Climate of Spain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Köppen climate types of Spain

The climate in Spain varies across continental Spain. Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe with 13 different Köppen climates, excluding the Canary Islands, and is within the 10 most climatically diverse countries in the world.[1] Five main climatic zones can be distinguished, according to the country's Köppen-Geiger climate classification and orographic conditions:[2][3][4]

  • The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) which is also characterized by dry and warm/hot summers and cool to mild and wet winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, this climate is dominant on the Iberian Peninsula, particularly the variety with summer droughts, covering all but the far northern part of the country where the Oceanic climate predominates. The hot-summer Mediterranean climate is further divided into the "Standard Mediterranean" of lowland regions and Continental Mediterranean Climate of the interior, according to altitude and the mildness or harshness of the winter season. The Standard Mediterranean covers coastal areas (excluding the northern Atlantic coast) the Guadalquivir river basin and the lower reaches of the Tagus and Guadiana basins to the west of the country. The Continental Mediterranean Climate predominates in Spain's vast table lands, Meseta Central, of the interior.
  • The warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) which predominates in parts of northwestern Spain and mostly inland in central-northern Spain at altitudes above 900-1000 masl.
  • The oceanic climate (Cfb) is located in the northern part of the country, especially in the regions of Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Navarre. This region has regular snowfall in the winter months.
  • The semiarid climate (BSh and BSk) is predominant in the south eastern part of the country (Almeria province in Eastern Andalusia, Murcia region and Alicante province in Southern Valencia) and in the middle reaches of the Ebro valley to the north east (Zaragoza province), reaching as far west as southern Navarre. It is also present in large areas of the central table lands (primarily in Madrid and in the La Mancha region which includes parts of Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo provinces) and some of the driest areas of Extremadura. In contrast to the Mediterranean climate, the dry season continues beyond the end of summer and the vegetation is less dense.
  • The warm-summer continental climate (Dfb) which can be found in many areas in north-eastern Spain, in areas starting with altitudes above 1000-1100 masl. It can be found also in some areas in the Cantabrian Mountains and the highest areas of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range in central-eastern Spain.

Apart from the five main climate zones, other noticeable sub-zones can be found, such as the humid subtropical climate in large areas in the northern half of Catalonia going down to Barcelona, the province of Huesca and northern Navarre. The dry continental climates all across Spain in the highest areas (notably in the Sierra Nevada and the highest areas in central-northern Spain), the alpine climate and the Subarctic climate in the higher areas of northern Spain's various mountain ranges (notably the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees), a tropical climate in the coastal areas of the Canary Islands and a hot desert climate in the Southeastern coastline and eastern parts of the Canary Islands, notably around Almeria and Las Palmas.[1]

Hot Summer Typical Mediterranean climate[]

The Csa hot-summer Mediterranean climate is found on most of the Mediterranean coast of Spain starting from the border with Portugal to the border with France, with a few exceptions. It also extends inland in Andalusia and Extremadura. It is characterized by hot dry summers and mild winters with infrequent frosts in inland locations with this climate.[5] The summers are hot, the winters are mild and most of precipitation falls in the autumn. Examples of cities with Csa climate are Málaga, Valencia, Palma or Seville.

Valencia
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: AEMET[6]

Warm Summer Mediterranean climate[]

The Csb warm-summer Mediterranean climate is found in Galicia and the western areas of Castilla y Leon. Coastal Mediterranean region is marked by Leveche winds: hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa. Periods of these winds, which sometimes carry fine Saharan dust, are more common in spring and are associated with a sudden, usually short-lived, increase in temperature. A cooler easterly wind, the Levante, funnels between the Sistema Penibetico and the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. These easterly winds are the ones which most influence the Mediterranean climate.[citation needed] The most populous city with Csb climate in Spain is Vigo. Other cities with this climate are Ávila, León or Salamanca.

Inland Hot and Warm Summer Mediterranean climates[]

The inland areas of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Central Plateau, have a Csa or Csb Mediterranean climates with greater seasonal differences than the coast. The summers are usually hotter than in the coast, regularly exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). By contrast, there are low temperatures in winter, from cool to cold winters, with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) not being uncommon. At cities with altitude above 1000m like Ávila or Segovia, the temperatures under −5 °C (23 °F) are not uncommon, dropping up to −10 °C (14 °F) or more during Arctic cold waves.[7] The cold increases the higher the altitude is. These are often accompanied by moderate snowfall. Although it rarely rains during summer, there is often heavy rainfall in spring and autumn.[citation needed] Cities with this climate are Madrid, Ciudad Real, Logroño, and Ávila.

Madrid
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Oceanic climate[]

An oceanic climate prevails from the Pyrenees to the Asturias, area which incorporating Galicia is sometimes called "Green Spain", characterized by relatively mild winters and warm summers. The climate and landscape are determined by the Atlantic Ocean winds whose moisture gets trapped by the mountains circumventing the Spanish Atlantic coast. Because of the Foehn effect, the southern slopes fall inside the rain shadow zone and so Green Spain contrasts starkly with the rest of Spain. Besides both the winters and the summers remain much warmer than many comparable North-west European regions (about 21 °C (69.8 °F) in July in Santander versus 16 °C (60.8 °F) in Brest or Liverpool and about 10 °C (50.0 °F) in January in Santander versus 6 to 7 °C (42.8 to 44.6 °F) in Brest or 5 °C (41.0 °F) in Liverpool). The rainfall is generally abundant, exceeding 1,000 mm (39.4 in) and is fairly evenly spread out over the year, with the driest month above 30 mm (1.2 in), which is the minimum criteria for an oceanic climate according to Köppen. Although Köppen officially limits the oceanic domain to the Asturias and the Basque Country region, certain authors such as Trewartha prefer to extend this climatic zone to the north-west part of the peninsula to Galicia, due to the moderate summer temperatures.[citation needed]

Bilbao
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[8]

Temperatures vary only slightly, both on a diurnal and a seasonal basis, and averages range from 9 °C (48.2 °F) in January to 21 °C (69.8 °F) in July. The moderating effects of the sea are less prominent further inland, where temperatures are more extreme than those on the coast. Distance from the Atlantic Ocean also has an effect on precipitation levels, so there is less rainfall in the east than in the west. Autumn (October to December) is the wettest season, while July is the driest month. The high humidity and the prevailing off-shore winds make fog and mist common along the north west coast; this phenomenon is less frequent a short distance inland because the mountains form a barrier to the maritime moisture.

Galician variant[]

A Coruña
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: AEMET[9]

The Galician climate (Csb) is similar to that of the coastal areas of Oregon, Washington and Vancouver but with much warmer winters. It is characterised by year-round mild temperatures with drier summer months, often resulting in moderate drought conditions with at least one month per year usually recording less than 40 mm (1.6 in). This is a characteristic which distinguishes Galicia from a typical Cfb climate. Annual rainfall is higher than in the eastern and southern regions, usually ranging from 800 to 2,000 mm (31.5 to 78.7 in).[10] This climate, which is sometimes classified as "Mediterranean",[citation needed] is classified as "Oceanic" according to other authors such as Trewartha,[citation needed] due to the lower summer temperatures and higher rainfall. Nonetheless, the area displays typical Mediterranean features,[citation needed] including regular forest fires, which are often started deliberately by arsonists.[11] Most of Galicia has high annual sunshine hours, although there are notable regional variations, ranging from 1600 hours in the north east to 2600 in the south east and the Rías Baixas[12][a]. Not all Galicia has a Csb climate, most of the north and central mountains have a typical oceanic Cfb. Some valleys in the south are classified as Hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), like the comarca of O Condado, the city of Ourense or O Ribeiro.[15]

In North-West Castile, the climate is classified also as Csb because the temperatures of summer are cooler due to the altitude.

Humid subtropical climate[]

Barcelona
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [16]

The humid subtropical climate exists in large areas of north-eastern Spain, mostly in the northern half of Catalonia and the province of Huesca. This climate is also found across northern Navarra and the northern areas of the province of Guadalajara. The largest city with this climate in Spain is Barcelona.

Hot and Cold Semiarid climates[]

Murcia
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[17]

The semiarid climate (BSk and BSh in the Köppen climate classification) is predominant in south-eastern Spain (covering most of Alicante, Murcia and Almería provinces), and in certain parts of the Ebro Valley. It is also present in parts of the centre, south and west of the country which borders between a Mediterranean and semi-arid climate. It is very hot during the summer (temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F)) and the drought usually extends into the autumn (rainfall about 300 mm – [18]).

Desert climate[]

The desert climate exists in a few zones of the south-eastern coast of Spain and in eastern parts of the Canary Islands. Within mainland Spain, it appears predominantly in Almería, with the city of Almería falling under the hot desert climate categorization (Köppen: BWh) as the average temperature is 19.1 °C and the average precipitation is approximately 200mm.[19] This area extends to the Andarax and Almanzora river valleys and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, which are also known for having also a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with a precipitation amount of 156 mm (6.1 in) per year[20] which is reportedly the driest place in Europe. The desert climate exists in other areas of the southeast, such as the Tabernas Desert, which has an annual average temperature of 17.9 °C placing it just 0.1 °C below under the categorization of hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), so it has a cold desert climate (Köppen: BWk). It also exists in areas of Murcia and specific points inland of the province of Alicante.[21]

Almería
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Other types[]

Besides the above three major climate zones, there are four other climate types in Spain:

  • The mountainous climate is present in the Picos de Europa, Sistema Central, Sistema Ibérico, Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, qualified as an Alpine climate, Spain's major mountain systems.
  • The low-lying areas of the Canary Islands have a tropical climate in terms of temperature, this being mild and stable (18 to 26 °C or 64 to 79 °F) throughout the year. Most of the islands have hot desert climates or hot semi-arid climates, and a low altitude areas have tropical semi-arid climates, like the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria or La Palma which surpass 18 °C or 64 °F in the coldest month, meeting the requeriments for tropical climates under the Köppen climate classification.[22] In terms of precipitation, the eastern islands are semiarid while the westernmost ones receive more rainfall, with some very wet areas in the mountains of La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife, home to the cloud forest known as laurisilva. The easternmost islands are arid with Saharan climate moderated by the Atlantic Ocean.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

The southernmost coast of Spain (Málaga and Granada's coastal strip) has the warmest winters across Europe, with very sunny and mostly warm days with total absence of winter frosts allowing for the prolific cultivation of tropical fruits such as mango, papaya, cherimoya. pitaya and the carambola, amongst others.[23] The benign winter, with minimum night temperatures in January rarely falling below 5 °C (46 °F) is due to the microclimate created by the Sierra Nevada mountains to the north of this coastal strip, preventing cooler north winds from reaching the area.

Parts of the south East coast also have a Hot Arid climate, with annual average temperatures above 18 °C and annual rainfall below 200mm. Almeria province is the only area in Europe within this climatic zone.

Temperature averages for Spanish mainland cities[]

Atlantic (Northern) Spain[]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Atlantic Spain[24]
Location Coldest
month 		April Warmest
month 		October
A Coruña 13.5 / 8.1
(56.3 / 46.6) 		16.2 / 9.9
(61.2 / 49.8) 		22.8 / 16.4
(73.0 / 61.5) 		19.1 / 13.0
(66.4 / 55.4)
Bilbao 13.4 / 5.1
(56.1 / 41.2) 		17.6 / 7.6
(63.7 / 45.7) 		26.0 / 15.7
(78.8 / 60.3) 		21.4 / 11.4
(70.5 / 52.5)
Gijón 13.1 / 4.7
(55.6 / 40.5) 		15.6 / 8.1
(60.1 / 46.6) 		23.2 / 16.2
(73.8 / 61.2) 		19.0 / 11.0
(66.2 / 51.8)
Oviedo 12.0 / 4.6
(53.6 / 40.3) 		15.7 / 6.8
(60.3 / 44.2) 		23.3 / 14.8
(73.9 / 58.6) 		18.7 / 10.4
(65.7 / 50.7)
Santander 13.6 / 5.8
(56.5 / 42.4) 		16.6 / 8.3
(61.9 / 46.9) 		24.2 / 16.4
(75.6 / 61.5) 		20.3 / 11.8
(68.5 / 53.2)
Vigo 11.9 / 5.4
(53.4 / 41.7) 		16.6 / 8.2
(61.9 / 46.8) 		24.7 / 15.0
(76.5 / 59.0) 		18.8 / 11.2
(65.8 / 52.2)
Vitoria 8.7 / 1.2
(47.7 / 34.2) 		15.4 / 4.1
(59.7 / 39.4) 		25.9 / 12.5
(78.6 / 54.5) 		18.3 / 7.5
(64.9 / 45.5)

Continental Spain[]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Continental Spain[24]
Location Coldest
month 		April Warmest
month 		October
Albacete 10.5 / −0.2
(50.9 / 31.6) 		18.4 / 5.4
(65.1 / 41.7) 		33.2 / 16.9
(91.8 / 62.4) 		24.9 / 14.5
(76.8 / 58.1)
Córdoba 14.9 / 3.6
(58.8 / 38.5) 		22.8 / 9.3
(73.0 / 48.7) 		36.9 / 19.0
(98.4 / 66.2) 		25.1 / 13.0
(77.2 / 55.4)
Madrid 9.8 / 2.7
(49.6 /���36.9) 		18.2 / 7.7
(64.8 / 45.9) 		32.1 / 19.0
(89.8 / 66.2) 		19.4 / 10.7
(66.9 / 51.3)
Murcia 16.6 / 4.7
(61.9 / 40.5) 		23.3 / 9.7
(73.9 / 49.5) 		34.2 / 20.9
(93.6 / 69.6) 		25.6 / 13.9
(78.1 / 57.0)
Seville 16.0 / 5.7
(60.8 / 42.3) 		23.4 / 11.1
(74.1 / 52.0) 		36.0 / 20.3
(96.8 / 68.5) 		26.0 / 14.4
(78.8 / 57.9)
Valladolid 8.2 / 0.2
(46.8 / 32.4) 		16.9 / 4.6
(62.4 / 40.3) 		30.7 / 14.0
(87.3 / 57.2) 		18.9 / 7.6
(66.0 / 45.7)
Zaragoza 10.5 / 2.7
(50.9 / 36.9) 		19.6 / 7.9
(67.3 / 46.2) 		32.4 / 18.3
(90.3 / 64.9) 		21.4 / 11.0
(70.5 / 51.8)

Mediterranean Spain[]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Mediterranean Spain[24]
Location Coldest
month 		April Warmest
month 		October
Alicante 17.0 / 6.7
(62.6 / 44.1) 		21.3 / 10.9
(70.3 / 51.6) 		30.8 / 21.5
(87.4 / 70.7) 		24.9 / 14.9
(76.8 / 58.8)
Almería 16.9 / 8.3
(62.4 / 46.9) 		21.4 / 12.5
(70.5 / 54.5) 		31.0 / 22.4
(87.8 / 72.3) 		24.5 / 16.3
(76.1 / 61.3)
Barcelona 14.8 / 8.8
(58.6 / 47.8) 		19.1 / 12.5
(66.4 / 54.5) 		29.0 / 23.1
(84.2 / 73.6) 		22.5 / 16.5
(72.5 / 61.7)
Castellón 15.3 / 5.8
(59.5 / 42.4) 		20.5 / 10.3
(68.9 / 50.5) 		30.3 / 20.9
(86.5 / 69.6) 		23.5 / 14.4
(74.3 / 57.9)
Málaga 16.8 / 7.4
(62.2 / 45.3) 		21.4 / 11.1
(70.5 / 52.0) 		30.8 / 21.1
(87.4 / 70.0) 		24.1 / 15.0
(75.4 / 59.0)
Valencia 16.4 / 7.1
(61.5 / 44.8) 		20.8 / 11.5
(69.4 / 52.7) 		30.2 / 21.9
(86.4 / 71.4) 		24.4 / 15.2
(75.9 / 59.4)

Temperature averages for Spanish non-mainland cities[]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in the Canaries[24]
Location Coldest
month 		April Warmest
month 		October
El Hierro Airport 20.8 / 16.4
(69.4 / 61.5) 		21.6 / 17.0
(70.9 / 62.6) 		26.5 / 21.7
(79.7 / 71.1) 		25.6 / 20.9
(78.1 / 69.6)
Gran Canaria 20.8 / 15.0
(69.4 / 59.0) 		22.6 / 16.2
(72.7 / 61.2) 		27.5 / 21.6
(81.5 / 70.9) 		26.2 / 20.1
(79.2 / 68.2)
La Laguna 16.0 / 10.2
(60.8 / 50.4) 		18.5 / 10.9
(65.3 / 51.6) 		25.7 / 16.6
(78.3 / 61.9) 		22.5 / 15.2
(72.5 / 59.4)
Los Cancajos 20.7 / 15.3
(69.3 / 59.5) 		21.6 / 16.2
(70.9 / 61.2) 		26.6 / 21.3
(79.9 / 70.3) 		25.5 / 20.2
(77.9 / 68.4)
Santa Cruz 21.0 / 15.4
(69.8 / 59.7) 		22.7 / 16.5
(72.9 / 61.7) 		29.0 / 21.9
(84.2 / 71.4) 		26.3 / 20.3
(79.3 / 68.5)
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in the Balearic Islands[24]
Location Coldest
month 		April Warmest
month 		October
Ibiza 15.7 / 8.1
(60.3 / 46.6) 		19.7 / 11.4
(67.5 / 52.5) 		30.3 / 22.2
(86.5 / 72.0) 		24.0 / 16.5
(75.2 / 61.7)
Palma 15.4 / 8.3
(59.7 / 46.9) 		19.2 / 11.7
(66.6 / 53.1) 		29.8 / 22.5
(85.6 / 72.5) 		23.7 / 16.6
(74.7 / 61.9)
Menorca Airport 14.2 / 7.4
(57.6 / 45.3) 		18.0 / 10.6
(64.4 / 51.1) 		29.2 / 21.5
(84.6 / 70.7) 		22.7 / 16.1
(72.9 / 61.0)

Extreme temperature records in selected cities[]

Nationally, the coldest temperature ever reported in Spain is −35.8 °C (−32.4 °F) in Vega de Liordes, Province of León on 7 January 2021. Conversely, the warmest, officially, is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) at Montoro, Cordoba on 13 July 2017. [25]

Location Record highs Record lows
Mediterranean
Murcia[26] 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) —
Seville[27] 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) −5.5 °C (22.1 °F)
Cordoba[28] 46.8 °C (116.2 °F) −8.2 °C (17.2 °F)
Málaga[29] 44 °C (111 °F) —
Granada[30] 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) −14.2 °C (6.4 °F)
Continental Climate
Zaragoza[31] 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) −14 °C (7 °F)
Valladolid[32] 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) −11.5 °C (11.3 °F)
Teruel[33] 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) −21 °C (−6 °F)
Albacete[34] — −24.0 °C (−11.2 °F)
Northern Atlantic coast
Bilbao[35] 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) −8.6 °C (16.5 °F)
Oviedo[36] 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) −6.0 °C (21.2 °F)
A Coruña[37] 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) −3.0 °C (26.6 °F)
Vigo[38] 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) −5.0 °C (23.0 °F)
Ourense[39] 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) −8.6 °C (16.5 °F)

Sea temperatures[]

Sea temperature[]

Bilbao[40]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
13 °C (55 °F) 12 °C (54 °F) 12 °C (54 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 15.8 °C (60.4 °F)
Barcelona[41]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
13 °C (55 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 18 °C (64 °F)
Valencia[42]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
14 °C (57 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 18.5 °C (65.3 °F)
Alicante[43]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
14 °C (57 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 18.6 °C (65.5 °F)
Gibraltar/Algeciras area[44]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
16 °C (61 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 18.4 °C (65.1 °F)
Las Palmas[45]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
19 °C (66 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 20.9 °C (69.6 °F)

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ The exact absolute records are a minimum of 1,580 hours in Penedo do Galo (municipality of Viveiro) and a maximum of 2,571 hours in the town of A Mezquita.[13][14]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS" (PDF). www.aemet.es. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  2. ^ "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-30.
  3. ^ "World Map of Koppen – Geiger Climate Classification". City-data.com. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  4. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2016-11-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "Standard values of Valencia". Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  7. ^ "Temperaturas de hasta 10 bajo cero en Castilla y León | Castilla y León | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es.
  8. ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Bilbao – Aeropuerto". Aemet.es. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  9. ^ "Climatic Guide of Spain 1981–2010 AEMET". Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ "Valores climatológicos normales: Galicia – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología – AEMET. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Aemet.es. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Ezpeleta, A., Royé, D., Fonseca Blanco, X., & Taboada Hidalgo, J. (2019). Os tempos e o clima de Galicia (1st ed.). Vigo: Xerais. pp. 30-33.
  13. ^ Ezpeleta, A., Royé, D., Fonseca Blanco, X., & Taboada Hidalgo, J. (2019). Os tempos e o clima de Galicia (1st ed.). Vigo: Xerais. pp. 30-33.
  14. ^ Pérez Pena, M. (2019). Unha ducia de récords climáticos en Galicia. Praza Pública.
  15. ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Murcia – Alcantarilla / Aeropuerto". Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Barcelona Can Bruixa – climate (1987–2010)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Murcia – Alcantarilla". Aemet.es. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  18. ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Murcia – Alcantarilla / Aeropuerto". Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  19. ^ Meteorología, Agencia Estatal de. "Almería Aeropuerto: Almería Aeropuerto - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España". www.aemet.es.
  20. ^ "LOS CLIMAS SECOS DE ESPAÑA SEGUN EL SISTEMA DE KOPPEN" (PDF). digitum.um.es. 1987. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  21. ^ "IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS" (PDF). www.aemet.es. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  22. ^ "IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS" (PDF). www.aemet.es. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  23. ^ "A pedir de boca - Frutas tropicales Málaga - RTVE.es". September 2, 2011 – via www.rtve.es.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Standard Climate Values, Spain". Aemet.es. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  25. ^ "Temperatures in Spain". IberiaNature.
  26. ^ "Climate and weather of Murcia". IberiaNature.
  27. ^ "Climate and weather of Sevilla". IberiaNature.
  28. ^ "Climate and weather of Cordoba". IberiaNature.
  29. ^ "Climate and weather of Malaga". IberiaNature.
  30. ^ "Climate and weather of Granada". IberiaNature.
  31. ^ "Climate and weather of Zaragoza". IberiaNature.
  32. ^ "Climate and weather of Valladolid". IberiaNature.
  33. ^ "Climate and weather of Teruel". IberiaNature.
  34. ^ "Climate and weather of Albacete". IberiaNature.
  35. ^ "Climate and weather of Bilbao". IberiaNature.
  36. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". AEMET.
  37. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". AEMET.
  38. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". AEMET.
  39. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010)". AEMET.
  40. ^ Bilbao Climate – weather2travel.com
  41. ^ Barcelona Climate – weather2travel.com
  42. ^ Valencia Climate – weather2travel.com
  43. ^ Alicante Climate – weather2travel.com
  44. ^ Gibraltar Climate – weather2travel.com
  45. ^ Las Palmas Climate – weather2travel.com
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