Boley, Oklahoma
Boley, Oklahoma | |
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![]() Boley 100th Birthday Rodeo & Bar-B-Q Festival | |
Location of Boley, Oklahoma | |
Coordinates: 35°29′34″N 96°28′54″W / 35.49278°N 96.48167°WCoordinates: 35°29′34″N 96°28′54″W / 35.49278°N 96.48167°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Oklahoma |
County | Okfuskee |
Incorporated | May 10th, 1905 |
Area | |
• Total | 1.65 sq mi (4.27 km2) |
• Land | 1.64 sq mi (4.26 km2) |
• Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
Elevation | 892 ft (272 m) |
Population (2010) | |
• Total | 1,184 |
• Estimate (2019)[4] | 1,174 |
• Density | 714.11/sq mi (275.64/km2) |
Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
ZIP code | 74829 |
Area code(s) | 539/918 |
FIPS code | 40-07500[2] |
GNIS feature ID | 1090385[3] |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Motorcycle_street_drag_races_held_in_downtown_Boley%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/220px-Motorcycle_street_drag_races_held_in_downtown_Boley%2C_Oklahoma.jpg)
Boley is a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,184 at the 2010 census, a gain of 5.2 percent from the figure of 1,126 recorded in 2000.[5] Boley was incorporated in 1905 as a predominantly Black pioneer town with persons having Native American ancestry among its citizens.[6] Boley is currently home to barbeque equipment maker, Smokaroma, Inc, and the John Lilley Correctional Center.
The closed the high school in 2007 and the elementary in 2010[7] due to declining enrollment. The Boley Historic District is a National Historic Landmark.[8][9] Currently Boley hosts The Annual Boley Rodeo & Bar-B-Que Festival.[10]
History[]
This area was settled by Creek Freedmen, whose ancestors had been held as slaves of the Creek at the time of Indian Removal in the 1830s. After the American Civil War, the United States negotiated new treaties with tribes that allied with the Confederacy. It required them to emancipate their slaves and give them membership in the tribes. Those formerly slaves were called the Creek Freedmen. At the time of allotments to individual households under the Dawes Commission, Creek Freedmen were registered as such on the Dawes Rolls (even if they were of mixed-race and also descended directly from Creek ancestors.) Creek Freedmen set up independent townships, of which Boley was one. The town was established on the land allotted to Abigail Barnett, daughter of James Barnett, a Creek freedman.[11]
The coming of the Fort Smith & Western Railroad allowed agricultural land to be more profitably used as a townsite. Property owned by the Barnett family, among other Creek Freedmen, was midway between Paden and Castle, and ideal for a station stop. With the approval of the railroad management, Boley, Creek Nation, Indian Territory was incorporated in 1905. It was named for J. B. Boley, an official of the railroad.[11] There were no other Negro towns nearby, it became a center of regional business. During the early part of the 20th century, Boley was one of the wealthiest Negro towns in the US. It boasted two banks,[12] including the first nationally chartered bank owned by blacks, three cotton gins,[12] and its own electric company.[13] The town had over 4,000 residents by 1911, and was the home of two colleges: Creek-Seminole College, and Methodist Episcopal College. The Masonic Lodge was called "the tallest building between Okmulgee and Oklahoma City," when it was built in 1912.[11] Booker T. Washington visited Boley in 1905, and was so impressed that he included Boley in his speeches.
Boley's development paralleled that of the railroad. After World War I, a fall in agricultural prices and the bankruptcy of the railroad caused Boley's failure. It went bankrupt in 1939 during the Great Depression. Before World War II, Boley's population had declined to about 700.[11] With the Second Great Migration underway, by 1960 most of the population had left for other urban areas.[14][15] So far the New Great Migration has not benefited Boley. However, Boley remains one of the state's few remaining historic African-American towns.[12]
Timeline[]
1897, by this time Oklahoma law required black children to be educated separately from white children[16]
- 1903 Founding[11]
- 1905 Booker T. Washington tours the newly incorporated Boley. Newspaper The Boley Progress starts publication.[17]
- 1907 Oklahoma becomes a state. With statehood the legislature passed Jim Crow laws similar to those in much of the South. Oklahoma was no longer a refuge for African-Americans from Jim Crow.[16]
- 1905 August 14. Killing in line of duty Boley City Marshal W.R. Shaver[18]
- 1911 Facts about Boley, Okla. the largest and wealthiest exclusive Negro city in the world. (Boley, OK: Commercial Club, 1911[19]
- 1922 "Produced in the All-Colored City of Boley, Okla." The Crimson Skull; Baffling Western Mystery Photo-Play, starring Bill Pickett, was an example of the race movie genre.[20]
- 1925, State Training School for Incorrigible Negro Boys was located in Boley; it would become the John Lilley Correctional Center.
- 1926 The Boley Progress ceases publication.
- 1932 Armed citizens of Boley thwart a bank robbery attempt by members of Pretty Boy Floyd's gang.[21]
- 1934 30th Anniversary Celebration[22]
- 1939 Fort Smith & Western Railroad and Boley go bankrupt.
- 1959 Smokaroma founded.
- 1961 First of the Annual Boley Rodeo & Bar-B-Que Festivals.
- 1970 Oklahoma : OSSAA Boys Basketball State Champions (Class A Boys)
- 1974 Oklahoma : OSSAA Boys Basketball State Champions (Class A Boys)
- 1975 Oklahoma : OSSAA Boys Basketball State Champions (Class B Boys)
- 1975 Boley Historic District given landmark status.
- 1976 Oklahoma : OSSAA Boys Basketball State Champions (Class A Boys)
- 2007 Boley High School closes
- 2010 Boley Elementary closes
- 2016 Adopted a code of ordinances[23]
Inscription on Oklahoma Historical Society plaque honoring Boley[]
Boley, Oklahoma Est. August 1903 - Inc. May 1905 Boley, Creek Nation, I.T., Established as all black town on land of Creek Indian Freedwoman Abigail Barnett. Organized by T.M. Haynes first townsite manager. Named for J.B. Boley, white roadmaster, who convinced Fort Smith & Western Railroad that blacks could govern themselves. This concept soon boosted population to 4,200. Declared National Historic Landmark District by Congress 5-15-1975. Oklahoma Historical Society[24]
Boley Historic District[]
Part of Boley was declared as Boley Historic District and a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The District is roughly bounded by Seward Avenue, Walnut and Cedar Streets, and the southern city limits of Boley.[25][26]
Quotations about Boley from Booker T. Washington[]
"They have recovered something of the knack for trade that their fore-parents in Africa were famous for".[14]
"Boley, Indian Territory, is the youngest, most enterprising, and in many ways the most interesting of the Negro towns in the US."[27]
Politics[]
In the 2016 presidential election, the city gave over 78% of the vote to the Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton.[28]
Notable people[]
- Cardell Camper, major league baseball player
- Pumpsie Green - baseball player, first African American to play for the Boston Red Sox
- Zenobia Powell Perry - composer[29]
- - basketball player and coach[30]
- - basketball coach[31]
Geography[]
Boley is located approximately 13 miles east of Prague and 11 miles west of Okemah on US Highway 62.[32] Boley is located at 35°29′34″N 96°28′54″W / 35.49278°N 96.48167°W (35.492813, -96.481776).[33] The cemetery is located southwest of the town.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), all land.
Demographics[]
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1910 | 1,334 | — | |
1920 | 1,154 | −13.5% | |
1930 | 874 | −24.3% | |
1940 | 942 | 7.8% | |
1950 | 646 | −31.4% | |
1960 | 573 | −11.3% | |
1970 | 514 | −10.3% | |
1980 | 423 | −17.7% | |
1990 | 908 | 114.7% | |
2000 | 1,126 | 24.0% | |
2010 | 1,184 | 5.2% | |
2019 (est.) | 1,174 | [4] | −0.8% |
U.S. Decennial Census[34] |
As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 1,126 people, 136 households, and 79 families residing in the town. The population density was 684.6 people per square mile (265.1/km2). There were 153 housing units at an average density of 93.0 per square mile (36.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 35.61% White, 54.71% African American, 4.97% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 1.51% from other races, and 3.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.11% of the population.
There were 136 households, out of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.8% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.9% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 7.6% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 51.0% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 407.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 490.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $16,042, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,304. About 25.0% of families and 40.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.5% of those under age 18 and 20.3% of those age 65 or over.
See also[]
- Boley Historic District
- Brooksville, Clearview, Grayson, Langston, Lima, Red Bird, Rentiesville, Summit, Taft, Tatums, Tullahassee, and Vernon, other "All-Black" settlements that were part of the Land Run of 1889.[35]
Further reading[]
- “All Men Up”: Race, Rights, and Power in the All Black Town of Boley, Oklahoma, 1903-1939" by Melissa Stuckey, diessertation, Yale University, 2008
- Decatur-Thomas, C. (1989) Boley: An all black pioneer town and the education of its children. [Dissertation] The University of Akron
References[]
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ CensusViewer:Boley, Oklahoma Retrieved November 26, 2014.
- ^ (Decatur-Thomas, 1989)
- ^ Cross, Phil (2015-10-28). "Considering consolidation: Losing a school". KOKH. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
- ^ "National Park Service" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "Preservation Oklahoma - Boley Historic District". Archived from the original on Jul 27, 2011. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "Annual Boley Rodeo - Boley, Oklahoma". www.lasr.net. Archived from the original on Feb 2, 2016. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e O'Dell, Larry. "Boley." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Archived March 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved November 26, 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Black History Month: Boley once boasted more than 4,000 residents". Tim Stanley, Tulsa World, February 4, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
- ^ "Boley, Oklahoma, C. Sharp & Associates Inc., 2000". Archived from the original on Apr 12, 2008. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Denton, Virginia Lantz (Jul 25, 1993). Booker T. Washington and the Adult Education Movement. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813011820. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021 – via Google Books.
- ^ BROOKS, Roy L. (Jun 30, 2009). Integration or Separation? A Strategy for Racial Equality. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674028852. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021 – via Google Books.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Jim Crow Laws: Oklahoma". Archived from the original on Sep 27, 2011. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ Boley Progress, Library of Congress
- ^ "City Marshal W. R. Shaver". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP). Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ Facts about Boley, Okla. - Open Library
- ^ "The Crimson Skull (1922) - IMDb". Retrieved Jul 25, 2021 – via www.imdb.com.
- ^ "American Visions: Boley's bank robbed! - famous 1923 bank robbery in the all-black town of Boley, Oklahoma - includes related article about the history of Boley". Jan 27, 2005. Archived from the original on 2005-01-27. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "Text of Souvenir Program of Boley's 30th Anniversary Celebration". Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "CODEMGMT.NET". codemgmt.net. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "african american | military history". Archived from the original on Jul 13, 2010. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "Boley Historic District". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ Marcia M. Greenlee (September 27, 1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Boley, Oklahoma Historic District / Boley Historic District" (pdf). National Park Service. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) and Accompanying 16 photos from 1974. (6.67 MB) - ^ Booker T. Washington papers, V.9 1906-1908 Archived January 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Thoren, Thomas (Nov 9, 2016). "How Oklahoma Voted: Interactive Maps with Precinct-Level Results". Oklahoma Watch. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "Zenobia Powell Perry, An American Composer By Jeannie Gayle Pool, IAWM Journal (2003)". Archived from the original on Oct 3, 2006. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ http://mosportshalloffame.com/inductees/nate-quinn/
- ^ "Oklahoma Coaches Association ::". www.oklahomacoaches.org. Retrieved Jul 25, 2021.
- ^ "Boley, Oklahoma". Mapquest. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ O'Dell, Larry. "All-Black Towns". . Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
External links[]
- History of Boley on The African American Registry
- Black heritage sites, Boley Historic District, By Nancy C. Curtis
- Oklahoma Historical Society, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, Boley
- Boley cemetery index from rootsweb
- History of Boley published 1945 from rootsweb
- NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM including a history and inventory of historic buildings
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Boley
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - All-Black Towns
Decatur-Thomas, C. (1989) Boley: An all black pioneer town and the education of its children. [Dissertation] The University of Akron
- Towns in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma
- Towns in Oklahoma
- African diaspora history
- Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
- 1903 establishments in the United States
- Populated places in Oklahoma established by African Americans