Budoš Limestone

Budoš Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Lower Toarcian
~180 Ma

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Budoš Limestone; Stratigraphic range: Lower Toarcian; ~180 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Valley, where the southernmost Budoš Limestone emerges
Type	Geological formation
Thickness	50–60 m (160–200 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Limestones alternated with green marls and calcareous stone
Other	Lithified limestone
Location
Coordinates	42°59′30″N 18°54′20″E / 42.99167°N 18.90556°ECoordinates: 42°59′30″N 18°54′20″E / 42.99167°N 18.90556°E
Region	Nikšić
Country	Montenegro
Type section
Named for
Named by	Pantić
Year defined	1952
	Budoš Limestone (Montenegro)

The Budoš Limestone ("Budos Mountain Limestone") is a geological formation in Montenegro, dating to 180 million years ago, and covering the Toarcian stage of the Jurassic Period. It has been considered an important setting in Balkan paleontology, as it represents a unique terrestrial setting with abundant plant material, one of the few know from the Toarcian of Europe.^[2] It is the regional equivalent to the Toarcian units of Spain such as the , units like the Wazzant Formation and the Azilal Formation of Morocco and others from the Mediterranean such as the of Greece and the Marne di Monte Serrone of Italy.^[3]

Description[]

The Toarcian paleogeography of Montenegro was characterised by two major units, mostly found in the Dinarides: the , representing a , concretely the and the , that represented a pelagic setting where ammonites are abundant. The Budva basin evolution in the Toarcian was marked by the changes in the sea level, developing a distally steepened ramp until the Lower Toarcian, and a accretionary rimmed platform in younger layers.^[4] The Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform is well measured at the Mount Rumija where the transitional facies between the platform setting and the deeper pelagic environment is seen, recovering a lateral transition from a lagoonal environment exposed in Seoce to the platform edge, exposed in (called Tejani section), and finally the deeper water environment, called Livari section can be observed at the own Mount Rumija.^[5] The Seoce Section is likely linke with the Budoš Limestone depositional setting.

Vakhrameev (1991) recovered that the abundant macroflora present in the formation was the richest of the mediterranean Toarcian realm, with several characteristics, such as the abundant presence of thermophilic Bennettitales and the Seed Fern Pachypteris, that grew on semi-arid climates.^[6] Most of the research of the flora was done by Pantic between 1952 & 1981, recovering abundant Macroflora and Palynomorphs. Several genera where recovered, such as Coniopteris (Dicksoniaceae), Podozamites (Krassiloviaceae) and (Taxodiaceae).^[7] It was considered initially that this flora grew in a continental setting, appearing on deposits that resemble modern inland deposition on ferric soils, thus, in a large inland valley with semi-arid conditions but with nearby large water bodies such as lakes.^[8] The recent idea, however, is that this flora developed on an island setting in the Dinaric Carbonate Platform, likely linked with the exposed layers of Seoce. This setting would be made of the emerged Budoshi High, representing an island flora; a humid belt would have existed along the shore, while coniferous vegetation would have prevailed in the drier interior.^[9]

Fossil content[]

Flora[]

Palynology[]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
^[7]	Nannoceratopsis cf. gracilis	Budos Mountain	Cysts	A Dinoflajellate, member of the family . It is a genus related with Marine deposits.
^[7]	Scrinocassis sp.	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Dubious Genus with affinities with . Brackish Green Algae, related to lagoonar water bodies
^[7]	Porcellispora longdonensis	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Dubious Genus with affinities with Bryophyta
^[7]	Aratrisporites sp	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with Isoetaceae. This genus is usually found in situ found related to genera such as , and .
^[7]	Foveosporites vissheri Foveosporites sp."	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related with herbaceous to arbustive flora common on humid environments	Extant Lycopodium specimens. Genera like probably come from a similar plant
^[7]	Densoisporites "sp. A" Densoisporites "sp. B" Densoisporites "sp. C"	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae inside Lycopsida. Herbaceous Lycophyte flora, similar to Ferns, ralated with Humid Settings.	Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae. Genera like probably come from a similar or a related Plant
^[7]	Calamospora sp.	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the Calamitaceae inside Equisetales. Horsetails, herbaceous flora related to high humid environments, flooding tolerant plants.	Recosntruction of the Genus Calamites, found associated with
^[7]	Styxisporites sp	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Uncertain Fern Miospores whose affinity cannot be concreted beyond Pteridophytes.
^[7]	Ischyosporites sp.	Budos Mountain	Miospores
^[7]	Verrucosisporites "sp. A" Verrucosisporites "sp. B"	Budos Mountain	Miospores
^[7]	Deltoidospora minor	Budos Mountain	Miospores
^[7]	Skarbysporites sp.	Budos Mountain	Miospores
^[7]	Murospora cf. bicolateralis	Budos Mountain	Miospores
^[7]	Klukisporites variegatus Klukisporites neovariegatus	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the family Lygodiaceae inside Polypodiopsida. Climbing fern spores	Example of extant Lygodium, come probably from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus
^[7]	Monolites couperi	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the Polypodiaceae inside Polypodiales. Ferns of several sizes, from both dry land and near water environments.	Example of extant Drynaria specimens, come probably from similar genera
^[7]	Leptolepidites macroverrucosus Leptolepidites cf. crassibalteus	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae inside Polypodiales. Forested areas Fern Spores	Example of extant Dennstaedtia specimens, come probably from similar genera
^[7]	Granulatisporites "sp. A" Granulatisporites "sp. B" Granulatisporites "sp. C"	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Pteridophyta. Fern spores related to freshwater ponds.	Example of extant Dipteris specimens, come probably from similar genera
^[7]	Duplexisporites problematicus	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae inside Cyatheales. Arboreal Fern Spores	Example of extant Cyathea, come probably from similar genera
^[7]	Obtusisporites sp	Budos Mountain	Miospores
^[7]	Concavisporites cf. kaiseri Concavisporites "sp. A" Concavisporites "sp. B" Concavisporites cf. Gleichenia unbonatus	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the genus Gleichenia inside Gleicheniaceae. Tropical Ferns related to humid ferric soils.	Example of extant Gleichenia, come probably from similar genera
^[7]	Matonisporites cf. phlebopteroides	Budos Mountain	Miospores	Affinities with the genus Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales. Ferns of several sizes, from both dry land and near water environments.
^[7]	Vitreisporites pallidus	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Pollen from the Family Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic Fossil floras, that can be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.
^[7]	Cycadopites "sp. A" Cycadopites "sp. B" Cycadopites cf. follicularis	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cycadaceae inside Cycadales.	Extant Cycas platyphylla. maybe come from a related plant
^[7]	Bennettiteaepollenites sp.	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with inside Bennettitales. Abundant and Dry environment indicator
^[7]	Callialasporites sp.	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales. Conifer Pollen from medium to large Arboreal Plants	Extant Araucaria. maybe come from a related plant
^[7]	Classopollis cf. chateaunovi Classopollis "sp. A" Classopollis "sp. B" Classopollis "sp. C" Classopollis meyeriana Classopollis cf. simplex	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae inside Pinopsida. Dominant Palynological residue, indicator of Dry conditions
^[7]	Podocarpidites sp.	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with the Podocarpaceae inside Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants	Extant Podocarpus. maybe come from a related plant
^[7]	Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and inside Pinopsida. This Pollen resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae can be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants.^[10]	Extant Sciadopitys. likely come from a related plant
^[7]	Pityosporites sp	Budos Mountain	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae inside Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants	Extant Tsuga Cone, example of the Abietoideae. Pinaceae Pollen like likely come from a similar plant

Plant remains[]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Equisetum^[1]^[7]	Equisetum sp Equisetum columnare	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Sphenopsida. Near water plants, associated with static freshwater ponds and other humid environments.	Example of Equisetites specimen
Coniopteris^[1]^[7]	Coniopteris sp	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Pteridopsida. Tree ferns of Different sizes, associated to humid conditions.	Coniopteris specimen
Pachypteris^[1]^[7]	Pachypteris sp	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermopsida. Large Tree ferns associated to humid conditions.
Caytonia^[1]^[7]	Caytonia sp.	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Caytoniales inside Peltaspermopsida. Reproductive organ of the Peltaspermales, with berry like cupules with numerous small seeds arrayed along axes.
Otozamites^[1]^[7]	Otozamites beani Otozamites cf. gramineus Otozamites tenuatus Otozamites sp.	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Cycadales-Like medium sized trees. The most abundant flora on the Budos Mountain Limestone.	Otozamites specimen
Ptilophyllum^[1]^[7]	Ptilophyllum pectinoides Ptilophyllum cf. pecten	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.	Ptilophyllum specimen
Zamites^[1]^[7]	Zamites sp.	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.	Zamites specimen
^[1]^[7]	Eretmophyllum sp.	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Ginkgoales inside Ginkgoopsida. Ginko Relatives with a more wider leaf, representing among the best specimens found on the mediterranean realm.
Brachyphyllum^[1]^[7]	Brachyphyllum crucis	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Hirmeriellaceae inside Pinales.	Example of Brachyphyllum specimen
Pagiophyllum^[1]^[7]	Pagiophyllum kurri	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Hirmeriellaceae inside Pinales.	Example of Pagiophyllum specimen
^[1]^[7]	Lindleycladus lanceolatus	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales.
^[1]^[7]	Elatides williamsoni	Budos Mountain	Leaves and Branches	Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferales. Leaves from Arbustive to Arboreal Coniferous trees.	specimens

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Pantić, N. K. (1952). "Liassic flora from Budos mountain - Montenegro". Glasnik Prir. muzeja Srp. zem. 5 (1): 293–308.
^ Pantic, N.; Grubic, A.; Sladic-Trifunovic, M. (1983). "The importance of Mesozoic floras and faunas from intraoceanic carbonate platforms for the interpretation of paleogeographic and geodynamic events in the Tethys". Boll. Soc. Pal. ltaliana. 22 (2): 5–14.
^ Dragičević, I.; Velić, I. (2002). "The northeastern margin of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform". Geologia Croatica. 55 (2): 185–232. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ Čadjenović, D.; Kilibarda, Z.; Radulović, N. (2008). "Late Triassic to Late Jurassic evolution of the Adriatic carbonate platform and Budva Basin, southern Montenegro". Sedimentary Geology. 204 (2): 1–17. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ Crne, A.; Gorican, S.; Cadjenovic, D. (2006). "Lower Jurassic carbonate platform-to-basin transition at Mt. Rumija (Montenegro)". Volumina Jurassica. 4 (4): 82–83. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ Vakhrameev, V. A. (1991). Jurassic and Cretaceous floras and climates of the Earth (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Pantić, N. K. (1981). "Macroflora and palynomorphs from Lower jurassic of Budos Mountain, Montenegro". Ann. Geol. Peninsule Balk. 45 (1): 157–171.
^ PANTIC, N. & Duuc, 1., 1990: Palaeophytogeography of Jurassic land flores in Tethyan regions and its margins. - Geol. an. Balk. pol., Llll: 237-247, Beograd.
^ Barrón, E.; Ureta, S.; Goy, A.; Lassaletta, L. (2010). "Palynology of the Toarcian–Aalenian Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at Fuentelsaz (Lower–Middle Jurassic, Iberian Range, Spain)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 162 (1): 11–28. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ Hofmann, Christa-Ch.; Odgerel, Nyamsambuu; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2021). "The occurrence of pollen of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. through time". Fossil Imprint. 77 (2): 271–281. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.019. S2CID 245555379. Retrieved 27 December 2021.

[PANTIC1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Pantić, N. K. (1952). "Liassic flora from Budos mountain - Montenegro". Glasnik Prir. muzeja Srp. zem. 5 (1): 293–308.

[2] Pantic, N.; Grubic, A.; Sladic-Trifunovic, M. (1983). "The importance of Mesozoic floras and faunas from intraoceanic carbonate platforms for the interpretation of paleogeographic and geodynamic events in the Tethys". Boll. Soc. Pal. ltaliana. 22 (2): 5–14.

[3] Dragičević, I.; Velić, I. (2002). "The northeastern margin of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform". Geologia Croatica. 55 (2): 185–232. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[4] Čadjenović, D.; Kilibarda, Z.; Radulović, N. (2008). "Late Triassic to Late Jurassic evolution of the Adriatic carbonate platform and Budva Basin, southern Montenegro". Sedimentary Geology. 204 (2): 1–17. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[5] Crne, A.; Gorican, S.; Cadjenovic, D. (2006). "Lower Jurassic carbonate platform-to-basin transition at Mt. Rumija (Montenegro)". Volumina Jurassica. 4 (4): 82–83. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[6] Vakhrameev, V. A. (1991). Jurassic and Cretaceous floras and climates of the Earth (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[PANTIC2-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Pantić, N. K. (1981). "Macroflora and palynomorphs from Lower jurassic of Budos Mountain, Montenegro". Ann. Geol. Peninsule Balk. 45 (1): 157–171.

[8] PANTIC, N. & Duuc, 1., 1990: Palaeophytogeography of Jurassic land flores in Tethyan regions and its margins. - Geol. an. Balk. pol., Llll: 237-247, Beograd.

[9] Barrón, E.; Ureta, S.; Goy, A.; Lassaletta, L. (2010). "Palynology of the Toarcian–Aalenian Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at Fuentelsaz (Lower–Middle Jurassic, Iberian Range, Spain)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 162 (1): 11–28. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[10] Hofmann, Christa-Ch.; Odgerel, Nyamsambuu; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2021). "The occurrence of pollen of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. through time". Fossil Imprint. 77 (2): 271–281. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.019. S2CID 245555379. Retrieved 27 December 2021.

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