Battle of Kawmoora

Battle of Kawmoora
	Part of the Karen conflict
Date	19 December 1994 – 21 February 1995; (2 months and 2 days)
Location	Kawmoora, Kayin State, Myanmar
Result	SLORC / DKBA victory
Territorial; changes	Kawmoora is captured by the Tatmadaw and DKBA
Belligerents
Myanmar (SLORC); DKBA	Karen National Union; ABSDF
Commanders and leaders
Maung Aye; Maung Hla; Lun Thi; Kat Sein; Aye Myint; Aung Thein Lin; Wunna Maung Lwin;	Bo Mya; Tamla Baw; Htain Maung; Htaw La; Saw Johnny;
Units involved
Tatmadaw Myanmar Army Southeastern Command; 902nd Artillery Operation Command; ;	Karen National Liberation Army
Strength
10,000 soldiers; 100 artillery	1,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
131 killed; 302 wounded; 2 missing	212 killed; 231 wounded

The Battle of Kawmoora,^[1] also known as the Kawmoora offensive,^[2] was the final military offensive launched by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) to capture the Karen stronghold of Kawmoora.

For nearly a decade, the Tatmadaw had been unable to capture Kawmoora through Burmese territory, and instead relied on the permission of Thai authorities to launch artillery from Thai territory at enemy positions inside the stronghold.^[2] However after the Fall of Manerplaw, the Tatmadaw was able to advance more soldiers further south and capture Kawmoora on 21 February 1995 after over two months of fighting.^[3]^[4]

Background[]

The Karen people of Kayin State (also known as Karen State) in eastern Myanmar (also known as Burma) are the third largest ethnic group in Myanmar, consisting of 7% of the country's total population, and have fought for independence and self-determination since 1949.^[5] The initial aim of the largest Karen opposition group, the Karen National Union (KNU), was to obtain independence for the Karen people. However, in 1976 they instead began to call for a federal union with fair Karen representation, and the self-determination of the Karen people.^[6]

Built in 1985, Kawmoora was a Karen stronghold located at a strategic border crossing that controlled minor trade between Myanmar and Thailand. It was completely surrounded by Thailand, and had a narrow strip of land connecting it to the rest of Myanmar, fortified by a 50 metres (160 ft) long border wall. Merchants paid taxes on goods being transported into Myanmar, but during the late 1980s, trade nearly halted due to constant bombardment from the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces).^[1]

Battle[]

After the Fall of Manerplaw, the Tatmadaw was able to send more of its soldiers to Kawmoora on 19 December 1994; however, Thai authorities refused to allow the Tatmadaw into Thai territory, and thus the only way into Kawmoora was through a narrow 150 metres (490 ft) wide strip of land connecting it to the rest of Myanmar.^[1] This strip of land was dubbed by both sides as "the killing zone", as it became a no man's land littered with corpses of fallen soldiers. Concrete bunkers built by the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) guarded the entrance into Kawmoora, which halted infantry offensives by the Tatmadaw. Both sides suffered heavy casualties for over two months before the Tatmadaw was finally able to push into Kawmoora on 21 February 1995.^[1]

On 21 February 1995, 10,000 soldiers from the Southeastern Command of the Myanmar Army prepared to make a final advance into Kawmoora. Chinese-manufactured 210mm breach loading siege mortars were used to destroy the front-line bunkers of the KNLA, allowing soldiers to enter into Kawmoora. This was the first time the Myanmar Army had used the mortars. Kawmoora was captured on the same day and the KNLA retreated to new bases in Myanmar.^[1]

Aftermath[]

According to the Burmese government, the battle left 131 Burmese soldiers dead, 302 wounded, and two missing, whilst KNLA casualties amounted to 212 killed and 231 wounded. The KNLA however, claim to have only lost ten soldiers to the battle and "a few dozen wounded". Over its nearly ten-year existence, three foreigners had been killed in Kawmoora: an American, a Belgian and a Japanese citizen. It has also been alleged that several Chinese military advisors for the Myanmar Army died in Kawmoora.^[1]