Christianity in Goa

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Christianity in Goa
São Francisco Xavier pregando em Goa (1610) - André Reinoso (Museu de São Roque).png
Total population
366,130 (2011)
25.10% Decrease
Languages
Latin (sacred)
Roman Konkani (native)
Portuguese

The Christian population is almost entirely Goan Catholics, whose ancestors converted to Christianity during Portuguese rule.[1][2] The Hindu population is mostly descended from immigrants from other states of India, who have been arriving in Goa since the last century (Ethnic Goans represent less than 50% of the state's residents.[3]) There is a higher proportion of Christians in Velhas Conquistas than in Novas Conquistas.

Christians in Goa
Year Number Percentage
2001[4]
359,568
26.68
2011[5]
366,130
25.10

Christianity is the second largest religious grouping of residents in Goa, India. According to the 2011 census, 25% of the resident population are Christian, while 66% are Hindu.[6][7]


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History[]

Portuguese rule[]

See also: Christianisation of Goa
Chapel of St. Catherine, built in Old Goa during the Portuguese occupation. It should not be confused with the Cathedral of Santa Catarina, also in Old Goa.

After the Portuguese Conquest of Goa in 1510 and its subsequent rule by Portugal, Goa's indigenous population underwent a large-scale conversion to Roman Catholicism. The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque.[1] The city of Goa became the center of Christianisation in the east.[8]

The evangelisation activities in Goa were divided in 1555 by the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, Pedro Mascarenhas. He allotted Bardez to the Franciscans, Tiswadi to the Dominicans, and Salcette, together with fifteen southeastern villages of Tiswadi, including Chorão and Divar, to the Jesuits.[9]

After conversion, locals were usually granted Portuguese citizenship.[10] The rapid rise of converts in Goa has been described as mostly the result of Portuguese economic and political control over the Hindus, who were vassals of the Portuguese crown.[11]

The process of Christianisation was simultaneously accompanied by "Lusitanisation", as the Christian converts typically assumed a Portuguese veneer. This was most visible by the discarding of old Hindu names for new Christian Portuguese names. Converts usually adopted the surnames of the Portuguese priest, governor, soldier or layman who stood as godfather for their baptism ceremony.[12]

For instance, the Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama lists the new names of some of the prominent ganvkars (Konkani: Freeholders): Rama Prabhu, the son of Dado Vithal Prabhu from Benaulim, Salcette became Francisco Fernandes, while Mahabal Pai, the son of Nara Pai, became Manuel Fernandes in 1596. Mahabal Kamati of Curtorim became Aleixo Menezes in 1607, while Chandrappa Naik of Gandaulim became António Dias in 1632. In 1595, Vittu Prabhu became Irmão de Diego Soares and the son of Raulu Kamat became Manuel Pinto in Aldona, Bardez. Ram Kamat of Punola became Duarte Lobo in 1601, while Tados Irmaose of Anjuna became João de Souza in 1658.[13]

However, the converted Hindus retained Konkani as their first language and also an approximation of their original caste status, even after becoming Catholic. Based on their previous caste affiliations, the new converts were usually lumped into their new respective Catholic castes.[14] All converted Brahmins (Saraswat, Daivadnya, etc.) were lumped together into the Christian caste of Bamonn. The converts from the Kshatriya and even some Vaishya Vani castes became Chardos (Konkani word for Kshatriya); remaining Vaishyas became Gauddos; and converts from the Shudra castes as well as the previously Dalit and adivasi groups became Sudirs (Konkani word for Shudra).[14]

The Portuguese also oversaw the destruction of many Hindu temples. The majority of Hindu temples had already been demolished by the Bahmani and Bijapur sultanates by the time the Portuguese arrived in 1510.[12] The Portuguese demolished almost all the remaining temples from the Velhas Conquistas and converted the majority of villagers to Catholicism.[15] The few Hindus wishing to retain their religion relocated with their idols and built temples for them in the Novas Conquistas.[16]

A typical white Sant Khuris (Holy Cross), of a Goan Catholic family, constructed using olden-style Portuguese architecture.

Goa inquisition[]

Main article: Goa Inquisition

In 1560, the Inquisition established an office in Goa. It was finally abolished in 1812. Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam.[17] A compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics from 1560 to 1812 of the Goa Inquisition reveal that a total of 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy.[18]

Modern times[]

Since the 20th century, the Christian population of Goa has been facing continual decline. This is caused by a combination of permanent emigration of native Goans from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities (e.g. Mumbai, Bangalore) and foreign countries,[19] combined with mass immigration of non-Goans from the rest of India since 1961, which has made Goans a virtual minority in the state.[20] According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).[21] Currently, Christians constitute 25.10% of the population of Goa according to the 2011 census.[22]

Roman Catholicism[]

The Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman carries the title Patriarch of the East Indies.[23] Old Goa was once called "Rome of the East" and was the capital of the Roman church in the eastern world. The remains of the Jesuit St. Francis Xavier are kept in veneration in the Basilica of Bom Jesus.[24] The Sé Catedral de Santa Catarina is one of the largest church buildings in Asia.[25] The Igreja de São Francisco de Assis, built in 1661, now houses an archaeological museum.[25] Churches and convents of Goa were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986.[26] Plenty of churches can be seen all over the state with impressive Portuguese-Manueline-Baroque architecture. The Goan Catholics still prefer to use Konkani in the Roman script rather than its Devanagiri counterpart, especially during the liturgy.[27]

Further reading[]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber.
  2. ^ de Mendonça, Délio (2002). Conversions and citizenry: Goa under Portugal 1510–1610. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
  3. ^ Menezes, Vivek (15 May 2021). "Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic". The Hindu.
  4. ^ "Total population by religious communities". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  5. ^ "Indian Census 2011". Census Department, Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  6. ^ "Population by Religious Community - 2011". Archived from the original on 2015-09-27.
  7. ^ "Population by religious communities". Census department of India. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  8. ^ de Mendonça, Délio (2002). Conversions and citizenry: Goa under Portugal 1510-1610. Concept Publishing Company. p. 67.
  9. ^ Meersman, Achilles (1971). The ancient Franciscan provinces in India, 1500–1835. Christian Literature Society Press. p. 107.
  10. ^ Holm, John A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: References survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 286.
  11. ^ de Mendonça, Délio (2002). Conversions and citizenry: Goa under Portugal 1510-1610. Concept Publishing Company. p. 397.
  12. ^ a b Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8.
  13. ^ Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 359.
  14. ^ a b Land and people of Indian states and union territories, Gopal K. Bhargava, Gopal K.; S. C. Bhatt., p. 39.
  15. ^ Borges, Charles J.; Feldmann, Helmut (1997). Goa and Portugal: their cultural links. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 319(refer page:58). ISBN 978-81-7022-659-8.
  16. ^ Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. p. 133. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8.
  17. ^ Delgado Figueira, João (1623). Listas da Inquisição de Goa (1560-1623). Lisbon: Biblioteca National.
  18. ^ de Almeida, Fortunato (1923). História da Igreja em Portugal, vol. IV. Porto: Portucalense Editora.
  19. ^ Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4994-5.
  20. ^ Rajesh Ghadge (2015). The story of Goan Migration.
  21. ^ Hull, Ernest (1909). "Archdiocese of Goa". Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  22. ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS
  23. ^ Benigni, U. (1886). "Patriarchate of the East Indies". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
  24. ^ "Church slams govt over Iffi dates, threat to Old Goa". The Times of India. 12 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  25. ^ a b Pereira, José (2001). Churches of Goa. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-565559-9.
  26. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Churches and Convents of Goa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  27. ^ Abbi, Anvita; Gupta, R. S.; Kidwai, Ayesha (1997). Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia: Papers from the Proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 978-81-208-1765-4.
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