Chieti

Chieti Chjïétë / Chjìtë  (Neapolitan)
Comune
Città di Chieti
Panorama of Chieti
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  Theate Regia Metropolis utriusque Aprutinae Provinciae Princeps
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Chieti Location of Chieti in Italy Chieti Chieti (Abruzzo) Show map of ItalyShow map of AbruzzoShow all
Coordinates: 42°21′N 14°10′E / 42.350°N 14.167°E / 42.350; 14.167Coordinates: 42°21′N 14°10′E / 42.350°N 14.167°E / 42.350; 14.167
Country	Italy
Region	Abruzzo
Province	Chieti (CH)
Frazioni	Bascelli, Brecciarola, Buonconsiglio-Fontanella, Carabba, Cerratina, Chieti Scalo, Colle dell'ara, Colle Marcone, Crocifisso, De Laurentis Vallelunga, Filippone, Fonte Cruciani, Iachini, La Torre, Madonna del Freddo, Madonna della Vittoria, Madonna delle Piane, San Martino, San Salvatore, Santa Filomena, Selvaiezzi, Tricalle, Vacrone Cascini, Vacrone Colle San Paolo, Vacrone Villa Cisterna, Vallepara, Villa Obletter, Villa Reale
Government
• Mayor	Diego Ferrara (PD)
Area [1]
• Total	58.55 km2 (22.61 sq mi)
Elevation	330 m (1,080 ft)
Population  (31 December 2018)[3]
• Total	50,646
• Density	870/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Chietino Teatino
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	66100
Dialing code	0871
Patron saint	St. Justin of Chieti
Saint day	May 11
Website	Official website

Chieti (Italian: [ˈkjɛːti], locally [ˈkjeːti] (listen); Neapolitan: Chiete, Abruzzese: Chjïétë, Chjìtë; Greek: Θεάτη, romanized: Theátē; Latin: Theate, Teate) is a city and comune (municipality) in Southern Italy, 200 kilometres (124 miles) east by northeast of Rome. It is the capital of the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region.

In Italian, the adjectival form is teatino and inhabitants of Chieti are called teatini. The English form of this name is preserved in that of the Theatines, a Catholic religious order.

History[]

Mythological origins and etymology[]

Chieti is amongst the most ancient of Italian cities. According to mythological legends, the city was founded in 1181 BC by the Homeric Greek hero Achilles and was named in honor of his mother, Thetis. It was called Theate (Greek: Θεάτη) (or Teate in Latin). As Theate Marrucinorum, Chieti was the chief town of the warlike Marrucini. According to Strabo, it was founded by the Arcadians as Thegeate (Θηγεάτη).

First prehistoric settlements[]

Discoveries of great importance to the prehistory of Abruzzo were those of two hand axes and some Clactonian splinters at Madonna del Freddo's fluvial terraces, traces of settlements dating back to  850,000 – 400,000 years ago. Instead, over Chieti's hill the oldest archaeological finds of human settlements date back to 5000 BC.^[4][5]

The Italic period[]

After being inhabited by Osci, aroud the 10th century BC the territory of present-day Chieti was occupied by Marrucini, an Italic tribe probably coming from Sabina. The latter defeated the former, but preserved their laws, customs and language, and became part of the warlike population called Samnites. The Marrucini lived in a small territory, a sort of narrow band, including some mountainous zones of southern Apennines, and probably delimitated by the Pescara river's mouth, the Adriatic Sea, the Foro, and the territories of Francavilla al Mare and Tollo. The Romans came into contact with this population, whose land was a very important connection with the Adriatic Sea, during the First Samnite War (343 to 341 BC).^[6]

Roman and medieval history[]

After the Marrucini were defeated by the Romans, they became loyal allies of the more powerful forces. Their territory was placed under Roman municipal jurisdiction after the Social War.^[7] In imperial times, Chieti's population reached 60,000 inhabitants but, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was destroyed by Visigoths and Heruli. Later it was seat of a gastaldate under the Lombard kings. After its destruction by Peppin, it became a fief of the Duchy of Benevento.

Chieti recovered some political and economic importance under the Norman rule of Southern Italy, a role it kept also under the Hohenstaufen, Angevine and Aragonese rulers.

Modern history[]

After a cultural and architectural flourishing during the 17th century, under the aegis of the Counter-Reformation, Chieti was decimated by fatalities from plague in 1656. In the 18th century, several new academies and schools were developed here, which contributed to the city's artistic heritage. In 1806 Chieti was turned into a fortress by Napoleon's France. In 1860 it became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

World War II[]

During World War II, Chieti was declared an open city (like Rome) and was not extensively bombed by either side. It was the site of an infamous POW Camp for British and Commonwealth officers (PG 21) where its commandante – Barela – was later convicted of war crimes for his treatment of POWs. Imprisonment in wartime Italy was tough enough. At some camps conditions were much harder, and the regime more brutal, than at others.

PG 21 was a very large camp through which many POWs passed, often on their way to other camps such as Veano and Fontanellato. It was overcrowded, with little running water, poor sanitation and, in winter, no heating. Shortage of food and warm clothing prompted debate in the UK House of Commons.

The story of the camp between August 1942 and September 1943 is told in a book published in November 2014 and written by Brian Lett, a former chairman of the Monte San Martino Trust and the author of several books, including S.A.S. in Tuscany. He tells of suffering under a violently pro-Fascist regime. The first Commandant personally beat up one recaptured escapee. A pilot was murdered by an Italian guard following his escape attempt. Tunnels were dug, and the prisoners were even prepared to swim through human sewage to try to get out. Somehow, morale remained remarkably high.

After the war, a number of the camp's staff were arrested for war crimes, concluding its unhappy history.^[8] The city at this time welcomed many refugees from the near towns and villages. Allied forces liberated the city on June 9, 1944, one day after the Germans left the city.

Geography[]

Chieti is situated a few kilometers away from the Adriatic Sea, and with the Majella and Gran Sasso mountains in the background. It is divided into the old town on the homonymous hill overlooking the Aterno-Pescara and the more recent commercial and industrial area, which is called Chieti Scalo and has developed thanks to the Chieti railway station along the ancient layout of Via Tiburtina, in the valley of the Aterno-Pescara.^[9][10]

Architecture[]

The cathedral dedicated to Saint Justin of Chieti was probably founded in the 8th century and, according to tradition, was re-built by bishop Teodorico I in 840, after the sack by Pepin of Italy. It was again re-built by bishop Attone I in 1069,^[11][12] but of that building only parts of the Romanesque crypt remain^{[citation needed]}. The church was beautified in the 14th and 15th centuries thanks to different bishops. The first three floors of the bell tower were erected in 1335 by Bartolomeo di Giacomo and in 1498 Antonio da Lodi built its bellcote and tented roof. The church was decorated again in the 17th century in the Baroque style. The 1703 Apennine earthquakes destroyed the tented roof of the bell tower and damaged the church, whose aspect was changed by the archbishop Francesco Brancia between 1764 and 1770. In the early 20th century the architect Antonio Cirilli consolidated the bell tower and extensively modified the exterior. The crypt hosts the relics of Saint Justin of Chieti.^[11][12][13] Close to the cathedral there is the Baroque oratory of the Mount of the Dead Brotherhood, the oldest catholic fraternity of Chieti that was officially acknowledged by Pope Innocent X in 1648.^[14]

The Church of Saint Francis, which has the traditional Latin cross plan, was probably founded in 1239 thanks to the nobleman Antonio Gizio, who donated his estate to the project. In the second half of the 14th century a new façade was constructed, but it was rebuilt in the 17th century except the top with a rose window. After years of decay, in 1689 they started an extensive restoration which changed the appearance of this church. At the end of the 19th century, the architect Torquato Scaraviglia added an external stairway and another intervention was commissioned by the noblewoman Theresa de Hortalis. The church has an hemispherical dome with trompe-l'œil paintings and ten chapels, whose improvements were financed by some of the most important and ancient families of Chieti.^[15][16]

The Baroque Church of Saint Clare (Santa Chiara) was built for the nuns of the Order of Saint Clare between 1644 and 1720.^[17]

The Teatro Marrucino (Italian for "Marrucinian Theatre") was built between 1813 and 1818 in the Neoclassical style and in 1872 the Neapolitan artist Giovanni Ponticelli painted the front curtain, representing the triumph over Dalmatae of Gaius Asinius Pollio.^[18]

Ancient Roman architecture[]

There are different Roman sites in Chieti, including three temples, a theatre, an amphitheatre, thermae and underground cisterns.

In the area of La Civitella there are the remains of a Roman theatre, which was probably built in the 1st century CE, a period of prosperity. The building had a diameter of about 80 meters and could host about 5,000 spectators, but today they can see little more than the left wing of its cavea with some corridors.

In 1935 Desiderato Scenna discovered the remains of four ancient Roman temples, the best-preserved one of which was used as a church since the 8th century and renamed after Saint Peter and Saint Paul, whereas another one has been removed to build a post office. The construction of the two twin temples and the smaller one was commissioned by Marcus Vetius Marcellus and his wife Helvidia Priscilla, who were favored by Nero. They do not know what divinities they were dedicated to, even if some scholars proposed that they were consecrated to the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). The walls are made of bricks, marble slabs, stone slabs and stone tiles, and the plan of the twin temples included a portico and underground spaces.^[19][20]

The thermae are connected to an underground cistern, which is a part of a complex Roman water supply system. In addition, underneath the 18th-century Palazzo de' Mayo there is the so-called via tecta, an over 4 meters tall ancient Roman underground street, whose function is still debated.^{[21][22][23][24]}

Climate[]

Chieti climate is considered genuine Mediterranean. It presents high humidity all year round, with rainy/snowy warm winters and hot and dry summers. Rain is a common event, especially during fall and spring, with accumulations of around 600 to 700 millimetres (24 to 28 in) a year. Snowfall is sometimes consistent during winter, with temperatures that often drop below 0 °C (32 °F) during winter nights. Fog is a common event during fall and winter, due to very high humidity in these seasons. Wind from the north-east (from the Adriatic sea) carries cold from the Eurasian Steppe, while wind from south-west (from the Tyrrhenian Sea) carries heat from Algerian Desert. Wind is present year-round.

Natural hazards[]

Different inhabited areas surrounding Chieti's city center are at risk from landslides (16% of the population lives there) or from wildfires, and some areas close to the Aterno-Pescara are prone to floods. Chieti lies in an area of "average seismicity": in its territory, on hard ground, there is the 10% probability of the maximum peak ground acceleration equal to or greater than 0.145-0.170 ɡ_n in a 50-year period.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Demographics[]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1861	19,586	—
1871	24,762	+26.4%
1881	22,248	−10.2%
1901	26,343	+18.4%
1911	26,897	+2.1%
1921	31,381	+16.7%
1931	33,905	+8.0%
1936	30,266	−10.7%
1951	40,534	+33.9%
1961	47,792	+17.9%
1971	51,436	+7.6%
1981	54,927	+6.8%
1991	55,876	+1.7%
2001	52,486	−6.1%
2011	51,484	−1.9%
2018	50,646	−1.6%
Source: ISTAT[3][30]

According to the statistics conducted by Istat, at the beginning of 2019 people aged 0–19 totaled 15.2% of the population compared to people aged 65 and over who number 26.3%.^[31] In 2018 5% of the population (2.537 people) consisted of non-Italians with Romanians (651 people), Albanians (461) and Ukrainians (129) that were the largest immigrant groups.^[32] According to income tax data, in 2016 the per capita income was €14,034.^[33]

Economy[]

Chieti is a culture and administration-oriented town, with the tourism being a consistent sector: it hosts the seat of the homonymous province, a tribunal, a television station (Rete 8), hospitals, sport venues and different hotels.

The agriculture has remained an important economic sector thanks to horticulture, cereal cultivation, olive cultivation, cultivation of tobacco and cultivation of grapes, from which are made well-known wines, such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo. Financial services, trade and industry are developed, especially in the production of food, chemicals, paper, building material, packaging, engineering industry, and metallurgy.^[34][35][36]

Education[]

Chieti has different state and private kindergartens, different state primary and middle schools, a private secondary school (the D.O.G.E. School College) and 7 state secondary schools: Istituto "Luigi di Savoia" (1529 students), Istituto tecnico "Galiani-De Sterlich", Liceo "Isabella Gonzaga", Liceo scientifico "Filippo Masci", Istituto "Umberto Pomilio", Liceo classico "G.B. Vico" and Liceo artistico statale.^[37]

The University of Chieti (Università G. d'Annunzio – Chieti e Pescara) is based in Chieti and Pescara and hosts about 35,000 students, covering areas of Architecture, Arts and Philosophy, Economics, Foreign Languages and Literatures, Management, Medicine, Pharmacy, Psychology, Sciences, Social Sciences and Sports Medicine.

Human resources and public safety[]

In Chieti the public healthcare system is under the administration of Azienda Sanitaria Locale Lanciano Vasto Chieti, which manages "Santissima Annunziata" polyclinic, Chieti's main hospital, with its emergency department.^[38] In addition, there are other private clinics, police and Carabinieri stations, a prison, and a fire station.

showCrime rate in 2012[39]
Crime category	Reported crimes per 100,000 ab.
Robberies	29
Thefts	1851
Car thefts	111
Domestic burglaries	275
Murders	1
Rapes	8
Arsons	25

Culture[]

According to some historians, Good Friday procession, which is considered Italy's oldest religious procession, has taken place in Chieti since 842. From historical documented sources, the origins of its current form date back to the 16th century. It is organized by the Mount of the Dead Brotherhood, an old local fraternity, with different sacred symbols, such as a wooden figure of Christ and a mourning Virgin Mary. Hooded adults and children, a choir and an orchestra playing Miserere by Saverio Selecchy (a local composer of the 18th century) takes part in the event.^{[40][41][42][43]}

Abruzzese dialect, which is considered by some linguists a separate language, is still spoken in Chieti.^[44]

Museums[]

• The National Archaeological Museum of Abruzzo is surrounded by an urban park and is located in the former 19th-century Neoclassical residence of the Frigerj family. The rooms of the museum, which hosts the ancient Warrior of Capestrano, are dedicated to: Italic sculpture, Roman sculpture, a numismatic collection, a collection of antiquities created by Giovanni Pansa, the Vestini, the Peligni, the Marrucini and the Carricini.^[45][46]
• The Archaeological Museum La Civitella is close to the Roman amphitheatre and is focused on the Marrucini and the ancient history of Chieti.^[47]
• The University Museum of History of Biomedical Sciences is managed by the University of Chieti-Pescara and exposes prehistoric finds, rocks, minerals, a malacological collection, medical devices of the early 20th century and a collection of contemporary art. The museum is located in the former local house of the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro, an example of fascist architecture.^[48]
• The art museum dedicated to Costantino Barbella is located in an 18th-century palace and houses frescoes, sculptures, paintings, and pottery from the 15th to the 20th centuries, including a collection of Maiolica from Castelli.^[49]
• The Museo Diocesano Teatino (Italian for "Diocesan Museum of Chieti") is located in the 17th-century Church of Saint Dominic and hosts frescoes from the 14th to the 16th century, wooden statues and paintings.^[50]

Government[]

In the year 2021, the comune has debts amounting to more than 78 milion euros.^[51]

Transport[]

The public transport bus service of Chieti is provided by companies Società Unica Abruzzese di Trasporto and La Panoramica, which manages also the Chieti trolleybus system. The territory between Pescara and Chieti is crossed by two motorways, the Autostrada A14 Bologna-Taranto and the Autostrada A25 Roma-Pescara.

Chieti Scalo is crossed by the Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway and has two train stations, the Chieti railway station and the smaller Chieti–Madonna delle Piane railway station. A railway connecting the old town and Chieti Scalo was closed in 1943.^[52]

Chieti is about 12 kilometers from the Abruzzo Airport and 17 kilometers from the Port of Pescara.^[10][53]

Notable people[]

• Herius Asinius – Commander of the Marrucini
• Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC / AD 4) – Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic and historian
• Saint Justin of Chieti
• Severino Di Giovanni – Anarchist who exiled himself to Argentina in 1922
• Ferdinando Galiani – Economist
• Sergio Marchionne – Former CEO of Ferrari and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
• Alessandro Valignano – Jesuit missionary who helped the introduction of Catholicism to the Far East
• Pierluigi Zappacosta – Co-founder of Logitech, Venture Partner with Noventi, President/CEO of Sierra Sciences
• Luciano Odorisio – Actor, movie director
• Costantino Barbella – Sculptor
• Lorenzo Parente - professional wrestler

Gallery[]

• 

  The Church of Saint Dominic

• 

  The Church of Saint Clare

• 

  Corso Marrucino, the main street of the old town, and the dome of the Church of Saint Francis

• 

  Teatro Marrucino

• 

  Roman thermae

• 

  Remains of a Roman amphitheater

• 

  Via Tecta, an ancient Roman underground street

• 

  A pediment of a temple in the Archaeological Museum La Civitella

• 

  The National Archaeological Museum of Abruzzo surrounded by the urban park

• 

  Tribunal Palace

See also[]

• Chieti railway station
• Trolleybuses in Chieti
• Asinia gens

References[]

External links[]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Chieti.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chieti.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chieti.

• Site of National Museum Archaeological of Abruzzi Villa Frigerii
• Official site of Biomedical Museum
• Official site of Archaeological Museum "La Civitella"
• Official site of Art Museum "Costantino Barbella"
• Italy's most important Easter Procession in Chieti
• Photo Gallery (in Italian)