Christopher Memminger
Christopher Memminger | |
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1st Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury | |
In office February 25, 1861 – July 18, 1864 | |
President | Jefferson Davis |
Preceded by | Position Established |
Succeeded by | G. A. Trenholm |
Deputy from South Carolina to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States | |
In office February 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862 | |
Preceded by | New constituency |
Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Christoph Gustav Memminger January 9, 1803 Vaihingen, Wuerttemberg (present-day Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany) |
Died | March 7, 1888 Charleston, South Carolina | (aged 85)
Resting place | St. John in the Wilderness, Flat Rock, North Carolina 35°16′56.8″N 82°26′34.2″W / 35.282444°N 82.442833°W |
Political party | Democratic |
Alma mater | South Carolina College |
Christopher Gustavus Memminger (German: Christoph Gustav Memminger; January 9, 1803 – March 7, 1888) was a German-born American politician and a secessionist who participated in the formation of the Confederate States government. He was the principal author of the Provisional Constitution (1861) as well as the founder of the Confederate financial system. As the first Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury, Memminger was the main author of the economic policies of Jefferson Davis's administration.
Early life and career[]
Christopher Gustavus Memminger was born on January 9, 1803, in Vaihingen, Wuerttemberg (present-day Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany). His father, Gottfried Memminger, was an officer who died a month after his son's birth.[1] His mother, Eberhardina (née Kohler) Memminger, immigrated to Charleston, South Carolina, but died of yellow fever in 1807. Christopher was placed in an orphanage.[2] His fortunes changed when, at the age of eleven, he was taken under the care of Thomas Bennett, a prominent lawyer and future Governor. He entered South Carolina College at the age of 12 and graduated second in his class at 16. Memminger passed the bar in 1825 and became a successful lawyer. He married Mary Withers Wilkinson in 1832.
He was a leader of the opponents during the Nullification Crisis. He published The Book of Nullification (1832–33) which satirized the advocates of the doctrine in biblical style.[3] He entered state politics and served in the South Carolina state legislature from 1836 to 1852 and 1854 to 1860, where for nearly twenty years he was the head of the finance committee.[4] Memminger was a staunch advocate of education and helped give Charleston one of the most comprehensive public school systems in the country.[5] In 1859, after John Brown's raid, he was commissioned by South Carolina to consult with other delegates in Virginia as to the best method of warding off attacks of abolitionists.[6]
American Civil War[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ConfederateCabinet.jpg/300px-ConfederateCabinet.jpg)
Memminger was considered a moderate on the secession issue, but after the election of Abraham Lincoln, decided that secession was necessary. Memminger owned 12 slaves, which were listed in his estate in the Charleston, South Carolina, census of 1850, six of them being males. His estate was in Henderson County, North Carolina, where he built his Connemara summer home[7]). When South Carolina seceded from the United States in 1860, Memminger was asked to write the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, which outlined the reasons for secession. When other states also seceded, he was selected as a South Carolina delegate to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States and was the chairman of the committee which drafted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States. The twelve-man committee produced a provisional constitution in only four days.
When Jefferson Davis formed his first cabinet, Memminger was chosen as Secretary of the Treasury on February 21, 1861. It was a difficult task in view of the financial challenges facing the Confederacy. He attempted to finance the government initially by bonds and tariffs (and the confiscation of gold from the United States Mint in New Orleans), but he soon found himself forced to more extreme measures such as income taxes and fiat currency. He had been a supporter of hard currency before the war but found himself issuing increasingly-devalued paper money, which had become worth less than 2% of its face value in gold by the end of the war.
Later life[]
Memminger resigned his post as Secretary of the Treasury on July 1, 1864 and was replaced by fellow South Carolinian G. A. Trenholm. He returned to his summer residence in Flat Rock, North Carolina. In the post-war years, he returned to Charleston, received a presidential pardon in 1866, and returned to private law practice and business investment. He also continued his work on developing South Carolina's public education system and was voted to a final term in the state legislature in 1877.
Notable works[]
- The Book of Nullification (1830)
Honors[]
Christopher Memminger was featured on the Confederate $5.00 bill.[8]
Memminger on the 1862 CS$5 banknote
See also[]
- List of German Americans
- List of orphans and foundlings
- List of people from Stuttgart
Notes[]
- ^ Capers 1893, pp. 7–9
- ^ Patrick 1944, p. 205
- ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- ^ Patrick 1944, pp. 205–206
- ^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). Encyclopedia Americana. .
- ^ U.S. National Park Service, retrieved June 20, 2021 from https://www.nps.gov/carl/learn/historyculture/history-of-connemara.htm
- ^ "Legendary Coins and Currency: Confederacy, 5 dollars, 1862". National Museum of American History. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
References[]
- Capers, Henry D. (1893), The Life and Times of C. G. Memminger, Richmond: Everett Waddey Co., LCCN 12030042, OCLC 4790450 – via Internet Archive
- Patrick, Rembert Wallace (1944), Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, pp. 205–234, LCCN 44009637, OCLC 475783
- Schwab, John Christopher (1901), The Confederate States of America, 1861-65: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, LCCN 01022093, OCLC 1612925 – via Internet Archive
Further reading[]
- Memminger, Christopher (1830). The Book of Nullification. Charleston: n.p. LCCN 07034837. OCLC 2421630 – via Internet Archive.
External links[]
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: Christopher Gustavus Memminger |
- Official
- C. G. Memminger Papers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- General information
- Christopher Memminger at Find a Grave
- Christopher Memminger at The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)
- Christopher Memminger at South Carolina Encyclopedia (scencyclopedia.org)
- Christopher Memminger at NCpedia (ncpedia.org)
- Christopher Memminger at The Political Graveyard
- Works by or about Christopher Memminger at Internet Archive
- Works by or about Christopher Memminger in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- 1803 births
- 1888 deaths
- 19th-century American Episcopalians
- 19th-century American lawyers
- 19th-century American politicians
- 19th-century American writers
- 19th-century American male writers
- American adoptees
- American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
- American male non-fiction writers
- American political writers
- Burials in North Carolina
- Confederate States Department of the Treasury officials
- Confederate States Executive Cabinet members
- Deaths in North Carolina
- Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
- Economists from North Carolina
- Economists from South Carolina
- Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
- German emigrants to the United States
- People from Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina
- People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
- Recipients of American presidential pardons
- Signers of the Confederate States Constitution
- Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
- South Carolina Democrats
- South Carolina lawyers
- South Carolina politicians
- University of South Carolina alumni
- Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
- Württemberger emigrants to the United States
- 19th-century pseudonymous writers