and would take about six years to build following the granting of planning permission.[7] A planning application was submitted in 2020, and withdrawn. In March 2021, a resubmission was awaited.[8]

Background[]

Described as "a crucial part of the country’s strategic road network",[9] the Dartford Crossing is the only fixed road crossing of the River Thames east of Greater London. Although not officially designated a motorway, the crossing is considered part of the M25 motorway orbital route around London. Last expanded in 1991 with the opening of the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, the crossing is the busiest estuarial route in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of around 160,000 vehicles.[10] The crossing has high levels of congestion, especially at peak times - with high levels of air pollution impacting neighbouring Thurrock and Dartford.[11] A variety of additional crossings downstream of the Dartford Crossing have been proposed.

History[]

An additional Thames crossing downstream from Dartford was first considered in the Roads for Prosperity white paper in 1989, noting that it would "[relieve the] east side of the M25 between Kent and Essex".[12]

The Lower Thames Crossing was recommended for further investigation in the 2002 ORBIT Multi-Model Study, which examined orbital transport problems around London.[13][14]

In 2008, Metrotidal Ltd proposed the "Medway-Canvey Island crossing", a £2bn to £4bn combined road and rail tunnel between Medway and Canvey Island that would include a surge-tide barrier and a tidal power plant, which was supported by Kent County Council, Essex County Council, the Thames Gateway South Essex Partnership and the Department for Transport.[15]

Following delays in any proposal being put forward by central government, Essex and Kent County Councils intend to create a joint proposal for the construction of a crossing.[16]

In January 2009, the Department for Transport published its own proposals.[17]

In October 2010, a study commissioned by Kent County Council proposed that the northern end of the crossing should bypass the M25 and continue on to connect to the M11 (and Stansted Airport) directly.[18] This would presumably be an adaptation of Option C.

In October 2012, plans were announced for the London Resort theme park near Swanscombe. Commenting on road and motorway access to the park, Kent County Council highways chief Councillor Brian Sweetland said that he was looking at a significant variation to Option B: "The possibility of a new Thames Crossing at the Swanscombe peninsula must now be taken very seriously".[19]

In April 2017, the Secretary of State for Transport Chris Grayling confirmed Option C as the preferred route for the Lower Thames Crossing.[20]

In November 2017, Highways England announced that its 'current thinking' for the design of the route encompassed a number of changes from that of the original public consultation: the route would now avoid a landfill site near Ockendon; the junction with the A13 would be redesigned and the junctions with the A128 and A226 would be removed. Furthermore, the A2 would be widened from its junction with the new crossing approach road to Junction 1 of the M2.[21]

In March 2018, Tim Jones in his position as LTC Project Director confirmed that the proposed LTC would not resolve all the problems both north and south of the river. [22]

In July 2019, Highways England said they expected to submit a planning application in Summer 2020 and had a target for road opening of 2027.[23] On 26 October 2020, Highways England submitted a Development Consent Order for the project.[24] However, it was pulled the following month after the planning inspectorate asked for more information regarding environmental impact and construction plans.[4]

Proposed routes 2009[]

In January 2009, the Department for Transport proposed three major options to increase capacity east of London over the River Thames to be built downstream of the existing Dartford Crossing and an additional proposal to increase capacity at the Dartford Crossing.[17]

  • Option A: Building an additional (1 mile) road crossing at the current Dartford Crossing (A282) in addition to the current two tunnels (north) and four-lane bridge (South).
    • Option A Route 14: Proposed tunnel (approximately 7 miles in length, offering a four-lane 70 mph motorway link between the end of the M25 in Essex to the beginning of the M25 in Kent – essentially completing the London Orbital Road). This proposal suggested 40% of strategic long-distance traffic would use this new route, significantly freeing up the overcapacity 50 mph A282 crossing. Area covering junctions 2, 1, 31 and 30.
  • Option B: A new road crossing in the Swanscombe Peninsula area, connecting the A2 near Dartford (south) to the A1089 road, north of Tilbury Docks. This option was dropped in 2013 because of the proposed London Resort.
  • Option C: A new road crossing connecting the M2/A2 in the south with the M25, which might be linked via a proposed new Thames flood barrier. The route from the north would pass close to or through North Ockendon, South Ockendon, Orsett, Chadwell St Mary, West Tilbury, East Tilbury, across West Tilbury Marshes before it crossed the Thames just to the east of Gravesend and Thurrock. It would join the M2/A2 in the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and in the Special Landscape Area. According to the DfT, this long route would have "considerable environmental impacts". Option C has several variations, three possible routes to the north of the river, known as Option C Routes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. To the south of the river, the two options are known as the Western and Eastern southern links.
  • Also: Increased capacity on the current Dartford Crossing at a lower cost. This option did not accommodate the predicted traffic growth in the longer term.

Advocates of the proposal argue that a new crossing is needed to alleviate congestion at the Dartford Crossing.

Currently, there is a ferry service operating between Gravesend and Tilbury,[25] which predominantly carries foot passengers and bicycles, Monday to Saturday.[26]

2020 proposals[]

Highways England issued revised proposals in 2020 based on the previous Option C. The proposed route would run from the M25 at North Ockendon to the A2 at Thong, including an intermediate junction with the A13 and A1089 roads. The route would be 14.3 miles (23 km) including 2.6 miles (4.3 km) in twin tunnels with three traffic lanes, and would be an all-purpose trunk road rather than a motorway.[27] Construction is expected to take six years.[28]

In April 2021, Highways England announced that they had split the construction of the road into three sections.[29][30] Two contractors would build the roads north and south of the tunnel, at a cost of £1.3bn and £600m respectively.[29] Another contractor would build the tunnel, at a cost of £2.3bn.[30] This would allow construction of the project to begin immediately after the Development Consent Order (DCO) process is completed.[29]

The crossing will cost between £6.4bn and £8.28bn,[31] but investment in local roads is also likely to be necessary to deal with the predicted increases in traffic once the crossing opens.[32] The cost of the proposed LTC is currently more expensive per mile than the HS2 project which is currently predicted to cost £307m per mile of track,[33] the LTC at current predicted costing would be nearly £573.5m per mile.[34]

Development Consent Order application (planning permission)[]

In October 2020, Highways England submitted their application for a Development Consent Order (DCO) for the proposed Lower Thames Crossing. After submission, the Planning Inspectorate requested details missing from the application, as well as more information on construction plans and the environmental impact of the scheme from Highways England.[35][36] In November 2020, Highways England were advised that the Planning Inspectorate would not accept the application.[37] Following this feedback, Highways England instead chose to withdraw the DCO application and carry out further work for a resubmission in 2021.[38] On 20 March 2021, the 120 day internal deadline was missed.[8]

Route[]

Approximate location of the north tunnel portal, taken in 2012
View of the area where the southern tunnel portal will be constructed, taken in 2006

The proposed route involves a twin-bore tunnel crossing under the River Thames east of Gravesend and Tilbury, linked north of the river by a new road to the M25 between junctions 29 and 30 while south of the river the new road will directly join the A2 at Thong east of Gravesend.[39] It will run west of Shorne, not to the east, as a result of consultations.[40] The tunnel itself would be 4km long and 16m in diameter, which would make it the largest and longest road tunnel in the UK.[30]

There would be three junctions: Orsett on the A13, Thong on the A2 and north-bound slip roads on the M25 at junction 29. Junctions have been removed on the A226 south of Chalk and on the A128 at Chadwell St Mary in Essex.[41]

Environmental impact[]

The Woodland Trust opposes the project and expects twelve ancient woodlands and fifteen veteran trees to be close to or within the development boundary. Some of these are within the Shorne and Ashenbank Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest. However, the Trust states that Highways England have not disclosed how many habitats will be affected by the project, and calls for them to release this information.[42] Highways England say that new trees will be planted to replace the lost ancient woodlands.[43]

Essex Wildlife Trust is also opposed. The Trust acknowledges that a bored tunnel avoids direct impact on the wetlands and coastal habitats of the Thames estuary, but states that habitats will be destroyed at the site of the northern entrance to the tunnel. It states that the project will fragment habitats and the noise and light pollution it causes will reduce the remoteness and tranquility of the area. The Trust is also concerned that the project will increase car dependency and induce demand, and that as a result it will not decrease congestion and will lead to increased carbon dioxide emissions.[44]

Traffic modelling by Highways England predicts that constructing the Lower Thames Crossing would reduce the number of cars using the Dartford Tunnel. However, the total number of cars crossing the Thames (via the Lower Thames Crossing and the Dartford Tunnel) would increase.[45] In addition to this, modelling predicts that the Dartford Tunnel would still be operating above capacity.[46]

Mitigation[]

Highways England have stated that the road will be the "most environmentally sustainable road project delivered in the UK".[47] Proposed landscaping and mitigation includes planting over 260 hectares of woodland, converting farmland to new habitats and building green bridges across the road.[48][43]

Carbon dioxide emissions[]

Highways England initially refused to release emissions figures. However, in response to a freedom of information request in December 2020 it was revealed that construction of the Lower Thames Crossing is expected to release two million tonnes of carbon dioxide. A further 3.2 million tonnes would be emitted by traffic created by the road over sixty years of operation.[49]

Perspectives[]

Supporters of the project include the UK Government, business groups, trade organisations and major transportation hubs such as the Port of Dover.[50][51] According to the Federation of Small Businesses, 83% of local businesses surveyed support the proposed crossing.[52] Some local authorities support the proposed crossing, despite expressing specific concerns regarding environmental impacts.[53][54]

Some campaign groups support the principle of a new crossing of the Thames, but not the chosen route. The Thames Crossing Action Group prefers new, longer tunnels at Dartford that would allow long-distance traffic on the M25 to bypass the existing Dartford Crossing.[55]

Two local authorities, Thurrock Borough Council and Gravesham Borough Council oppose the project.[56] Environmental groups such as Greenpeace,[57] Woodland Trust,[42] Kent Wildlife Trust[44] and Campaign to Protect Rural England have expressed their opposition to the project on environmental grounds.[58]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Seeking permission to build and operate the Lower Thames Crossing". Highways England. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing – story so far". Thurrock Borough Council. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing - Route". Highways England. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b Horgan, Rob (27 November 2020). "Revealed: Reasons Lower Thames Crossing plans were pulled". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  5. ^ Lower Thames Crossing - 6.3 Environmental Statement Appendices - Appendix 15.1 Carbon and Energy Plan. "The A122 road", accessed 28 January 2021
  6. ^ "Road Investment Strategy 2: 2020–2025" (PDF). p. 90 actual doc page numbering or 96/131 pdf doc numbering.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing Project update Summer 2019" (PDF). Highways England. Summer 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ a b Horgan, Rob (22 March 2021). "Resubmission of Lower Thames Crossing planning application misses 120 day target". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  9. ^ Francis, Paul (15 July 2014). "Two Thames crossing options". Kent Messenger. Retrieved 15 July 2014. Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said: “As part of the M25 orbital route around London, the Dartford Crossing is a crucial part of the country’s strategic road network."
  10. ^ "Dartford Crossing". Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). 16 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Dartford Crossing excluded from pollution assessments". BBC News. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  12. ^ Roads for Prosperity. The Department of Transport. p. Table 2.
  13. ^ "The Orbit Multi-Modal Study:Developing a long-term sustainable management strategy for the M25" (PDF). Association for European Transport. 2003. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  14. ^ "M25 LONDON ORBITAL TRANSPORT STUDY REPORTS". www.gov-news.org. 22 November 2002. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  15. ^ "Medway-Canvey Island Thames Crossing, United Kingdom". Road Traffic Technology. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  16. ^ "Time for Action on Lower Thames Crossing". Essex County Council. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  17. ^ a b "Dartford River Crossing Study into Capacity Requirement". Department for Transport. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  18. ^ "New bridge over Thames 'should link with M11' in Essex". BBC. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  19. ^ Brian, Sweetland (8 October 2012). "Reaction to £2bn Paramount theme park for Kent". Kent Messenger.
  20. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing Consultation". Highways England. 12 April 2017.
  21. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing – In my area". roads.highways.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  22. ^ Tim, Jones. ""...No the Lower Thames Crossing is not going to resolve all of the traffic problems both north or south of the river."".
  23. ^ "Project update – 2018 consultation and next steps for the Lower Thames Crossing". Highways England. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing planning application submitted". New Civil Engineer. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  25. ^ "Transport – Ferry Services". Thurrock Council. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  26. ^ "Gravesend to Tilbury Passenger Ferry". Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  27. ^ Highways England, Lower Thames Crossing Design Refinement Consultation https://highwaysengland.citizenspace.com/ltc/design-consultation/
  28. ^ Gray, Brad (27 February 2021). "3 key ways the new £8bn crossing to Kent could affect Thurrock". EssexLive. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  29. ^ a b c Horgan, Rob (31 March 2021). "Race on for £1.9bn Lower Thames Crossing road building contracts". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  30. ^ a b c Kennedy, Catherine (7 April 2021). "Shortlist announced for Lower Thames Crossing tunnel contract". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Road Investment Strategy 2: 2020–2025" (PDF). p. 90 actual doc page numbering or 96/131 pdf doc numbering.
  32. ^ "Crossing to cost £6.8bn - without a penny for local roads". Kent Online. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ "The Guardian - At £307m per mile of track, can the cost of HS2 be justified?".
  34. ^ "LTC estimated cost per mile".
  35. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing planning application withdrawn". The Construction Index. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  36. ^ Horgan, Rob (27 November 2020). "Revealed: Reasons Lower Thames Crossing plans were pulled". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  37. ^ Delaney, Sean (20 November 2020). "Lower Thames Crossing planning bid pulled". Kent Online. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ "Planning Inspectorate Meeting Note" (PDF).
  39. ^ Morby, Aaron. "Route picked for £8bn Lower Thames Crossing | Construction Enquirer". www.constructionenquirer.com. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  40. ^ Sandhu, Rajdeep (12 April 2017). "Thames Crossing to go east of Gravesend on Wednesday 12 April 2017". BBC News. 20:07. Retrieved 12 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  41. ^ "Executive summary" (PDF). Improvements and major road projects:Lower Thames Crossing. Highways England. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  42. ^ a b "Lower Thames Crossing risk to ancient woods". Woodland Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ a b "Lower Thames Crossing Environmental Impacts Update" (PDF). Highways England. 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  44. ^ a b "Lower Thames Crossing | Kent Wildlife Trust". Kent Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2021. Kent Wildlife Trust is opposed to these plans as they will result in the loss of irreplaceable ancient woodland.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing Traffic Forecasting Report" (PDF). Highways England. 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  46. ^ "'Dartford Crossing will still be over capacity'". Kent Online. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ Arminas, David (1 April 2021). "More tenders for Lower Thames Crossing". World Highways. Retrieved 8 April 2021. The successful bidders and their supply chains will help make the Lower Thames Crossing the most environmentally sustainable road project ever delivered in the UK, according to Highways England.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ England, Highways (3 July 2020). "Lower Thames Crossing - Environment - Highways England". highwaysengland.co.uk. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Climate change: Lower Thames Crossing CO2 impact figures revealed". BBC News. 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  50. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing - Support for the Crossing - Highways England". Highways England. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ^ Powley, Tanya (12 April 2017). "Government backs new Thames crossing to east of London". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ^ "Over 80% of local businesses support the Lower Thames Crossing". Highways England. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ^ "Lower Thames Crossing position statement". Kent County Council. 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ^ Critchell, Matthew (17 March 2020). "'£6.8bn crossing will be jobs boost' - Basildon Council backs Lower Thames Crossing". Basildon Echo. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Thames Crossing Action Group. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ^ "Joint statement on Lower Thames Crossing Joint statement from Thurrock Council and Gravesham Borough Council". Thurrock Borough Council. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021. We have said all along that while we remain opposed to the project, we reluctantly and unfortunately accept the Lower Thames Crossing will go ahead.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ^ Gray, Brad (12 December 2020). "Fury as new Thames crossing could create a 'toxic triangle'". EssexLive. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  58. ^ "CPRE Protect Kent Lower Thames Crossing Consultation Response". CPRE Kent. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

External links[]

Coordinates: 51°26′57″N 0°24′53″E / 51.4492°N 0.4147°E / 51.4492; 0.4147

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