Bandwing
Bandwings | |
---|---|
Austroicetes vulgaris | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Orthoptera |
Suborder: | Caelifera |
Family: | Acrididae |
Subfamily: | Oedipodinae Walker, 1871 |
Tribes | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
Locustidae Kirby, 1825 |
Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae[1] of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae.[2] Many species primarily inhabit xeric weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locusts:
- Locusta migratoria: the migratory locust
- Chortoicetes terminifera: the Australian plague locust
- Locustana pardalina the brown locust
These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwings that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium is extremely small or absent.
Defense[]
When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the Blue-winged grasshopper for butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.
Tribes and genera[]
The Orthoptera Species File lists the following:[3]
Tribe Acrotylini[]
Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
Tribe Anconiini[]
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
- Anconia Scudder, 1876
Tribe Arphiini[]
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
- Arphia Stål, 1873
- Lactista Saussure, 1884 (synonym Rehnita[4])
- Leuronotina Hebard, 1932
- Tomonotus Saussure, 1861
Tribe Bryodemini[]
Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: Europe, Asia
- Mishchenko, 1989
- Bei-Bienko, 1930
- Fieber, 1853
- Benediktov, 1998
- Bryodemella Yin, 1982 including Bryodemella tuberculata
- Circotettix Scudder, 1876
- Saussure, 1889
- Bei-Bienko, 1930
Tribe Chortophagini[]
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
- Chimarocephala Scudder, 1875
- Chortophaga Saussure, 1884
- Encoptolophus Scudder, 1875
- Shotwellia Gurney, 1940
Tribe Epacromiini[]
Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia
- Aiolopus Fieber, 1853
- Sirin & Çiplak, 2004
- Bolívar, 1908
- Uvarov, 1942
- Heteropternis Stål, 1873
- Uvarov, 1923
- Bolívar, 1914
- Paracinema Fischer, 1853
- Uvarov, 1942
Tribe Hippiscini[]
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas
- Agymnastus Scudder, 1897
- Camnula Stål, 1873
- Cratypedes Scudder, 1876
- Hadrotettix Scudder, 1876
- Heliastus Saussure, 1884
- Hippiscus Saussure, 1861 (monotypic)
- Leprus Saussure, 1861
- Pardalophora Saussure, 1884
- Sticthippus Scudder, 1892
- Xanthippus (grasshopper) Saussure, 1884
Tribe Locustini[]
Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
- Saussure, 1888
- Benediktov, 2001
- Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884
- Uvarov, 1942
- Locusta Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic)
- Locustana Uvarov, 1921
- Oedaleus Fieber, 1853
- Psophus Fieber, 1853 - monotypic Psophus stridulus
- Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884
- Saussure, 1884
- Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
- Saussure, 1884
Tribe Macherocerini[]
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
- Machaerocera Saussure, 1859
Tribe Oedipodini[]
Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia
- Saussure, 1884
- Saussure, 1888
- Zheng, 1991
- Oedipoda Latreille, 1829
- Willemse, 1932
Tribe Parapleurini[]
Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893[5] (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia
- Ceracris Walker, 1870
- Liu, 1985
- Willemse, 1951
- Mecostethus Fieber, 1852
- Ramme, 1941
- Stethophyma Fischer, 1853
- Zheng & Chen, 1993
Tribe Psinidiini[]
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
- Derotmema Scudder, 1876
- Hippopedon Saussure, 1861 (synonym Platylactista[6])
- Mestobregma Scudder, 1876
- Metator McNeill, 1901
- Psinidia Stål, 1873
- Trachyrhachys Scudder, 1876
- Trepidulus McNeill, 1901
Tribe Sphingonotini[]
Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia
- Saussure, 1884
- Conozoa Saussure, 1884
- Krauss, 1902
- Dissosteira Scudder, 1876
- Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Uvarov, 1914
- Saussure, 1884
- Saussure, 1884
- Microtes Scudder, 1900
- Popov, 1951
- Bolívar, 1899
- Zheng, 1999
- Spharagemon Scudder, 1875
- Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 including Sphingonotus caerulans (synonym Wernerella Karny, 1907)[7]
- Saussure, 1888
- Saussure, 1884
- Trimerotropis Stål, 1873
- Uvarov, 1924
Tribe Trilophidiini[]
Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia
- Trilophidia Stål, 1873
Tribe Trimerotropini[]
Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas
- Circotettix Scudder, 1876
- Conozoa Saussure, 1884
- Dissosteira Scudder, 1876
- Spharagemon Scudder, 1875
- Trimerotropis Stål, 1873
Tribe Tropidolophini[]
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
- Tropidolophus Thomas, 1873 - monotypic Tropidolophus formosus
Tribe incertae sedis[]
- Gong & Zheng, 2003
- Bei-Bienko, 1950
- Atympanum Yin, 1982
- Werner, 1913
- Yin, 1979
- Austroicetes Uvarov, 1925
- Berg, 1899
- Saussure, 1884
- Uvarov, 1956
- Chortoicetes Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Crinita Dirsh, 1949
- Yin, 1979
- Scudder, 1897
- Saussure, 1884
- Dirsh, 1949
- Yin, 1984
- Bei-Bienko, 1951
- Chopard, 1947
- Uvarov, 1952
- Zheng, 1981
- Koçak & Kemal, 2008
- Uvarov, 1953
- Bolívar, 1882
- Uvarov, 1952
- Zheng, 1977
- Saussure, 1884
- Saussure, 1888
- Morphacris Walker, 1870
- Balderson & Yin, 1987
- Bolívar, 1911
- Yin, 1982
- Hollis, 1967
- Uvarov, 1941
- Descamps, 1965
- Stål, 1873
- Pycnostictus Saussure, 1884
- Sjöstedt, 1921
- Rashidia Uvarov, 1933
- Chen, 1964
- Saussure, 1884
- Miller, 1949
- † Stidham & Stidham, 2000
- † Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- † Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
The genus Cibolacris was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus Stethophyma is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.[8] [9][10][11]
References[]
- ^ Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 28 January 2018)
- ^ Walker F (1871) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum Supplement: 102
- ^ *Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 1 December 2018)
- ^ Hippopedon at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Parapleurini at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Lactista at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Sphingonotus at Orthoptera species File Online
- ^ Cibolacris at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Oedipodinae at Orthoptera Species File Online
- ^ Daniel Otte, 1982, 'The North American Grasshoppers, Volume 1: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae and Acridinae', Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674626607
- ^ DCF Rentz, RC Lewis, YN Su & MS Upton, 2003, 'A Guide to Australian Grasshoppers and Locusts', Natural History Publications (Borneo). ISBN 983-812-074-X , ISBN 978-983-812-074-6
External links[]
- Data related to Oedipodinae at Wikispecies
- Media related to Oedipodinae at Wikimedia Commons
- Oedipodinae