Canarium
Canarium | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Fruiting branch of the | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Burseraceae |
Genus: | Canarium L.[1] |
Species | |
About 100, see text |
Canarium is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Palau.[2]
Canarium species grow up to large evergreen trees of 40–50 m (130–160 ft) tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves.[2] They are dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.[3]
Common names[]
The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut, Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.[4]
Species[]
This species listing was sourced from The Plant List data aggregation website that takes in some inaccurate data. The brief species distribution information was sourced from Flora Malesiana,[2] the Flora of China (series) and the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system.
- Canarium acutifolium (DC.) Merr. – New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
- Canarium album (Lour.) DC. Chinese white olive (橄榄) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
- Canarium apertum H.J.Lam – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium asperum Benth. – New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,
- Canarium australasicum (F.M.Bailey) Leenh. – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
- Canarium australianum F.Muell. – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
- Engl. – New Caledonia endemic
- Willd. – Moluccas, Sulawesi
- Leenh. –
- Roxb. – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
- Canarium caudatum King – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Leenh. – E New Guinea
- Grutt. & H.J.Lam – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
- Guillaumin –
- A.Chev. –
- Canarium decumanum Gaertn. – E Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi
- Canarium denticulatum Blume – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
- Canarium dichotomum (Blume) Miq. – Sumatra, Borneo
- Canarium divergens Engl. – Borneo
- Canarium elegans Daly, Raharim. & Federman — Madagascar
- H.J.Lam –
- Kurz –
- G.Perkins – Philippines
- Canarium fuscocalycinum Stapf ex Ridl. – Borneo
- Engl. – Philippines
- Canarium grandifolium (Ridl.) H.J.Lam – Malay Peninsula
- Bojer –
- Seem. –
- Canarium hirsutum Willd. – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
- Canarium indicum L. – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Moluccas, Sulawesi
- H.J.Lam – S Sumatra
- Lauterb. – New Guinea
- H.J.Lam – N Sumatra
- Craib –
- Canarium kinabaluense Leenh. – N Borneo
- Canarium kipella (Blume) Miq. – W Java
- Canarium kostermansii Leenh. – Borneo
- Leenh. – New Guinea
- Canarium latistipulatum Ridl. – Borneo
- Canarium liguliferum Leenh. –
- Canarium littorale Blume – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
- Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray – Philippines
- C.D.Dai & Yakovlev –
- Leenh. – New Guinea
- Engl. –
- Lauterb. – Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Borneo
- Leenh. – New Guinea
- Canarium megalanthum Merr. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium merrillii H.J.Lam – Borneo
- Canarium muelleri F.M.Bailey – Queensland endemic, Australia
- Canarium odontophyllum Miq. – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
- Baill. – New Caledonia endemic
- (Lam.) Engl. – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Moluccas, Sulawesi
- Canarium ovatum Engl. – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
- Canarium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. ex Engl. –
- Leenh. – S China, Vietnam
- Canarium patentinervium Miq. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
- Canarium perlisanum Leenh. – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
- Leenh. – W New Guinea
- Canarium pilosum A.W.Benn. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- subsp. borneensis Leenh. – Borneo
- Canarium pimela K.D.Koenig Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
- K.Schum. – New Guinea
- Canarium pseudodecumanum Hochr. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium pseudopatentinervium H.J.Lam – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
- Canarium pseudopimela Kochummen –
- Canarium pseudosumatranum Leenh. – Malay Peninsula
- Canarium reniforme Kochummen & Whitmore –
- Bruce ex King –
- (Blume) Zipp. ex Miq. – New Guinea
- Guillaumin –
- Canarium sarawakanum Kochummen –
- Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
- King –
- B.L.Burtt – New Guinea
- Canarium strictum Roxb. – India, Burma, S China
- Canarium subulatum Guillaumin – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
- Boerl. & Koord. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
- Gaertn. – New Guinea, Moluccas
- Guillaumin –
- Engl. – New Caledonia endemic
- H.J.Lam – Sulawesi
- Leenh. –
- Craib –
- Canarium vitiense A.Gray – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
- Guillaumin –
- Engl. – Philippines, Sulawesi
- Canarium vulgare Leenh. – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas
- Canarium whitei Guillaumin – New Caledonia endemic
- Canarium zeylanicum (Retz.) Blume –
Uses and ecology[]
Several species have edible nuts, known as galip nut or nangae (C. indicum), pili nut (C. ovatum), or simply canarium nut ( and C. indicum). C. indicum are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific. C. ovatum is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines.[5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dammar.jpg/220px-Dammar.jpg)
C. odontophyllum, known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared. Many animals feed on the fruit in the wild, such as the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) and the ruffed lemurs (Varecia) of Madagascar's eastern tropical forests. Canarium fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascarensis).[6]
Canarium album produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as nam liap (Thai: หนำเลี้ยบ), samo chin (Thai: สมอจีน) or kana (Thai: กาน้า)) and in China (Chinese: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive.
Canarium luzonicum, commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin, which contains Elemicin, is harvested from it.
Canarium strictum produces a resin called black dammar.
Superb fruit-doves (Ptilinopus superbus) are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (C. australianum), which they swallow whole.[7][8]
References[]
- ^
International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 13 Nov 2013 https://www.ipni.org/n/5127-1. Retrieved 13 Nov 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b c Leenhouts, P. W.; Kalkman, C.; Lam, H. J. (March 1956). "Canarium (Burseraceae)" (Digitised, online). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 249–296. Retrieved 13 Nov 2013.
- ^ Federman, Sarah; Donoghue, Michael J.; Daly, Douglas C.; Eaton, Deren A. R. (2018). "Reconciling species diversity in a tropical plant clade (Canarium, Burseraceae)". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198882. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398882F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198882. PMC 6003679. PMID 29906281.
- ^ "Canarian indicum" http://agroforestry.net/tti/Canarium-canariumnut.pdf, accessed 12 Dec 2013; Sheppard, Peter J. "Lapita Colonization across the Near/Remote Oceania Boundary" Current Anthropology Vol. 52, No. 6 (Dec 2011), p. 802
- ^ Pili Nut, Canarium ovatum, New Crop Fact Sheet. Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products.
- ^ Timothy M. Sefczek; Zach J. Farris; Patricia C. Wright (2012). "Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Feeding Strategies at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar: An Indirect Sampling Method". Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology. - 83 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1159/000338103. PMID 22627178. S2CID 207622496.
- ^ Crome, F. H. J. (1975). "The ecology of fruit pigeons in tropical northern Queensland". Wildlife Research. 2 (2): 155–185. doi:10.1071/wr9750155.
- ^ Frith, H. J.; Crome, F. H. J.; Wolfe, T. O. (1976). "Food of fruit-pigeons in New Guinea". Emu. 76 (2): 49–58. doi:10.1071/mu9760049. Retrieved 16 Nov 2013.
External links[]
- "Canarium L." Atlas of Living Australia.
- Canarium
- Burseraceae genera
- Dioecious plants