Ikhwan raids on Transjordan

Ikhwan raids on Transjordan
	Part of the Unification of Saudi Arabia
Date	1922–1924
Location	Transjordan Emirate
Result	Ikhwan defeat
Belligerents
Ikhwan ('Utaybah tribe)	British RAF; Pro-Hashemite tribesmen: ; Ajarma; Abbad; Bani Hasan; Bani Hamaida; Bani Sakhr; Hadid;
Commanders and leaders
Eqab bin Mohaya was the leader in 1922, and he also was the head of his tribe (Talhah)	- Sheikh Minwer Shtewi Al-Hadid
Strength
	1,500 raiders (1922); 3,000–4,000 or 4,500 camel raiders
Casualties and losses
500+ killed (1924)	130 tribesmen killed or wounded (1924)
	Population of two small villages massacred; Total killed: ~1,500

Ikhwan on the move

Ikhwan raids on Transjordan were a series of plunders by the Ikhwan, irregular Arab tribesmen of Najd, on Transjordan between 1922 and 1924. The repeated Wahhabi incursions from Najd into southern parts of his territory were the most serious threat to emir Abdullah's position in Transjordan.^[4] The emir was powerless to repel those raids by himself, thus the British maintained a military base, with a small air force, at Marka, close to Amman.^[4] The British military force was the primary obstacle against the Ikhwan, helping emir Abdullah to secure his rule over Transjordan.^[4]

Background[]

With the defeat of the Hashemites in the Nejd-Hejaz War of 1919, and a failure to establish a Hashemite domain over greater Syria, the British hoped to secure Transjordan and Iraq as Hashemite Kingdoms, and did put a significant effort to secure them from external and internal threats. The military assistance of the British to emir Abdullah of Transjordan was used to help with the suppression of local rebellions at Kura and later by Sultan Adwan, in 1921 and 1923 respectively. They also played a crucial role in the major invasions by the Wahhabi tribesmen of Nejd (the Ikhwan). While Transjordan experienced internal stability during 1922–1923, a new external threat emerged from the south east of the country. The Wahhabi Ikhwan movement, King Ibn Saud's tool of territorial expansion, advanced northwards and westwards, and arrived at the undemarcated borders of Transjordan in summer 1922. The Ikhwan were a cross-tribal striking force, whose religious fervour combined with the support of the King was too strong a military challenge for the Arabian tribes. The Wahabi threat brought forward a merger of interests between the nomadic tribes within Transjordan and the Transjordanian government, and for the first time since its establishment the latter was in a more balanced position vis-à-vis these tribes.^[5]

First major raid[]

The Ikhwan initiated their first attack on Transjordan by massacring two villages 12 miles south of Amman belonging to the tribe of Bani Sakhr. In a two-day battle, the tribesmen of Bani Sakhr assisted by the Hadid tribe managed to defeat the raiders.^[6] The raiders were intercepted by British armored cars and planes only after they had begun to withdraw.^[3]

Second major raid[]

In August 1924, a larger Ikhwan militia force, numbering some 4,500 raiders,^[2] travelled 1,600 kilometers from Najd (in modern-day Saudi Arabia) to attack Transjordan, which was at that time under British protectorate. 15 kilometers south of Amman, the raiders engaged again with the villages of Bani Sakhr when they were attacked by the British RAF using airplanes. The Ikhwan army suffered heavy casualties, with death toll reaching 500.^[2] The raided villages suffered 130 dead.

Aftermath[]

Other raids of Ikhwan occurred during the 1927–1930 Ikhwan Revolt against the authority of Ibn Saud. The Ikhwanis raided on southern Iraq in November 1927, and on Kuwait in January 1928, in which they looted camels and sheep. On both occasions, though they raided brutally, they suffered heavy retaliations from RAF and Kuwaitis.^[7] The Ikhwan were eventually defeated by Ibn Saud's regular forces and their leadership slain. The remnants were incorporated into regular Saudi units.

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c Eilon, J.B.; Alon, Y. (2007). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I. B. Tauris. p. 56. ISBN 9781845111380. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Noel Joseph Guckian. British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. PhD Thesis: pp. 217–218. May 1985.
^ ^a ^b Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm. M. E. Sharpe, 1994: p. 143.
^ ^a ^b ^c Salibi, Kamal S. The modern history of Jordan. p. 104.
^ Alon, Yoav (2007). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU: I.B.Tauris. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-84885-013-2.CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Joab B. Eilon, Yoav Alon (2007-04-15). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845111380. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
^ Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M. E. Sharpe, 1994: p.45.

[yoavalon-1] Eilon, J.B.; Alon, Y. (2007). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I. B. Tauris. p. 56. ISBN 9781845111380. Retrieved 2015-05-14.

[Guckian-2] Noel Joseph Guckian. British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. PhD Thesis: pp. 217–218. May 1985.

[wilson143-3] Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm. M. E. Sharpe, 1994: p. 143.

[modernjordan104-4] Salibi, Kamal S. The modern history of Jordan. p. 104.

[5] Alon, Yoav (2007). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU: I.B.Tauris. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-84885-013-2.CS1 maint: location (link)

[6] Joab B. Eilon, Yoav Alon (2007-04-15). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845111380. Retrieved 2016-05-20.

[wilson45-7] Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M. E. Sharpe, 1994: p.45.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]