Columbia University School of General Studies

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School of General Studies
Columbia University
Columbia University School of General Studies logo.png
Coat of arms
MottoLux in Tenebris Lucet[1]
Motto in English
The light that shines in the darkness
TypePrivate
Established1947
DeanLisa Rosen-Metsch
Students2,603 (Fall 2019)
Address
408 Lewisohn Hall
,
New York City
,
U.S.
CampusMorningside Heights Campus,
urban, 36 acres (0.15 km2; 0.056 sq mi)
AffiliationsAlbert A. List College (Jewish Theological Seminary of America), Sciences Po, Trinity College Dublin, Tel Aviv University, and City University of Hong Kong
Websitehttps://gs.columbia.edu/
Columbia University School of General Studies logo.svg

The School of General Studies, Columbia University (GS) is a liberal arts college and one of the undergraduate colleges of Columbia University, situated on the university's main campus in Morningside Heights, New York City.[2] GS is known primarily for its B.A. degree program for non-traditional students, such as those who have had an academic break of at least one year or are pursuing dual-degrees. GS students make up almost 30% of the Columbia undergraduate population (including Columbia College, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and GS).

GS offers dual-degree programs with several leading universities around the world.[3] It offers dual degrees with List College of the Jewish Theological Seminary, Sciences Po in France, Trinity College Dublin in Ireland, Tel Aviv University in Israel, and City University of Hong Kong.[3] It also offers the BA/MA Option[4] with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Combined Plan[5] and the MS Express program[6] with the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and five-year joint degrees[7] with the School of International and Public Affairs. GS offers the Postbaccalaureate Premedical Program, the oldest and largest program of its kind in the United States.[3]

Notable alumni include Nobel Prize winners Simon Kuznets, Baruj Benacerraf, and Louise Glück, as well as Kelly Killoren Bensimon, Isaac Asimov, J.D. Salinger, Amelia Earhart, and Princess Firyal of Jordan.[8]

History[]

Lewisohn Hall at Columbia University, home to the School of General Studies

Predecessor institutions[]

GS's evolutionary ancestor is the now-defunct, all-male Seth Low College, named for former Brooklyn mayor and President of Columbia Seth Low. It was established in Downtown Brooklyn in 1928 to help alleviate the flood of Jewish applicants to Columbia College. The entrance requirements for Seth Low Junior College were reportedly the same as those enforced in Columbia College.[9] Following completion of the two-year program, graduates could complete their undergraduate degrees at the University's professional schools, such as the School of Law, Business School, or School of Engineering and Applied Science (all of which conferred terminal bachelor's degrees at the time) or earn B.S. degrees in the liberal arts as University Undergraduates.[10]

Seth Low Junior College was closed in 1936[11] due to the adverse economic effects of the Great Depression and concomitant popularity of the tuition-free Brooklyn College in 1930. Henceforth, its remaining students were absorbed into the Morningside Heights campus as students in the University Undergraduate program, which was established by Nicholas Murray Butler in 1904.

University Extension was responsible for the founding of the Columbia Business School, the School of General Studies and the School of Dental and Oral Surgery (now the College of Dental Medicine). The School of Continuing Education (now the School of Professional Studies), a separate school, was later established to reprise University Extension's former role.[12][13][14]

The Establishment of the School of General Studies[]

With an influx of students attending the University on the GI Bill following the resolution of World War II, in December 1946, the University Undergraduate program was reorganized as an official undergraduate college for "qualified students who, because of employment or for other reasons, are unable to attend other schools of the University." Columbia University pioneered the use of the term "General Studies" when naming the college, adapting the medieval term for universities, "Studium Generale."[15][16][17] Thus, the School of General Studies bears no semblance to general studies or extension studies programs at other universities in the United States. In December 1968, the University Council permitted GS to grant the B.A. degree instead of the B.S. degree (over the objections of some members of the Columbia College Faculty).[18]

Merging of Columbia College and School of General Studies Faculties[]

In 1991, the Columbia College (CC), School of General Studies (GS), and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) faculties were merged into the Faculty of Arts & Sciences, which resulted in the complete academic integration between the School of General Studies and Columbia College.[19][20] As a result, both GS and CC students receive B.A. degrees conferred by the Trustees of Columbia University through the Faculty of Art & Sciences,[20] and GS is recognized as an official liberal arts college at Columbia University.

Academics[]

GS students make up almost 30% of the Columbia undergraduate population and in 2013 were reported as consistently collectively earning the highest average GPA among undergraduates at Columbia University.[21][22] Approximately 20% of GS students are part-time students who have significant, full-time work commitments in addition to their academic responsibilities.[23] Numerous GS students have gone on to win prestigious fellowships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, the Gates Cambridge Scholarship, and the Fulbright Scholarship.

The School of General Studies confers the degree of Bachelor of Arts in more than 70 majors.[1] All GS students are required to complete the Core Curriculum, which includes University Writing, Literature/Humanities, Contemporary Civilization/Social Science, Art Humanities, Music Humanities, Global Core, Quantitative Reasoning, Science, and Foreign Language.[24]

GS offers dual degree programs with Sciences Po, the City University of Hong Kong, Trinity College Dublin (University of Dublin) in Ireland, and List College of the Jewish Theological Seminary.[25][26] It also offers dual degree programs with the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the School of International and Public Affairs, and Columbia Business School. GS has a Post-baccalaureate Premedical Program, the oldest program of its kind.[26]

Admission[]

Admission to Columbia GS requires an online application, official high school (or GED) transcripts, SAT or ACT test scores within the past eight years or a score on the General Studies Admissions Examination,[27] an essay of 1,500-2,000 words, and two recommendation letters.[28] Interviews are conducted in person and over phone.

The acceptance rate into GS was 35% in 2020, compared to 6% for Columbia's main college, Columbia College.[29] The much higher acceptance rate has led some to call GS and programs like it a "back door" for "less competitive students,"[30] but others strongly disagree.

Eligibility[]

Prospective Columbia undergraduates who have had a break of a year or more in their education, have already completed an undergraduate degree (and intend to pursue studies in a different discipline), or are pursuing dual undergraduate degrees are considered non-traditional and eligible to apply to GS. Applicants in extenuating circumstances which preclude them from attending Columbia College full-time are also eligible.[31][32] GS students have the option to attend part- or full-time.[33]

Dual degree programs[]

Joint Program with the Jewish Theological Seminary – Albert A. List College[]

Since 1954, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) and the School of General Studies have offered a joint degree program leading to a B.A. from Columbia University and a B.A. from List College. Professor Lisa Rosen-Metsch, Dean of the School of General Studies, is an alumna of the Joint Program.

Dual BA with Sciences Po Paris[]

The Dual BA Program is a unique program in which undergraduate students earn two Bachelor of Arts degrees in four years from both Columbia University and Sciences Po, one of the most prestigious universities in France and Europe.[34] This program is geared towards traditionally-aged applicants in high school, and is one of the most selective undergraduate programs in the nation.[35]

Students spend two years at one of three Sciences Po campuses in France (Le Havre, Menton, or Reims), each of which is devoted to a particular region of the world. At Sciences Po, undergraduates can pursue majors in political science, economics, law, finance, history, among others. After two years at Sciences Po, students matriculate at Columbia University, where they complete the Core Curriculum and one of over 70 majors offered at Columbia. Graduates of the program are guaranteed admission to a Sciences Po graduate program.[35]

Joint Bachelor's Degree with City University of Hong Kong[]

This program is open to top-ranked undergraduates enrolled at the City University of Hong Kong and allows graduates to receive two bachelor's degrees from the City University and Columbia in four years. Undergraduates spend their first two years at the City University and their final two years at Columbia, where they complete the Core Curriculum and choose one of 70 majors offered at Columbia.[36][37]

Dual BA Program with Trinity College Dublin[]

The Dual Bachelor's Degree Program with Trinity College Dublin is a unique program in which undergraduate students earn two Bachelor of Arts degrees in four years from both Columbia University and Trinity College Dublin (University of Dublin). Trinity College Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland and is widely considered to be its most prestigious institution. This program is geared towards traditionally-aged applicants in high school.[38]

Tel Aviv University and Columbia University Dual Degree Program[]

The Tel Aviv Columbia Dual Degree Program allows undergraduates to earn two bachelor's degrees over the course of four years. Students spend the first two years of their undergraduate careers at Tel Aviv and then spend their final two years at Columbia while completing the Core Curriculum and major. Tel Aviv University is considered to be one of Israel's leading and most prestigious institutions. This program is geared towards traditionally-aged applicants in high school.[39] [40]

Combined Plan with the School of Engineering and Applied Science[]

GS students are eligible for competitive admission to the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) through the Columbia Combined Plan program, under the condition that they complete the necessary pre-engineering courses with a high GPA and obtain recommendations from 3 instructors. Students in the program receive a B.A. in a liberal arts discipline from GS and a B.S. in an engineering discipline from SEAS. Students may apply for the Combined Plan program in their junior (3-2 program) or senior (4-2) year of undergraduate study.

Notable alumni[]

An asterisk (*) indicates a former student who did not graduate.

Academia[]

  • Herbert Aptheker (1933), American Marxist historian and political activist
  • Simon Kuznets (1923), Nobel Prize-winning economist.[41]
  • Isaac Asimov (1939), science fiction writer and biochemist, professor of biochemistry
  • Baruj Benacerraf (1942), Nobel Prize-winning immunologist.
  • Allen Forte (1950), professor at Yale University, music theorist and musicologist[citation needed]
  • Jehuda Reinharz (1964), President of Brandeis University[41][42]
  • Edward Cecil Harris (1971), Creator of the Harris matrix[41]
  • Roger Pilon (1971), Constitutional scholar and legal theorist.
  • Alfred Appel (1959), scholar on Vladimir Nabokov.[43]
  • George M. von Furstenberg (1963), professor at Indiana University Bloomington[44]
  • Gershon Hundert (1968), Canadian historian of Jewish history at McGill University
  • Barbara Ransby (1984), professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and president of the National Women's Studies Association

Politics[]

  • Philippe Reines (2000), Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and Senior Advisor to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.
  • Patrick Gaspard* (1994–1997), United States Ambassador to South Africa (2013-2016), White House Political Affairs Director for U.S. President Barack Obama, former Executive Director of the Democratic National Committee
  • Mike Gravel (1956), Former United States Senator from Alaska and candidate for the 2008 Democratic nomination for President of the United States. Released full Pentagon Papers.
  • Howard Dean (1975), Former Governor of Vermont and Chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
  • Peter H. Kostmayer (1971), United States Congressman from Pennsylvania.
  • Seymour Halpern (1934), United States Congressman from New York
  • Gale Brewer (1997), 27th Borough president of Manhattan
  • Stewart Rawlings Mott (1959), American lobbyist and philanthropist, son of General Motors co-founder Charles Stewart Mott
  • Patricia Robinson (1955), First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago from 1997 to 2003
  • Perezi Kamunanwire (1969), former ambassador of the Republic of Uganda to the United States and Germany; permanent representative at the United Nations
  • John Paton Davies Jr. (1931), American diplomat, Medal of Freedom recipient, and one of the recognized China Hands who took part in the Dixie Mission
  • Zoltan Istvan (1998), American transhumanist who ran for President of the United States in 2016
  • Ethan Gutmann (1986), China watcher and human rights advocate
  • Julian F. Harrington* (1924), United States Ambassador to Panama from 1955 to 1960[45]

Literature and arts[]

  • J. D. Salinger* (1939), Writer, The Catcher in the Rye
  • Federico García Lorca* (1929), Spanish poet and dramatist; influential member of the Generation of '27
  • Barbara Probst Solomon (1960), American author, essayist and journalist
  • Louis Simpson (1948), Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet
  • Ingrid Bengis (1996), American writer
  • Sasha Frere-Jones (1993), American writer, music critic, and musician
  • Alicia Graf Mack (2000s), American dancer
  • Ted Rall (1991), Syndicated cartoonist, president of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists from 2008 to 2009
  • Simi Linton (1977), author, consultant, public speaker who focuses on disability studies
  • Edward Klein (1960), Author.
  • Kevin Brown* (1990), biographer, essayist, translator
  • Joy Leftow (1983), poet, fiction writer, essayist
  • Mykola Dementiuk (1984), American author; twice winner of the Lambda Literary Award
  • Lee Siegel (1980s), cultural critic
  • Cecil Brown (1966), African American writer and educator
  • John Rousmaniere (1967), American sailor, author on sailing and yachting history
  • Castle Freeman, Jr. (1968), author, Go with Me; contributor to Old Farmer's Almanac
  • Raymond Federman (1957), French–American novelist and academic; author, Double or Northing
  • Hunter S. Thompson*, (1959). Writer, founder of the Gonzo journalism movement
  • Herbert Kuhner (1959), Austrian writer and translator
  • Donald Clarence Judd (1953), Artist.
  • Dolores Dembus Bittleman (1952), American fiber artist
  • Louise Glück (attended), poet, recipient of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, former United States Poet Laureate[46]
  • Alexandra Ansanelli (2010-), American ballet dancer for The Royal Ballet
  • Arlene Shuler (1977), President and CEO of the New York City Center

Technology and entrepreneurship[]

Activism[]

  • Jane Jacobs* (1940s), author The Death and Life of Great American Cities, urban theorist and activist.
  • Florynce Kennedy (1949), Feminist, Civil Rights advocate, Social activist
  • Susan Mesinai (1965), activist, founder of the Ark Project that aimed to find out information on non-Russians taken prisoner by the former Soviet Union
  • Matthew Lipman (1948), founder of the Philosophy for Children movement
  • Irwin Kula (1978), co-president of CLAL, National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership.
  • Park Yeon-mi (2020), North Korean defector and human rights activist
  • Cameron Kasky (2023), student activist who founded Never Again MSD and organizer of March for Our Lives[48]

Music[]

  • Ira Gershwin* (1918), Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer.
  • Heather D’Angelo (2012), member of the pop band Au Revoir Simone.
  • Leonard Cohen* (1957), Musician and poet
  • Jason Everman (2013), former member of Nirvana, Soundgarden, the Army Rangers, and Green Berets
  • Yonatan Gat (2014), Musician, producer, founder of Monotonix and solo artist
  • Gil Shaham (1990), Violinist.
  • Lena Park (2010), Korean-American singer
  • Robin Pecknold (2016), American musician and frontman of Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes
  • Pat Boone (1957), Singer and actor.
  • Tamar Kaprelian (2016), Singer.
  • Ben Platt* (2016), Broadway actor and singer, Pitch Perfect, The Book of Mormon, Dear Evan Hansen, transferred from Columbia College
  • Lipa Schmeltzer* (2018), singer, "the Lady Gaga of Hasidic music"

Film and entertainment[]

  • Joseph Gordon-Levitt* (2000–2004), American actor and director
  • Robert Sean Leonard*, American actor
  • Jonathan Taylor Thomas (2010), Actor
  • Kristi Zea (1974), American production designer, costume designer, art director, and director
  • David O. Selznick* (1923), Hollywood producer, King Kong, Gone with the Wind
  • Telly Savalas (1946), Actor, Emmy-award winner and Oscar nominee.
  • Sarah Ramos (2013-), American actress, American Dreams, Parenthood
  • Michelle Rejwan (2008), Senior vice president of Lucasfilm, producer of Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker
  • Eric Shaw (2003), Emmy Award-winning writer for SpongeBob SquarePants
  • Ossie Davis (1948), Actor and social activist, Emmy- and Golden Globe-award nominee
  • Adriana Ferreyr (2011-), Brazilian film, television and stage actress, Marisol
  • Julia Bacha (2003), Brazilian documentary maker, director of Budrus
  • Larysa Kondracki (2001), Canadian film director, The Whistleblower
  • Donald Richie (1953), Film Critic
  • Anthony Perkins* (1954), Actor and writer known for his portrayal of Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho[49]
  • Frank Sutton (1952), actor, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
  • Famke Janssen* (1990s), Dutch actress, GoldenEye, the X-Men series, Hemlock Grove and How to Get Away with Murder[50][51]
  • Taylor Black (2014), American actress, All My Children, winner of Miss New York Teen USA in 2009
  • Elegance Bratton (2014), filmmaker and photographer
  • Chloe Bridges (2020), actress, Freddie, Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam

Media[]

  • R. W. Apple (1961), The New York Times associate editor.
  • James S. Vlasto (1950s), American editor, public relations consultant for Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. and Herman Badillo; press secretary for Governor of New York Hugh Carey; father of Chris Vlasto, executive producer of Good Morning America
  • Jacques Pepin (1970), internationally recognized French chef, TV personality, dean at the International Culinary Center
  • Mary Helen Bowers (2008), celebrity fitness guru, entrepreneur, former New York City Ballet dancer
  • Ray William Johnson* (2008), YouTube celebrity best known for his show "Equals Three"
  • Trish Regan (2000), Fox Business Network anchor
  • Steve Hofstetter (2002), comedian, host, and executive producer of "Laughs" on Fox television stations
  • Erik Courtney (2000) Bravo TV personality Newlyweds: The First Year
  • Mark Rotella (1992), senior editor at Publishers Weekly
  • John Horgan (1982), American science journalist, known for his 1996 book, The End of Science
  • Howard G. Chua-Eoan (1983), News Director, Time
  • Jamal Dajani (1988), Palestinian-American journalist, Peabody Award winner, and former aide to Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority Rami Hamdallah
  • Eytan Schwartz (2001), Israeli Reality television personality
  • Matt Sanchez (2007), journalist and former Marine reservist
  • Mitch Swenson (2014), American freelance reporter and designer of video game 1000 Days of Syria

Athletics[]

Fashion[]

  • Gerard W. Ford (1957), Founder of the Ford Modeling Agency.
  • Mary McFadden (1959), Fashion Designer
  • Rachel Williams (1994), American model, landscape designer, daughter of architect Tod Williams and sister of filmmaker Tod Williams
  • Kelly Killoren Bensimon (1998), model, author, socialite, The Real Housewives of New York City
  • Sara Ziff (2011), American supermodel, president and founder of Model Alliance
  • Cameron Russell (2013), model and activist, daughter of Zipcar founder Robin Chase
  • Abby Stein (2014 - attending), model and activist, direct descendant of the Hasidic Savran dynasty
  • Alexandra Waterbury (2021), ballet dancer and fashion model

Miscellaneous[]

  • Amelia Earhart* (1920), American aviator and early female pilot
  • Steve Brozak (1982), investment banker, retired marine
  • Princess Firyal of Jordan (1999) Jordanian princess, socialite, and philanthropist
  • Yitzhak Aharon Korff (1969), Rebbe of the Mezhbizh and Zvhil dynasties, and ex-husband of ViacomCBS heiress Shari Redstone
  • Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1962), Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch Dynasty[citation needed]
  • John Tauranac (1963), Chief designer of the New York City Subway map of 1979
  • Josh Waitzkin* (1999), Child chess prodigy and author, whose life inspired the movie Searching for Bobby Fischer
  • Gabby Gabreski (1949), American flying ace during World War II and the Korean War; headed the Long Island Rail Road
  • Farahnaz Pahlavi (1986), eldest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, last Shah of Iran

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b http://gs.columbia.edu/gs-at-a-glance
  2. ^ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c "School of General Studies".
  4. ^ "BA/MA Option".
  5. ^ "Combined Plan Program Experience".
  6. ^ "SEAS MS Express Program".
  7. ^ "Columbia Dual Degree Programs".
  8. ^ "Notable Alumni".
  9. ^ Columbia Daily Spectator, Volume LI, Number 119, 3 April 1928
  10. ^ McCaughey, Robert A. (2003). Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York ... – Robert A. McCaughey – Google Books. ISBN 9780231130080. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  11. ^ "Columbia for Jews? The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior College" by Leeza Hirt, The Current, Fall 2016. (Retrieved January 18, 2020)
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-03-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ http://library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu/finding-aid/college-dental-medicine-school-dental-oral-surgery-records-1892-1915-1976
  14. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator 2 June 1942 — Columbia Spectator". Spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. 1942-06-02. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  15. ^ "History of the School of General Studies". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  16. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator 10 December 1946 — Columbia Spectator". Spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. 1946-12-10. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  17. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator 6 December 1946 — Columbia Spectator". Spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. 1946-12-06. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  18. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator 19 December 1968 — Columbia Spectator". Spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. 1968-12-19. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  19. ^ http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b http://columbiaspectator.com/2014/02/26/gs-eliminate-bs-degree-option-may-2014
  21. ^ https://s3.amazonaws.com/BWARCHIVE/2013/may13.pdf
  22. ^ http://bwog.com/2013/05/18/paying-it-forward-student-debt-at-gs/
  23. ^ https://gs.columbia.edu/program-overview
  24. ^ "The Core | General Studies". gs.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  25. ^ http://gs.columbia.edu
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b https://gs.columbia.edu/sciences-po/glance
  27. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-07-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ http://gs.columbia.edu/applying-gs
  29. ^ "Columbia University School of General Studies Overview". Peterson's. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  30. ^ Eric Platt. "General Studies Moves to the Mainstream". New York Times. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  31. ^ http://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq?body_value=general+studies&field_question_topics_tid=All
  32. ^ http://columbiaspectator.com/2012/03/07/gsjts-students-feel-caught-between-two-worlds
  33. ^ "Program Overview | General Studies". Gs.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  34. ^ http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/studying-in-france/presentation-1988/articles-from-actualites-en-france/article/elite-paris-institut-d-etudes
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b https://gs.columbia.edu/sciences-po/faq
  36. ^ https://gs.columbia.edu/cityu-hk/academics
  37. ^ https://gs.columbia.edu/cityu-hk/admissions
  38. ^ https://gs.columbia.edu/tcd
  39. ^ https://gs.columbia.edu/news/columbia-university-launches-dual-degree-program-tel-aviv-university
  40. ^ https://tau.gs.columbia.edu/
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Notable Alumni". Columbia University School of General Studies. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  42. ^ "Jewish cultural center - Events". jcc.ru. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  43. ^ "In Memoriam" (PDF). Columbia University School of General Studies. 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  44. ^ "George M. von Furstenberg". Department of Economics. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  45. ^ "Catalogue. v. 1920/1921 1897". HathiTrust. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  46. ^ "Louise Glück 2020 Winner of Nobel Prize in Literature". Columbia - School of the Arts. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  47. ^ "John Backus". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b "Profiles of the Fall 2019 Incoming Class". Columbia University School of General Studies. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  49. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (1992-09-13). "Anthony Perkins, Who Mastered a Frightening Role, Is Dead at 60". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  50. ^ "The Owl" (PDF). Columbia University School of General Studies. p. 26. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  51. ^ King, Susan (2000-08-26). "Actress Famke Janssen May Get the Roles, but Not Always the Guys". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-06-25.

External links[]

Coordinates: 40°48′33″N 73°57′47″W / 40.809163°N 73.962941°W / 40.809163; -73.962941

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