Bodo-Kachari people
 Kherai Dance of Boro people | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 12–14 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Assam | n/a |
| Tripura | n/a |
| Meghalaya | n/a |
| Arunachal Pradesh | n/a |
| Languages | |
| Bodo-Garo languages, Assamese language | |
| Religion | |
Majority
| |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| |
| Part of a series on the |
| Culture of Assam |
|---|
 |
Bodo-Kacharis (also Kacharis or Bodos)[4][5] are an anthropological[6] and a linguistic[7] group of ethnic groups living predominantly in the Northeast Indian states of Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya, that speak Boro-Garo and Assamese languages—some of who possibly have shared ancestries. Many of these peoples formed early states in the late Medieval era of Indian history (Chutia kingdom, Dimasa kingdom, Koch dynasty, Twipra kingdom) and came under varying degrees of Sanskritisation.
It has been suggested by different linguists that the proto-Boro-Garo language was a lingua franca of the region to which non-native speakers had shifted.[8] Among these ethnic groups, Garo, Rabha, Tiwa (Lalung) and some Koch peoples might have been either influenced by Austroasiatic cultures, or were themselves originally Austroasiatic speakers.[9] Boro language, one of the languages in the Boro-Garo group, has been recognised as an eighth scheduled Indian language in 2004.[10]
The speakers of Tibeto-Burman are considered to have reached the Brahmaputra valley via Tibet and settled in the foothills of the eastern Himalayan range which includes the whole of Assam, Tripura, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. The belief that Bodo-Kacharis were early settlers of the river valleys is taken from the fact that most of the rivers in the Brahmaputra valley today carry Tibeto-Burman names—Dibang, Dihang, Dikhou, Dihing, Doiyang, Doigrung etc.—where Di/Doi- means water in Boroic languages.[11]
Some of the groups, such as Moran and Saraniya consider themselves as Hindus under Ekasarana Dharma. The Garo and the Koch peoples follow rules of matrilineal society.
Etymologies[]
Bodo[]
The term Bodo finds its first mention in the book by Hodgson in 1847, to address the Kachari peoples.[12][13] Grierson took this term Bodo to denote a section of the Assam-Burma group of the Tibeto-Burman languages of the Sino-Tibetan family,[14] which included the languages of (1) Mech; (2) Rabha; (3) Lalung (Tiwa); (4) Dimasa (Hills Kachari); (5) Garo (6) Tiprasa and (7) Chutiya.[15] In modern usage, the umbrella-term Bodo is more anthropological and linguistic in its usage.[6] Modern historian Jae-Eun Shin use the Bodo as a linguistic group to include cognate groups.[7] This umbrella-group includes such sub-groups as Mech in Bengal and Nepal; Bodos,[16] Dimasa, Chutia, Sonowal, Moran , Rabha, Tiwa in Assam, and the Kokborok people in Tripura and Bangladesh.[17][4] This is in contrast to popular and socio-political usage, where Bodo denotes the politically dominant sub-group—the Boros—in the Bodoland Territorial Autonomous Districts.[18][19] In general, the Boros or Bodo people means Boro people and scholars use the term Bodo to name the linguistic and anthropological group.
The term Bodo generally stands for man in some of the cognate languages (Boro:Boro; Tripuri:Borok) but not in others (Garo:Mande; Karbi:Arlen).[20] According to historians, the word "Bodo" is derived from the Tibetan Hbrogpa.[21]
The umbrella name "Bodo" is resisted by numerically smaller groups such as the Dimasas.[22]
Kachari[]
On the other hand, the term Kachari has been used through much of history to denote the same people.[23] One of the earliest usage can be found in the 16-th century Assamese language Bhagavata.[24] Kachari is pronounced as Kachhāri or Kossāri. The origin of the name is most likely a self-designation korosa aris that is found in a very old Boro song:[25]
Pra Ari, Korasa Ari
Jong pari lari lari
(We are Korosa Aris, first-born sea race
Our line is continuous)
Ethnic groups[]
| Group | Primary language | Primary Domain |
|---|---|---|
| Bodo | Bodo | Assam (especially Bodoland Territorial Region), Meghalaya, West Bengal, Nagaland, Nepal and Bhutan (in some parts). |
| Chutia | Assamese | Upper Assam, Central Assam, Barak valley(Assam) |
| Deori | Assamese, Deori | Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |
| Dimasa | Dimasa | Central Assam, Nagaland, Manipur |
| Garo | Garo | Lower Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh and Bangladesh |
| Hajong | Hajong, Assamese | Lower Assam, Meghalaya and Bangladesh |
| Koch | Assamese, Koch | Lower Assam, Meghalaya, Bangladesh |
| Mech | Bodo | Nepal, Assam, West Bengal and Nagaland |
| Moran | Assamese | Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |
| Rabha | Rabha, Assamese | Lower Assam |
| Sarania Kachari | Assamese | Lower Assam |
| Sonowal Kachari | Assamese | Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |
| Thengal Kachari | Assamese | Upper Assam |
| Tiwa | Tiwa, Assamese | Central Assam |
| Tripuri | Tripuri (Kokborok) | Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh |
Boro[]
The Boro people, also called Bodo, are found concentrated in the duars regions, north of Goalpara and Kamrup. The origin of Kachari term was unknown to Boro themselves, but known to others. They call themselves as Boro, Bada, Bodo, Barafisa. Barafisa translated as Children of the Bara (the great one ).
Mech[]
The Mech are found in both Assam and Bengal. Hodgson (1847) wrote as "Mech is name imposed by strangers. This people call themselves as Bodo. Thus, Bodo is their proper designation" They speak mainly the Boro language[26] J.D Anderson wrote, "In Assam proper Hindus call them Kacharis, In Bengal they are known as Meches. Their own name for the race is Boro or Bodo."[27]
Dimasa[]
Dimasas have a ruling clan among themselves who are termed as Hasnusa. Some Dimasa scholars opined that they were also known as Hasnusa at some point of time in History[28]
Chutia[]
Among Chutias, Burok means noble/great men. The Chutias who were thought to be healthy and strong was termed as Burok and took up the administrative and military roles in the Chutia kingdom. Even the Matak king Sarbananda Singha belonged to the Burok Chutia clan.[29] Surnames like Bora, Borha, Borua have their origins in the Chutia kingdom and are related to Bara/Bodo/Buruk. There is mention of Manik Chandra Barua, Dhela Bora, Borhuloi Barua as commanders of Chutia army.[30][31]
Moran[]
The Morans called their leader/chief as Bodousa (great son) where 'sa' means child or son in Moran language .[32] They were also known as Habungiya or earth-folk or autochthones which means son of soil.[33]
Deori[]
The Deoris (who were priests by profession) also have the Burok clan among them.
Tiwa (Lalung)[]
Tiwa (Lalung) is an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the states of Assam and Meghalaya in northeastern India. They were known as Lalungs in the Assamese Buranjis, though members of the group prefer to call themselves Tiwa (meaning "the people who were lifted from below"). Some of their neighbors still call them Lalung.[34] A striking peculiarity of the Tiwa is their division into two sub-groups, Hill Tiwa and Plains Tiwas, displaying contrasting cultural features.[35] The hill Tiwas speak Tiwa and follows matrilineality[36] while the plain Tiwa who are more numerous in number speak Assamese and adhere to a patrilineal form of society.[37]
Tripuri[]
The Tripuris are the inhabitants of the Tripura Kingdom. The Tripuri people through Manikya dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Tripura.[38]
Origins[]
They were first classified by S. Endle as the Kacharis. They are considered to have reached the Brahmaputra valley via Tibet and South China, and settled in the foothills of the eastern Himalayan range which includes the whole of Assam, Tripura, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. That the Bodo-Kacharis were early colonizers of the river valleys is taken from the fact that most of the rivers in the Brahmaputra valley today carry Tibeto-Burman names – Dibang, Dihang, Dikhou, Dihing, Doigrung, Doiyang, Pagla-Dia etc. – where Di- means water in Bodo/Deori-Chutia, Moran, Dimasa, other dialects Bodo languages. ("Ti" in Lalung (Tiwa) language, "Twi" in Tripuri language, "Dwi/Doi" in 8th scheduled Boro & "Chi" in Garo). There are many places name given by Bodo-Kachari people are Dispur, Dinajpur, Dimapur, Dimakuchi, Udalguri, Dibrugarh, Hajo, Mongoldoi, Doimukh, Rongdoi, Diphu etc.
History[]
The Tripuri, Chutia, Koch-Mech and Dimasa had established powerful kingdoms in the past. The Tripuri kings had even defeated the Mughals and the Burmese kingdoms in the past. Today, the Boros, the Tripuris, and the Garos have established a strong political and ethnic identity and are developing their language and literature. The Sonowal Kachari is also a branch of greater Kachari. They live in the districts of Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Sivasagar, Lakhimpur, Golaghat and Jorhat.
Notes[]
- ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: aho – ISO 639-3". SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). SIL International. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
Ahom [aho]
- ^ "Population by Religious Communities". Census India – 2001. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
Census Data Finder/C Series/Population by Religious Communities
- ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "The term Bodo is also used to denote a large number of tribes-the Garos of Meghalaya, Tippera of Tripura, and Boro Kachari, Koch, Rabha, Lalung, Dimasa, Hajong, Chutia, Deuri, and Moran of Assam and other parts of the Northeast. (M N Brahma, "The Bodo-Kacharis of Assam---A brief Introduction" in Bulletin of the Tribal Research Institute [Gauhati], 1:1 [1983], p.52)" (George 1994, p. 878f)
- ^ "Bodo | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "[I]t seems that the term Bodo is used particularly to denote sections of people having an agnatic relationship in terms of speech practices and a strong sense of shared ancestry. This term the Bodo is more anthropological in its usage." (Bathari 2014:14)
- ^ Jump up to: a b (Shin 2020:51)...the Bodos, a linguistic group of the Brahmaputra valley, speaking a Tibeto-Burman language and having different cognate groups within them
- ^ "Briefly, I propose, following a suggestion by Burling (2007), that the Proto-Bodo-Garo first as a lingua franca used for communication across the various linguistic communicates of the region and its striking simplicity and transparency reflect a period when it was widely spoken by communities for whom it was not a native language." (DeLancey 2012:3)
- ^ "The Garo, the Rabha and at least some of the Koch are, like the Khasi, matrilineal and uxorilocal. These features are not attested elsewhere in populations speaking Tibeto-Burman languages. These cultural features are best explained either by the deep and long influence of Khasi people on those Garo, Rabha, and Koch (all people now living around Meghalaya), or by the event of language shift, if we suppose that at least some of these people had Khasi ancestors. They would have abandoned their earlier Mon-Khmer languages because of the influential new TibetoBurman-speaking neighbours, but would have retained some important features of their social organization." (Jaquesson 2017:99)
- ^ Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. "Eight Schedules" (PDF). mha.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ " Ti- or di- (“water”) is a common affix used by Tibeto-Burman languages to designate rivers."(Ramirez 2014:4)
- ^ (Bathari 2014:15) The term Bodo finds its textual space first time in the book by Brian Hodgson, who wrote about a section of Tibeto-Burman speech group claiming themselves as Bodo.
- ^ "As (Hodgson) admits in the end, his way of seeing the "Bodos" is twofold: he starts by using "Bodo" to designate a wide range of people (“a numerous race”), then wonders if some others are not "Bodos in disguise". He ends on a cautionary note and refrains from unmasking the dubious tribes, registering only the Mechs and Kacharis,..." (Jaquesson 2008:21)
- ^ Choudhury 2007, p. 1.
- ^ Joseph, Umbavu (1 December 2006). Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 1 Rabha. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-474-0469-9.
- ^ Chaterji uses Bodo for both the umbrella group as well as the Boro: "the Bodo speeches- Bodo, Moran,Mech, Rabha, Garo, Kachari and Tipra and a few more" (Chaterji 1974:23)
- ^ (Bathari 2014:14)
- ^ "In present-day socio-political terminology, the Bodo means the plains tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley known earlier as Bodo-Kachari." (Choudhury 2007, p. 1)
- ^ "The media at the regional and national level; officials at the Centre and the state political parties of all hues and the people, in general, have accepted what may be termed as a contraction of the original denotion." (Choudhury 2007, p. 1)
- ^ "One section of the same stock, Garo, a Tribe called themselves “Mande” means Man: another word Arleng (Karbi) is popularly used among Karbis, which literally means Man." (Brahma 2008:1–2)
- ^ "The inception of the term 'Boro' may be traced from a Tibetan word 'Hbrogpa' an inhabitant of steppes belongs to Mongolean race." (Brahma 2008:2)
- ^ This has been viewed with contempt by several sections of the groups as a design by the Boros to establish their pre-dominance over numerically and otherwise weaker sections of the group. Most of the resistance has come from the Dimasas, who often accuse the Boros of appropriating the history and language of the Dimasas.(Bathari 2014, p. 14-15)
- ^ "On the other hand, for the larger part of history, this group of people is referred to as Kacharis." (Bathari 2014:14)
- ^ Srimandbhagavat, skandha 2, H Dattabaruah and Co., Nalbari, pp-38: kiraTa kachhaari khaachi gaaro miri / yavana ka~Nka govaala /
- ^ (Mosahary 1983:47)
- ^ Hodgson, B.H. (1847). Essay the first; On the Kocch, Bódo and Dhimál tribes. Calcutta: J. Thomas. pp. 105, 142, 154, 155, 156.
Mech is name imposed by strangers. This people call themselves as Bodo. Thus, Bodo is their proper designation
- ^ (The Kacharis & J.D Anderson:xv)
- ^ The Dimasa were known as kachari who migrated to Dimapur region and settled on the banks of Dhansiri, and later came to be known as Dimasa
- ^ "Nath, D. The Mataks and their Revolt, p.13" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ Dr. Swarnalata Baruah(2004), Chutia Jaatir Buranji, Page 145, Surnames like Bora, Saikia, Kataki, Tamuli,etc. were found in Chutia kingdom. It is clearly stated in the Deodhai Buranji that when Ahom king Suhungmung attacked the Chutia kingdom on the banks of Dihing river, the Chutia army was led by one Manik Chandra Baruah. The surname "Neog" was probably derived from the Chutia "Nayak" whose duty was the same. Deori folklores also mention the myths behind the creation of each of these titles. For instance, "Bora" was said to be derived from the "Buruk" clan and acted either as a military official or a temple guard...
- ^ Dr. Swarnalata Baruah(2004), Chutiya Jaatir Buranji, Page 129, The Chutia army was led by Borhuloi Borua and Dhela Bora.
- ^ Moran chief Badaucha
- ^ (Endle 1911:88)
- ^ "the Tiwas, called Lalungs by their neighbours"(Ramirez 2014:19)
- ^ "Many Tiwas account for the cultural dichotomy between hill Tiwas and plains Tiwas in terms of an acculturation to the Assamese dominated plain culture"(Ramirez 2014:20)
- ^ "hill Tiwas, concentrated in the central Assam hills, all speak a Bodo-Garo language (Tiwa); their villages are centred around youth dormitories (samadhi); their descent mode is ambilineal (see chapter 3) with a high incidence of matrilineality"(Ramirez 2014, p. 19)
- ^ "Generally speaking, the much more numerous plains Tiwas (171,000) do not speak Tiwa; they follow a patrilineal descent pattern"(Ramirez 2014, p. 20)
- ^ [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/69486/9/09_chapter%202.pdf
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- Social groups of Assam
- Tribes of Assam
- Ethnic groups in Northeast India
- Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya
- Scheduled Tribes of Assam
- Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland
- Ethnic groups in South Asia