Battle of Kanzan

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Battle of Kanzan
Part of Unification of Saudi Arabia
DateJune 1915
Location
Jabal Kanzan, Al Ahsa, Arabia
25°34′N 49°42′E / 25.567°N 49.700°E / 25.567; 49.700Coordinates: 25°34′N 49°42′E�� / 25.567°N 49.700°E / 25.567; 49.700
Result Victory of Ajman tribe
Death of Saad bin Abdul Rahman
Belligerents
Ajman tribe Flag of the Second Saudi State.svg Nejd and Hasa
Commanders and leaders
Dhaydan bin Hithlain
Other leaders of Ajman		 Flag of the Second Saudi State.svg Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman
Flag of the Second Saudi State.svg Saud Al Kabeer
Flag of the Second Saudi State.svgMuhammad bin Abdul Rahman
Strength
4,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The Battle of Kanzan was a territorial battle between the Al Saud and their long-term enemies, the Ajman tribe, which began in June 1915 and lasted for nearly six months. The reason for the battle was the disloyalty of the tribe to the Al Saud rule.[1]

Background[]

The Ajman tribe's rebellion against the Al Saud rule began in 1854 during the Emirate of Nejd, second Saudi State.[2] They again challenged the rule of Faisal bin Turki, the Emir, in 1860, but Faisal sent a large force against the Ajman tribe led by his son Abdullah who defeated them.[2] Next year the Ajman tribe reattempted to end the rule of Faisal which became a total destruction to them.[2] However, the tribe got advantages from the Ottomans in the region during this period.[3]

In the period between 1910 and 1912 rebellious grandsons of Saud bin Faisal, uncle of Abdulaziz Al Saud, including Saud Al Kabeer left Riyadh and joined the Ajman tribe.[4] This incident made the relations between the tribe and Abdulaziz much more strained. Abdulaziz captured Al Ahsa in 1913 where the majority of the Al Ajman led by Dhaydan bin Hithlain were settled in and therefore, they became part of his rule.[3] Abdulaziz cancelled the privileges of the tribe to maintain stability in the region which caused tensions with them.[3] In the battle of Jarrab the forces of Abdulaziz were defeated by the Al Rashid forces on 24 January 1915 which resulted in the death of Abdulaziz's British military advisor Captain William Shakespear.[3][5] The reason for the defeat of Al Saud forces is given by both Arabic and British sources as the withdrawal of the Ajman tribe from the battlefield.[3][6]

In addition, the Ajman tribe stole some of the livestock belonging to the people of Kuwait and Al Zubayr, and the Emir of Kuwait, Mubarak bin Sabah, complained Abdulaziz about this incident and added that they had sought refuge in their areas near Al Ahsa.[7][8] Although Abdulaziz asked Dhaydan bin Hithlain to return the stolen livestock, he did not accept it.[7] Their hostility against the Al Saud increased following the battle of Jarrab[4]

Battle[]

Due to the factors given above Abdulaziz initiated an attack with an army of 4,000 men against the Ajman tribe in June 1915 which is called the battle of Kanzan.[3][7] The battle took place in Jabal Kanzan, part of Al Ahsa region, Arabia.[8][9] However, the tribe asked him to make an agreement due to their lack of necessary fighters which was welcomed by Abdulaziz, and they planned to meet soon to finalize the peace agreement.[3] Saad bin Abdul Rahman, younger full brother of Abdulaziz, objected this plan, and under his pressure the Al Saud attacked the tribe who unexpectedly resisted.[3] In the battle Al Saud forces were defeated, and Abdulaziz was wounded and his brother, Saad, was killed.[3][10] In addition, the Ajman tribe surrounded Abdulaziz's forces for almost six months, and only through the assistance of Abdulaziz's cousin Saud Al Kabeer and his half-brother Muhammad Abdulaziz managed to end the battle.[11] Abdulaziz also twice asked for assistance from Kuwaiti royal and future ruler of Kuwait, Salim bin Mubarak.[8] Mubarak's aid came late, but contributed to Abdulaziz's escape from the Al Ajman's attacks.[8] However, the Al Saud lost other members in the final phase of the battle, including Faisal, brother of Saud Al Kabeer.[4]

Aftermath[]

Although the Ajman tribe won victory, they could not stay in the region and escaped to Kuwait where they lived under the protection of Jabir Al Sabah, the ruler of Kuwait.[12] However, they soon had to leave Kuwait and settled in the southwestern Iraq.[3]

In November 1916 Percy Cox met with Abdulaziz and Jabir Al Sabah in Basra to end the hostility between the Al Saud and the Ajman tribe which resulted in an agreement stating that the parties would not attack each other from now on.[3] However, the agreement was not fully obeyed by both parties.[3]

References[]

  1. ^ Abdulmajeed Alshalan (June 2017). Corrupt Practices in Saudi Arabia: An Analysis of the Legal Provisions and the Influence of Social Factors (Doctorate of Juridical Science thesis). Indiana University, Maurer School of Law.
  2. ^ a b c Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 46.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Khalid Abdullah Krairi (October 2016). John Philby and his political roles in the Arabian Peninsula, 1917-1953 (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. pp. 245–247. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Nadav Safran (1988). Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Cornell University Press. pp. 33–38. doi:10.7591/9781501718557-008. ISBN 9780801494840.
  5. ^ Christoph Baumer (2021). "LT Col Hamilton's 1917 Political Mission to Emir Abdulaziz Al Saud of Najd". Asian Affairs. 52 (1): 139. doi:10.1080/03068374.2021.1878737.
  6. ^ Hassan S. Abedin (2002). Abdulaziz Al Saud and the Great Game in Arabia, 1896-1946 (PDF) (PhD thesis). King's College London. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021.
  7. ^ a b c "Al Ajman History (Part Three)" (in Arabic). Al Ajman Website. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d Lawrence Paul Goldrup (1971). Saudi Arabia 1902 - 1932: The Development of a Wahhabi Society (PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. pp. 167, 170. ProQuest 302463650.
  9. ^ Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century (PhD thesis). Columbia University. p. 43. ProQuest 303101806.
  10. ^ Gary Samuel Samore (1984). Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 57. ProQuest 303295482.
  11. ^ Talal Sha'yfan Muslat Al Azma (1999). The role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul'Aziz Al Sa'ud 1916-1934 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Durham University. p. 65.
  12. ^ Waleed A.A. Al-Munais (1981). Social and Ethnic Differentiation in Kuwait: A Social Geography of an Indigenous Society (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of London. p. 119.
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