COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia

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Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia
Date13 January 2021 (2021-01-13) – present
Location34 provinces in Indonesia
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic
Target208,265,720 people
Organised byMinistry of Health
Participants
  • First dose: 58,021,180 people
  • Second dose: 32,246,001 people
Outcome
  • 21.47% of the Indonesian population has received at least one dose
  • 11.93% of the Indonesian population has received both doses
WebsiteVaksin Dashboard
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The COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia is an ongoing mass immunization in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. On 13 January 2021, the program commenced when President Joko Widodo was vaccinated at the presidential palace.[1] By late August, Indonesia has secured at least 202.4 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines: 167.7 million from Sinovac, 17.1 million from AstraZeneca, eight million from Sinopharm, eight million from Moderna, and 1.6 million from Pfizer.[2]

As of 23 August 2021 at 18:00 WIB (UTC+7), 58,021,180 people had received the first dose of the vaccine, while 32,246,001 people had been fully vaccinated. Jakarta has the highest percentage of population fully vaccinated with 48.55%, followed by Bali and Riau Islands with 37.98% and 21.4% respectively.[3]

Background[]

COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, Mainland China in December 2019[4] and was confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020.[5] In order to combat the pandemic, a mass COVID-19 vaccination needs to be done to reach herd immunity within the community or society.

COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia will cover more than 75% of overall Indonesian population or around 208 million people. The program is being carried out in four stages, starting from the most prioritized to the less prioritized.[6]

  • First stage focuses on health professionals which include people working in the health sector, such as doctors, surgeons, dentists, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, ambulance drivers, medical assistants, researchers, psychologists, or medical students.
  • Second stage focuses on elderlies (anyone ages 60 or above) and public officers which include those who work for the public and often in contact with people, such as civil servants, state enterprise employees, police, military, teachers, retail workers, journalists, religious leaders, tourism workers, transportation workers, or athletes.
  • Third stage focuses on general public which is susceptible to the economy, social, or geospatial aspect, such as those who live in dense, poor, and worst-affected areas or neighborhoods.
  • Fourth stage focuses on other general public depends on the availability of the vaccines.

Timeline[]

Main article: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

2020[]

On 16 December, President Jokowi announced COVID-19 vaccines would be provided for free for all Indonesians.[7] According to Jokowi, Indonesia has procured 400 million dosage of vaccines. The vaccines would be from Sinovac, Novavax, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca.[8]

On 31 December, Indonesia's Minister of Health said the vaccination would be mandatory. Indonesians who have received a text message from authorities have to be vaccinated.[9] Also on this day, 1.8 million CoronaVac vaccines arrived in Indonesia. Along with another 1.2 million vaccines which had arrived earlier that month, the doses would be distributed among Indonesia's 34 provinces.[10]

2021[]

January[]

On 8 January, Indonesian Ulema Council declared Sinovac vaccines as halal.[11]

On 11 January, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) published an emergency use authorization for CoronaVac vaccine from Sinovac Biotech for ages 18 to 59 with the second dose given 14 days after the first. At the same time, it also announced the vaccine's preliminary efficacy rate during its phase III trial of 65.3%.[12]

On 13 January, Indonesia's vaccination program commenced.[13]

February[]

On 7 February, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) approved the vaccination of CoronaVac for elderly people, with the second dose to be administered 28 days after the first dose instead of 14 for regular inoculation.[14]

On 17 February, the second stage of vaccination program began. The Indonesian government confirmed vaccination would be compulsory for citizens and it would seek the private sector's help in inoculating the population.[15]

March[]

On 7 March, at least 1% of Indonesia's population had received a COVID-19 vaccine inoculation.

On 8 March, Indonesia received its first shipment of vaccines from the COVAX initiative with 1.1 million doses of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines.[16]

On 15 March, the government decided on four vaccines in use for the self-vaccination program for private employees: Sinopharm, Moderna, Sputnik V, and Novavax.[17] The country also temporarily halted the distribution of AstraZeneca vaccines after reports of blood clot post vaccination in Europe.[18]

On 19 March, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) authorized the resumption of distribution and use of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.[19]

On 23 March, the Ministry of Health permitted the second dose of the CoronaVac vaccine for people under 60 to be administered up to 28 days after the first dose, when a strict gap of 14 days between the two doses could not be attained.[20]

April[]

On 1 April, the Ministry of Health announced the postponement of the vaccination schedule for the general public to June or July because of a vaccine shortage caused by the export ban of AstraZeneca vaccines from India.[21]

On 8 April, Minister of Health Budi Gunadi Sadikin said there was no certainty regarding the arrival of 104 million doses of Oxford–Astrazeneca committed under the COVAX initiative, due to export ban from India.[22] Moreover, the state-owned vaccine manufacturer Bio Farma announced it had ordered 15 million doses from Sinopharm, 22 million from Sputnik V, and 5 million from CanSino. All would be used for the self-vaccination program.[23]

On 18 April, Indonesia received six million bulk doses of CoronaVac vaccines, bringing the total number to 59.5 million out of 140 million doses on firm order.[24]

On 21 April, the Ministry of Health said it would receive another 3,852,000 doses of AstraZeneca by early May, the second shipment to Indonesia under the COVAX initiative.[25] It arrived on 26 April.[26]

On 30 April, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Sinopharm vaccine.[27]

May[]

On 1 May, 500,000 doses of Sinopharm donated by the United Arab Emirates government arrived, the first shipment of the vaccine received by Indonesia.[28]

On 5 May, Jakarta expanded its vaccination program to include the general public at its dense and poor neighborhoods.[29]

On 8 May, Indonesia received 1,389,600 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine under the COVAX initiative.[30]

On 10 May, the National Commission of Post Vaccination Side Effects said it was not confirmed that the man who died hours after he was vaccinated with AstraZeneca in Jakarta was caused by the vaccine.[31] This was not the first issue with the AstraZeneca vaccine in Indonesia; previously, on 27 March, North Sulawesi temporarily halted the administration of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine after at least five percent of the 3,990 patients inoculated reported post-vaccination side effects.[32][33] It was resumed on 30 March.[34]

On 16 May, the Ministry of Health temporarily halted the distribution of 448,480 doses of AstraZeneca batch CTMAV547 vaccine.[35]

On 17 May, an elderly in Jakarta died after being vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine, the second case in less than two weeks in the province.[36]

On 25 May, eight million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[37]

On 28 May, the Ministry of Health resumed the usage and distribution of AstraZeneca batch CTMAV547 vaccine.[38]

On 31 May, eight million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[39]

June[]

On 5 June, 313,100 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[40]

On 8 June, Jakarta expanded its vaccination program for general public ages 18 and above.[41]

On 10 June, 1.5 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[42]

On 11 June, one million doses of Sinopharm vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[43]

On 17 June, Bali expanded its vaccination program to all residents age 18 and above.[44]

On 20 June, 10 million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[45]

On 25 June, the Ministry of Health decided to fasten the vaccination program by permitting everyone being vaccinated at their operating hospitals and polytechnics regardless of the domicile.[46]

On 27 June, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) published an emergency use authorization for CoronaVac vaccine for ages 12 to 17.[47]

On 30 June, the daily number of people vaccinated crossed one million mark for the first time and another 14 million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[48]

July[]

COVID-19 vaccination in South Jakarta.

On 1 July, 998,400 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine from Japan arrived in Indonesia.[49]

On 2 July, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia (BPOM) published an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine.[50]

On 11 July, three million doses of Moderna vaccine from the United States arrived in Indonesia.[51]

On 12 July, 10 million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[52]

On 13 July, 1,408,000 doses of Sinopharm and 3,476,400 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[53]

On 14 July, the daily number of people vaccinated crossed two million mark for the first time.

On 15 July, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Indonesia (BPOM) published an emergency use authorization for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine.[54] Also on this day, 1.5 million doses of Moderna and 1.16 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[55]

On 16 July, the third inoculation for healthcare workers program using Moderna vaccine was started at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and the government announced that paid Gotong Royong vaccination program by Kimia Farma was cancelled after they received criticism from people who demanded it to be free.[56][57] Also on this day, 1.4 million doses of Sinopharm and 1.04 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[58][59]

On 19 July, 1,184,000 doses of Sinopharm vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[60]

On 22 July, eight million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[61]

On 27 July, 21.2 million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[62]

On 30 July, 1.5 million doses of Sinopharm vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[63]

August[]

On 1 August, 3.5 million doses of Moderna vaccine from the United States arrived in Indonesia.[64]

On 2 August, 620,000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[65]

On 3 August, 500,000 doses of Sinopharm vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[66]

On 6 August, 594,200 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[67]

On 12 August, a nurse in Pluit, North Jakarta was found to be innocent after a video where she was allegedly inoculated an empty vaccine syringe went viral on the internet. She admitted it was a pure accident and not intentional as she was fatigued.[68]

On 13 August, at least 10% of Indonesian population had been fully vaccinated and five million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[69]

On 14 August, Governor of Jakarta Anies Baswedan revealed that there were 3.7 million people who were not Jakarta's residents but got vaccinated in the province. This could cause Jakarta to vaccinate more than its population.[70]

On 16 August, five million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[71]

On 17 August, Jakarta allowed general public who were not health workers to be vaccinated with the Moderna vaccine.[72]

On 19 August, 1.6 million doses of Pfizer and 450,000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[73]

On 20 August, five million doses of Sinovac and 567,500 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Indonesia.[74]

On 23 August, five million doses of Sinovac vaccine arrived in Indonesia. With this, the country has secured at least 202.4 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines: 167.7 million from Sinovac, 17.1 million from AstraZeneca, eight million from Sinopharm, eight million from Moderna, and 1.6 million from Pfizer.[2]

Vaccines on order[]

Vaccine Approval Deployment
Sinovac Green check.svg Yes Green check.svg Yes
Oxford–AstraZeneca Green check.svg Yes Green check.svg Yes
Sinopharm Green check.svg Yes Green check.svg Yes
Moderna Green check.svg Yes Green check.svg Yes
Pfizer–BioNTech Green check.svg Yes Green check.svg Yes
Novavax Pending Dark Red x.svg No
Sputnik V Pending Dark Red x.svg No
CanSino Pending Dark Red x.svg No
Janssen Pending Dark Red x.svg No

Vaccines in trial stage[]

Vaccine Type (technology) Phase I Phase II Phase III
CoronaVac Inactivated Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed
ZF2001 Subunit (recombinant) Green check.svg Completed Green check.svg Completed In progress
AV-COVID-19 Viral vector In progress In progress Dark Red x.svg Not Yet

Statistics[]

Main article: Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

Vaccination numbers may not be accurate due to different calculations, cut-off times, and sources from the government. Lower daily inoculations may be recorded on Sundays and public holidays.[3]

By group[]

Vaccination numbers by group
Group Target First dose Second dose
Total Percentage Total Percentage
Health professionals 1,468,764 1,630,171 110.99% 1,511,295 102.9%
Public officers 17,327,167 29,139,283 168.17% 17,704,985 102.18%
Elderlies 21,553,118 5,133,555 23.82% 3,614,799 16.77%
Susceptible and general public[a] 141,211,181 18,924,510 13.4% 7,723,544 5.47%
Teenagers[b] 26,705,490 2,465,779 9.23% 1,292,357 4.84%
Private vaccinations[c] N/A 727,882 N/A 399,021 N/A
Total 208,265,720 58,021,180 27.86% 32,246,001 15.48%
Data as of 23 August 2021, 18:00 WIB[3]
  1. ^ Mostly include people age 18 to 59.
  2. ^ Teenagers are defined as anyone ages 12 to 17.
  3. ^ Also known as the Gotong Royong vaccination program. Through this program, the government would seek help from private sectors and would be paid by the companies instead of individually.

By province[]

Vaccination numbers by province
Province Target First dose Second dose Percentage of
population fully
vaccinated[a][b]
Total Percentage Total Percentage
Coat of arms of Aceh.svg Aceh 4,028,891 729,792 18.11% 387,357 9.61% 7.34%
Coat of arms of Bali.svg Bali 3,405,130 3,136,999 92.13% 1,639,658 48.15% 37.98%
Coat of arms of Bangka Belitung.svg Bangka Belitung Islands 1,137,824 265,873 23.37% 168,529 14.81% 11.58%
Coat of arms of Banten.svg Banten 9,229,383 2,524,469 27.35% 1,325,978 14.37% 11.14%
Coat of arms of Bengkulu.svg Bengkulu 1,553,792 286,754 18.46% 177,194 11.4% 8.81%
Coat of arms of Central Java.svg Central Java 28,727,805 6,532,442 22.74% 3,888,725 13.54% 10.65%
Coat of arms of Central Kalimantan.svg Central Kalimantan 2,036,104 502,421 24.68% 319,813 15.71% 11.98%
Coat of arms of Central Sulawesi.svg Central Sulawesi 2,135,907 364,240 17.05% 217,158 10.17% 7.27%
Coat of arms of East Java.svg East Java 31,826,206 8,868,210 27.86% 4,934,800 15.51% 12.14%
Coat of arms of East Kalimantan.svg East Kalimantan 2,874,401 668,608 23.26% 436,094 15.17% 11.58%
Coat of arms of East Nusa Tenggara.svg East Nusa Tenggara 3,831,439 668,871 17.46% 430,836 11.24% 8.09%
Coat of arms of Gorontalo.svg Gorontalo 938,409 220,676 23.52% 119,829 12.77% 10.23%
Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg Jakarta 8,395,427 9,601,392 114.36% 5,128,104 61.08% 48.55%
Coat of arms of Jambi.svg Jambi 2,686,193 767,082 28.56% 428,746 15.96% 12.08%
Coat of arms of Lampung.svg Lampung 6,645,226 769,488 11.58% 499,621 7.52% 5.55%
Coat of arms of Maluku.svg Maluku 1,417,690 256,543 18.1% 126,700 8.94% 6.85%
Coat of arms of North Kalimantan (2021 version).svg North Kalimantan 545,672 120,136 22.02% 66,072 12.11% 9.41%
Coat of arms of North Maluku.svg North Maluku 954,092 148,254 15.54% 73,425 7.7% 5.72%
Coat of arms of North Sulawesi.svg North Sulawesi 2,080,685 786,989 37.82% 311,799 14.99% 11.89%
Coat of arms of North Sumatra.svg North Sumatra 11,419,559 2,298,945 20.13% 1,432,469 12.54% 9.68%
Coat of arms of Papua 2.svg Papua 2,583,771 420,818 16.29% 274,887 10.64% 6.39%
Coat of arms of Riau.svg Riau 4,840,347 994,506 20.55% 685,983 14.17% 10.73%
Coat of arms of Riau Islands.svg Riau Islands 1,581,035 1,160,256 73.39% 441,835 27.95% 21.4%
Coat of arms of South Kalimantan.svg South Kalimantan 3,161,137 523,968 16.58% 357,806 11.32% 8.78%
Coat of arms of South Sulawesi.svg South Sulawesi 7,058,141 1,615,300 22.89% 979,459 13.88% 10.79%
Coat of arms of South Sumatra.svg South Sumatra 6,303,096 1,124,839 17.85% 738,573 11.72% 8.72%
Coat of arms of Southeast Sulawesi.svg Southeast Sulawesi 2,002,579 434,764 21.71% 226,402 11.31% 8.63%
Coat of arms of Yogyakarta.svg Special Region of Yogyakarta 2,879,699 1,444,496 50.16% 603,119 20.94% 16.44%
Coat of arms of West Java.svg West Java 37,907,814 8,430,209 22.24% 4,489,308 11.84% 9.3%
Coat of arms of West Kalimantan.svg West Kalimantan 3,872,477 628,778 16.24% 406,314 10.49% 7.5%
Coat of arms of West Nusa Tenggara.svg West Nusa Tenggara 3,910,638 647,409 16.56% 332,015 8.49% 6.24%
Coat of arms of West Papua.svg West Papua 797,402 190,615 23.9% 107,577 13.49% 9.49%
Coat of arms of West Sulawesi.svg West Sulawesi 1,089,240 200,464 18.4% 103,592 9.51% 7.3%
Coat of arms of West Sumatra.svg West Sumatra 4,408,509 688,418 15.62% 387,473 8.79% 7%
Total 208,265,720 58,021,180 27.86% 32,246,001 15.48% 11.93%
Data as of 23 August 2021, 18:00 WIB[3]
  1. ^ Fully vaccinated people are those who have been vaccinated twice. The second dose would be inoculated 14 to 84 days after the first dose.
  2. ^ The population data is from Statistics Indonesia's census in 2020.

Challenges[]

Only 11.93% of the Indonesian population has been fully vaccinated, one of the lowest rate in the world.[75] This is caused by several problems and challenges. First, Indonesia lacks vaccines and human resources to support the program. The country also struggles to distribute the vaccines equally to all regions, especially to rural and remote areas. Some provinces have vaccinated its population multiple times more than other provinces. Hoax and fake news also caused many Indonesians to hesitate about the effectiveness and choose to not be vaccinated.[76][77]

Effectiveness[]

On 23 April 2021, a public health office in Semarang reported that 411 of vaccinated individuals had contracted COVID-19. 267 of them were infected after the first dose, while 144 after the second dose.[78]

Based on observations on about 120,000 public health workers in Jakarta who were vaccinated from January to March, 28 days after the second dose, Sinovac vaccine prevents 94% of COVID-19 symptoms, 96% in preventing hospitalization, and 98% in preventing deaths. But after the first dose, the effectiveness against the symptoms is only 13%.[79][80]

During an outbreak in Kudus, Central Java, from 6,000 health professionals who were inoculated with CoronaVac vaccine, as of 12 June 2021, 308 of them were infected with COVID-19, 277 practice self-isolation, and 193 recovered. The director of Dr. Loekmono Hadi Regional General Hospital, dr. Abdul Aziz Achyar, stated the vaccines were proven to be able to reduce sickness and death risk from COVID-19.[81]

On 18 June 2021, Reuters reported that more than 350 Indonesian doctors and medical workers had contracted SARS-CoV-2 despite being vaccinated with the CoronaVac vaccine. Griffith University epidemiologist, Dicky Budiman, said that it was unclear how effective the CoronaVac vaccine was against the Delta variant.[82]

Controversies[]

As one of the first public figures who received a COVID-19 vaccine inoculation, Raffi Ahmad was criticized for breaking health protocols during a party at the night after he was vaccinated.[83]

References[]

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