Corruption in Ukraine

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Corruption is widespread in Ukrainian society.[1][2]

In 2012 Ernst & Young put Ukraine among the three most-corrupt nations of the world - alongside Colombia and Brazil.[3] In 2015 The Guardian called Ukraine "the most corrupt nation in Europe".[4] According to a poll conducted by Ernst & Young in 2017, experts considered Ukraine to be the ninth-most corrupt nation in the world.[5] According to the Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, Ukraine ranked 117th out of 180 countries in 2020, ranking the second lowest in Europe, after Russia.[6]

United States diplomats described Ukraine under Presidents Kuchma (in office from 1994 to 2005) and Yushchenko (in office from 2005 to 2010) as a kleptocracy, according to WikiLeaks cables.[7]

Origins and scale[]

Ukrainian professor  [uk] reports that the roots of the Ukrainian corruption stem from the Soviet nature of the Ukrainian political leaders, who used to be integrated into Communist nomenclature (ruling elite) before the collapse of the Soviet Union. The politicians created an authoritarian-oligarchic governance regime in Ukraine where the corruption became ubiquitous with no chances to implement a European choice of the Ukrainian people.[8]

Prominent Ukrainian economist  [uk] performed a comparison of the Ukrainian corruption in wide global context based on data provided by Transparency International. This research estimated the level of the corruption in Ukraine as comparable to countries of Sub-Saharan Africa with Uganda as the closest counterpart.[9]

In a August 2020 survey by the  [uk] 41.8% of respondents stated that corruption "is a shameful phenomenon that has no objective grounds" while 36% choose the option that corruption is "a component of social traditions."[10] Respondents from Southern and Western Ukraine more often chose the option of corruption being "a component of social traditions" (42.2% and 43.4%). The option "a shameful phenomenon that has no objective grounds" was more often chosen by respondents in Central Ukraine (47.5%) and Eastern Ukraine (53.45%).[10]

Areas[]

Bribes are given to ensure that public services are delivered either in time or at all.[11] Ukrainians stated they give bribes because they think it is customary and expected.[11][12] Some of the biggest bribes involve more than $1 million USD. [13] According to a 2008 (MSI) sociological survey, the highest corruption levels were found in vehicle inspection (57.5%), the police (54.2%), health care (54%), the courts (49%) and higher education (43.6%).[14] On June 8, 2011 Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych stated that corruption costs the state budget US$2.5 billion in revenues annually and that through corrupt dealings in public procurement 10% to 15% (US$7.4 billion) of the state budget "ends up in the pockets of officials".[15]

According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the main causes of corruption in Ukraine are a weak justice system and an over-controlling non-transparent government combined with business-political ties and a weak civil society.[16] Corruption is regularly discussed in the Ukrainian media.[17][18]

In May 2016 the IMF mission chief for Ukraine stated that the reduction of corruption was a key test for continued international support.[19] Some western analysts believe that large foreign loans are not encouraging reform, but enabling the corrupt extraction of funds out of the country.[20] U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland urged Ukraine to start prosecuting corrupt officials: "It's time to start locking up people who have ripped off the Ukrainian population for too long and it is time to eradicate the cancer of corruption".[21]

Individual involvement in corruption[]

The biggest recipients of bribery are the police, the health service and the education system.[22] In the late 2000s and early 2010s, around 67% of Ukrainians who had dealt with government said that they had been directly involved in corrupt transactions.[11][23] In a survey in 2010, 30–49.9% of respondents admitted paying a bribe to a service provider during the past year;[24] in a similar survey in 2007, 18–32% of respondents admitted paying a bribe.[24] A comparable figure for Great Britain for 2011 was 1.9%.[25] However, in a different survey in late 2008, only 21% responded that they or anyone living in their household had paid a bribe in any form in the previous 12 months; comparable figures for the U.S. and UK were 2% and 3% respectively.[26] In a GfK survey held in the summer of 2001 43% stated they never personally had given bribes.[12]

In 2013 74% would not report an incident of corruption; 24% were afraid of consequences, 63% believed it would not make any difference.[22]

Political corruption[]

See also: Politics of Ukraine

In the years after Ukrainian independence, election fraud was widespread, mainly through the use of "administrative resources".[27] On the other hand, according to Taras Kuzio election fraud in Ukraine can only reach five percent of the total vote.[28] Outright vote rigging diminished after the 2004 presidential election. After this election, the Supreme Court of Ukraine ruled that due to the scale of the electoral fraud, it became impossible to establish the election results and ordered a revote.[29][30] Although politicians still claim(ed) election fraud and administrative tricks to get more votes for a particular party have not vanished.[31] The Ukrainian electorate remains highly skeptical about the honesty of the election process.[32] Any voter who engages in election fraud faces a maximum sentence of two years in jail[citation needed], though activists say no one has been punished for voter fraud since Ukrainian independence.[33]

United States diplomats have claimed the privatization of several Ukrainian state enterprises were rigged in favor of political friends.[7] On a regional level, corruption has been discovered in connection with land allocation.[34]

Ukrainian politicians have regularly accused each other of corruption while claiming to fight it themselves.[35] After mockly joining the parliamentary faction Reforms for the Future in early 2012, claimed this faction "bought" its members for "US$500,000 (for a "defection" from other parliamentary groups), and then they pay a monthly salary of $20,000-25,000"; according to Reforms for the Future, Zabzalyuk pretended he was "suffering a very serious disease" and the group had managed to raise some $100,000 for Zabzalyuk to undergo surgery in Israel.[36]

Since July 1, 2011, the President, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, Prime Minister, Prosecutor General, ministers and other Ukrainian top officials have been liable for prosecution for corruption.[37] Kost Bondarenko (chairman of the board of the Institute of Ukrainian Politics), claims that before 2010, there was an unwritten rule in Ukrainian politics, "No charges were brought against members of the outgoing government, and their successors never had to worry about what tomorrow might bring";[38] but in 2010 and 2011, "criminal charges were brought against 78 members of the former government; and more than 500 criminal cases have been opened against sitting officials.".[38] However, since 2010 the Ukrainian press brought up thousands of examples of criminal cases in which state officials, as well as politicians and businessmen linked to the ruling Party of Regions, were shown leniency unprecedented for the general population of suspects.[39]

Minister of Internal Affairs Vitaliy Zakharchenko stated in March 2012 that since 2010 about 400 politicians had faced criminal charges in connection with corruption; most of them from the Party of Regions, followed by Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko and Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc members.[40] It is unclear how many of those charges have since been proved by the courts.[citation needed]

Ukrainian media, particularly the Ukrayinska Pravda, regularly unveil a millionaire lifestyle of Ukrainian politicians and publica servants,[41] utterly contradictive to their declared official incomes.[42]

According to historian Andrew Wilson, as of 2016 progress in reducing corruption was poor.[43] A 2015 survey showed that 72% of adults blamed "corruption of power" for the lack of progress in reform.[43]

A requirement upon MPs from October 2016 to declare their wealth led to the 413 MPs cumulatively declared wealth of about $460 million.[44] Reacting to public criticism, MPs cancelled a salary rise that would have doubled their monthly salary.[45] This measure was part of an Anti-Corruption Package passed into law in October 2014, which was a requirement of international financial support for Ukraine and a prerequisite to eligibility for visa-free travel within the European Union.[44][46]

Local politics[]

Several Ukrainian mayors have been suspected of using their posts to serve their own business interests.[47]

The ex-mayor of Cherkasy has been suspected of causing a hryvnia 600,000 loss to the city budget.[48]

Juridical corruption[]

"There could even be cases of the revocation of investment, because legal uncertainty is very deep, and the actions of regional authorities are willful."

German Ambassador to Ukraine , late September 2011[49]

See also: Judicial system of Ukraine, Mazhory, and Murder of Oksana Makar

Ukrainian politicians and analysts have described the system of justice in Ukraine as "rotten to the core"[50][51] and have complained about political pressure put on judges and corruption.[52] Independent lawyers and human rights activists have complained Ukrainian judges regularly come under pressure to hand down a certain verdict.[53] Ukraine's court system is widely regarded as corrupt.[54] A Ukrainian Justice Ministry survey in 2009 revealed that only 10% of respondents trusted the nation’s court system. Less than 30% believed that it was still possible to get a fair trial.[50]

Although judicial independence exists in principle, in practise there is little separation of juridical and political powers. Judges are subjected to pressure by political and business interests.[55]

A 2017 Reuters article quotes then-PM Volodomyr Groysman, saying that "the weakest link in our fight against corruption is the Ukrainian court"; giving an example of 30 judges "with annual salaries ranging from US$10,000-13,000" who own Porsches.[56] As another example, on May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of Ukraine's Security Service, was photographed in public wearing a US$32,000 luxury wristwatch -- despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income -- at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting illegal drugs.[57] Ukrainian judges have been arrested while taking bribes.[58]

Critics have also complained that officials and their children (the latter ones are known as "mazhory"[59]) receive favourable sentences compared with common citizens.[60][61]

Kyiv Post reported in November 2018 that several candidates for a post in the new High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine where themselves suspected/associated with corruption.[62]

Corruption in the public sector[]

In 2015 corruption allegations were made against Energoatom, Ukraine's state nuclear power operator.[63] In March 2016, Energoatom's assets and bank accounts were frozen by Ukrainian courts over allegedly unpaid debts, against which Energoatom is appealing.[64][65]

As of 2016, many of Ukraine's major provincial highways are in very poor condition, with an official stating that 97% of roads are in need of repair. The road repair budget was set at about 20 billion hryvnias, but corruption causes the budget to be poorly spent.[66]

Corruption in higher education[]

Higher education in Ukraine is plagued with bribery.[67][68][69] In 2011 33% of all students claimed they have encountered corruption in their school, 29% heard about cases of corruption from other students, while 38% had not encountered corruption.[70] According to Transparency International research done in 2008, 47.3% of university students stated that a bribe had been demanded from them; of those, 29% had paid this bribe freely.[14] Students can "buy" a college entry, exam results, marking doctoral and/or master’s theses.[14][69]

Bribes range from US$10 to US$50 for an exam pass to several thousand for entry to a university.[14] According to government sources, bribes vary from US$80 to US$21,500.[14] Salaries of teachers and professors are low in Ukraine compared with other professions; this may cause them to be tempted to demand bribes.[14][69] According to entire corruption hierarchies have formed in Ukraine's colleges and universities.[71] These hierarchies evolved evolutionary since the 1990s as the result of uncontrolled and rampant corruption.[72] Ararat claims that corrupt ruling regimes control corrupt universities and force them into compliance,[73] including during the elections.[74] This was aided by universities largely remain Stalinist type bureaucracies, unable to transform.[75]

Until 2015 university autonomy was nonexistent.[76] In 2015 the Ukrainian parliament passed a new law on higher education to give universities more autonomy, including control over their own finances.[69] The aim was to encourage private investment, fundraising and the creation of endowments.[69]

Ukrainian government officials have been caught with fake university diplomas.[77]

Corruption and business[]

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has stated corruption is a "significant obstacle" to doing business in Ukraine.[78]

Research conducted by Ernst & Young in 2011 and 2012 showed that the practice of top managers accepting bribes increased by 9 percent in 2011 and 15 percent in 2012.[3] Another 4 percent were ready to pay bribes in order to hide the details of their financial performance.[3]

Politician Natalia Korolevska has estimated that "Corruption has forced business to go in the shadow where now we have 45% of our economy”.[79]

The representative of one United Kingdom-based company has claimed non-Ukrainian companies often lose contracts if they will not pay bribes or fail to "out-bribe" their competitors.[53] Ukrainians and business representatives have claimed "Business ventures above a certain level require palm-greasing of some functionary at some level".[53]

Corruption in the social security system[]

In 2012 President Viktor Yanukovych reported that only about 23 percent of social service funds go to those who actually need it.[3] The Ukrainian media have featured many stories revealing that even parliamentarians illegally receive social benefits, fraudulently claiming to be war and Chernobyl veterans.[3]

Corruption in healthcare[]

Though medical care in state-run hospitals is theoretically free for Ukrainians, patients' paying money there to ensure they receive the treatment required is widespread.[80][81]

In June 2012 advocacy groups accused Health Ministry officials of embezzling money that should be used to treat AIDS patients by buying AIDS drugs at hugely inflated prices and then receiving kickbacks.[82]

Costs of corruption[]

According to Ararat Osipian due to endemic corruption, Ukraine failed to sustain its economic growth trends.[83] The perceived as reckless corruption that marked President Viktor Yanukovich’s rule contributed to his downfall in 2014 and left the country’s army ill-equipped to counter Russia’s invasion of Crimea.[84]

In 2008 Transparency International estimated that 30 to 50 percent of all Ukrainians had faced government corruption.[14] Juhani Grossmann (working for an a.o. project)[85] claimed in 2009 that "Ukrainians pay roughly ₴3.5 billion, or more than US$400 million, in bribes annually."[18] The previous year, he claimed that the figure was US$700 million.[86]

Government actions[]

See also: European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine and 2020 Ukrainian constitutional crisis

Corruption has become an immediate threat to the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.

— President Yanukovych (April 7, 2011)[87]

After his election in late 2004 President Viktor Yushchenko promised a "War on Corruption".[88] Several officials were indeed arrested and/or questioned early 2005 (among them later ministers in the Azarov Government Borys Kolesnikov[89][90][91] and Yuri Boyko[92][93]). Former Security Service of Ukraine Chairman Oleksandr Turchynov claimed that in the summer of 2005 Yushchenko prevented an investigation into allegedly fraudulent practices in the transport of Turkmen natural gas to Ukraine and prevented the arrest of Boyko for abuse of office while heading Naftogaz:[92][93]

"Turchynov stated that Yushchenko told him in mid-August to stop 'persecuting my men' and that the investigation of RosUkrEnergo was 'creating a conflict with Russian President Vladimir Putin'".[93] A survey conducted in November 2008 showed that 73% of people in Ukraine considered the second Tymoshenko Government's actions against corruption to be ineffective; comparable figures for the U.S. and the UK were 73% and 39%.[26] In a survey in 2001, when Kuchma was President, 80% of Ukrainians "totally/fairly agreed" with the statement: "The present government has no real interest in punishing corruption".[12]

Ukraine joined the Group of States Against Corruption in 2006.[94]

Over the years, several anti-corruption laws have been passed by the Ukrainian parliament.[37][95] In September 2011 the National Anti-Corruption Committee was introduced.[96]

Just like his predecessor Yushchenko,[88] President Viktor Yanukovych (and his Azarov Government[97]) made the fight against corruption a spearhead in his domestic policies.[96][98][99] Political opponents of Yanukovych have accused him of using his anti-corruption campaign for politically motivated trials; the general public in Ukraine largely shares this view.[100][101][53][102] President Yanukovych has denied this.[99]

Kost Bondarenko, chairman of the board of the Institute of Ukrainian Politics, claims the main sponsors of President Yanukovych's Party of Regions are unhappy that some Ukrainian politicians have been criminally charged "because they no longer feel above the law".[38] The International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities spoke in April 2011 of "remarkable successes in fighting corruption in 2010".[103] The EU Ambassador to Ukraine, , stated at an investment conference on February 28, 2012 that Yanukovych's pledges of reform "have regrettably produced no such results."[53]

In May, 2014, an Anti-Corruption Initiative was established. In December, it appointed Lithuanian economist and former European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud Algirdas Šemeta as Business Ombudsman.[104]

The National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) was established in June 2014 after its predecessor, the National Anti-Corruption Committee was considered a failure.

In 2015, President Petro Poroshenko sacked Ihor Kolomoisky — the billionaire governor of the key industrial region of Dnipropetrovsk. It came after armed men suspected of links to Kolomoisky briefly occupied the offices of a state-owned oil firm in the capital Kyiv.[105]

The law on the High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine were cases concerning corruption will be bought directly to this court came into force on 14 June 2018.[106][107] In June 2018 President Poroshenko expected the court to be established before the end of 2018.[106] On 5 September 2019 the High Anti-Corruption Court did start to work.[108]

Due to IMF concern that oligarchs would use the courts to seize bailout money, parliament passed a bill on 13 May 2020 to prevent courts from reversing bank nationalizations. The bill would combat a lawsuit by oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky and others seeking to regain control of PrivatBank, the recipient of a $5.5 billion 2016 bailout and an alleged "money laundering machine" under Kolomoisky.[109]

On 27 October 2020, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ruled that anti-corruption legislation, including the mandatory electronic declaration of income, was unconstitutional.[110] President Zelensky warned that if parliament did not restore these anti-corruption laws, foreign aid, loans and a visa-free travel to the European Union were at risk. The Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine reported that Ukraine will not receive the scheduled $700 million IMF load before the end of 2020 because of the issue. IMF assessment teams had not visited Kyiv for eight months, which is necessary for further IMF loan tranches to be released.[111][112]

On 4 December 2020, the Ukrainian parliament restored anti-corruption legislation shut down by the court decision, when it reauthorised criminal penalties for officials who provide false information about their incomes.[113] On 29 December 2020 President Volodymyr Zelensky suspended the Constitutional Court's chairperson  [uk] for two months in an effort to overturn the court's October 2020 decision.[114]

Extent[]

According to Ukrainians the most corrupt are the judiciary, the police, public servants, the health service and parliament.[22]

Corruption Perceptions Index ratings[]

Corruption Perceptions Index ratings in Ukraine 1998-2018

Transparency International produces an annual report listing each country's Corruption Perceptions Index score. This "score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts and, through 2011, ranged between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt)."[115] In the 2010 report, the least corrupt country listed was Denmark with a score of 9.3, and the most corrupt of the 178 countries listed was Somalia with a score of 1.1.[116] From 2012 on, the scores were presented on a 0-100 scale.[117] In the 2016 report, Denmark was still the least corrupt country listed with a score of 90, and Somalia was still the most corrupt of the 176 countries listed, with a score of 10. By comparison, Germany, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom tied as 10th least corrupt countries with a score of 81, and the United States was 18th least corrupt with a score of 74.[118]

The following table lists Ukraine's place in the Corruption Perceptions Index table, based on Transparency International's annual reports from 1999 onward. The methods used in assessing the Index change from year to year, so comparisons between years are difficult.

Year Ranking Corruption Perception Index Score Confidence Range[119] Standard Deviation Standard Error[120] Surveys Used[121] Source
0-10 0-100
1998 69 of 85 2.8 1.6 6 [122]
1999 75 of 99 2.6 1.4 10 [123]
2001 83 of 91 2.1 1.1 6 [124]
2002 85 of 102 2.4 0.7 6 [125]
2003 106 of 133 2.3 0.6 10 [126]
2004 122 of 146 2.2 2.0–2.4 10 [127]
2005 107 of 158 2.6 2.4–2.8 8 [128]
2006 99 of 163 2.8 2.5–3.0 6 [115][129]
2007 118 of 179 2.7 2.4–3.0 7 [130][131]
2008 134 of 180 2.5 2.0–2.8 8 [132][133]
2009 146 of 180 2.2 2.0–2.6 8 [134][135]
2010 134 of 178 2.4 2.1–2.6 8 [116][136]
2011 152 of 183 2.3 2.1–2.5 10 [137][138]
2012 144 of 176 26 24–29 8 [139][117]
2013 144 of 175 25 22–28 8 [140]
2014 142 of 175 26 23-29 1.6 8 [141][142]
2015 130 of 167 27 24-30 5.46 1.93 8 [143]
2016 131 of 176 29 25-32 1.97 9 [118]
2017 130 of 180 30 [144]
2018 120 of 180 32 [145]
2019 126 of 180 30 [146]
2020 117 of 180 33 [147]

In 2014's Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index Ukraine was ranked 142nd out of the 175 countries investigated (tied with Uganda and the Comoros).[141] Note: For 1999 and 2000, the data were listed as 1998 and 1999 respectively. From 2001, the data listed are stated to be for the year of the annual report. Up to 2005, the annual report included some measures of the uncertainty of the index scores; these data were omitted from the annual reports from 2006 onwards, but were contained in the CPI report.

Public Perception of Corruption in Institutions of Ukraine[]

The following table shows average scores from a survey of Ukrainian public perception of corruption in Ukraine's institutions. Comparable figures for the United Kingdom and the United States from surveys for 2009 (for British and American people's perception of corruption in their own countries) are shown at the bottom of the table.

Year Political Parties Parliament Police Business/ Private Sector Media Public Officials/ Civil Servants Judiciary NGOs Religious Bodies Military Education System Source
2007 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.2 – 4.2 3.2 2.3 3.1 3.8 [24]
2009 4.4 4.5 – 4.3 3.8 4.5 4.5 – – – – [24][148]
2010 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 4.1 4.4 3.2 2.3 3.5 4.0 [24]
2009 UK 3.6 3.3 – 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 – – – – [148]
2009 USA 4.0 3.9 – 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.2 – – – – [148]
Question: To what extent do you perceive the following institutions in this country to be affected by corruption? (1: not at all corrupt, 5: extremely corrupt). [24]

See also[]

  • Crime in Ukraine
  • National Anti-Corruption Committee

References[]

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    Since Ukraine has a population of about 45 million, $400 million a year paid in bribes would equate to $9 per person on average.
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    Yuschenko accuses Tymoshenko of corruption Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
    Yushchenko calls nation's law-enforcement chiefs mediocre and corrupt Kyiv Post (December 9, 2009)
    Yushchenko: Open list of candidates for parliamentary elections a condition for eradicating corruption Kyiv Post (December 12, 2009)
    Yatseniuk submits draft law on state committee for fighting corruption Kyiv Post (December 16, 2009)
    Parliamentary majority responsible for failures in fight against corruption, says president Interfax-Ukraine (December 12, 2009)
  36. ^ Turchynov: Batkivschyna knew why Zabzaliuk left faction, Kyiv Post (8 February 2012)
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Ukraine Advances on Anti-Corruption Practices Reuters {Reuters is not responsible for the content in this press release} (June 10, 2011)
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b c RIA Novosti, Ukraine without Tymoshenko, by Kost Bondarenko, 12 October 2011. Kost Bondarenko is chairman of the board of the Institute of Ukrainian Politics, which is based in Kiev.
  39. ^ Генпрокуратура не захотіла зайнятися підприємством сина Азарова. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  40. ^ (in Ukrainian) Голова МВС:Найбільше корупціонерів у Партії регіонів, Ukrayinska Pravda (29 March 2012)
  41. ^ Probe needed Kyiv Post (July 22, 2011)
    Ukrainska Pravda exposes presidential estate scandal Kyiv Post (November 26, 2010)
  42. ^ Sodel, Vlad (photo credit) (August 25, 2013). Новий голова ЦВК носить годинник за 50-60 тисяч доларів. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  43. ^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Wilson (February 14, 2016). "Corruption is Stalling Ukraine's Optimistic Revolution". Newsweek. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b Reid Standish, Ian Bateson (November 4, 2016). "Ukraine Has Opened Pandora's Database of Corruption". Foreign Policy. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  45. ^ Roman Olearchyk (November 1, 2016). "Ukraine's MPs forgo pay rise as public balks at scale of wealth". Financial Times. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  46. ^ "Ukraine: parliament passes important laws to tackle corruption". Kyiv Post. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  47. ^ (in Ukrainian) Навіщо йдуть в мери?, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 February 2012)
  48. ^ Prosecutors suspect ex-mayor of Cherkasy Odarych of causing UAH 600,000 loss to city budget, Interfax-Ukraine (10 June 2013)
  49. ^ German ambassador: No progress in fight against corruption in Ukraine Kyiv Post (September 28, 2011)
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackpot Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
  51. ^ Moskal: ‘Rotten to the core’ Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
  52. ^ Yanukovych notes political pressure on Ukraine's judicial system Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010)
    Tymoshenko: Yanukovych entourage aims at recognizing legitimacy of coalition before president's trip to U.S. Kyiv Post (March 29, 2010)
    Anders Åslund, How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009, ISBN 978-0-88132-427-3 (page 219)
    Yanukovych allies: Tymoshenko trying to pressure court Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
    Anders Åslund and Marek Dabrowski (Eds.), Europe after Enlargement Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-87286-7 (page 149)
    , and (Eds.), Nations in Transit 2000–2001 Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7658-0897-4 (page 400)
  53. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e In Ukraine, scales of justice often imbalanced, Kyiv Post (10 April 2012)
  54. ^ Battle looming over new law on judiciary and judge status Kyiv Post (July 4, 2010)
    A top prosecutor, accused of corruption and incompetence, forced out in political struggle Kyiv Post (December 18, 2009)
  55. ^ and , The Ukraine Competitiveness Report 2008 World Economic Forum, 2008, ISBN 978-92-95044-05-0 (page 50)
  56. ^ "Fighting corruption, Ukraine starts to judge its judges". Reuters. May 25, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  57. ^ Головний борець із корупцією з СБУ носить годинник дорожчий за його річну зарплату (in Ukrainian)
  58. ^ Kyiv district court judge arrested while taking bribe Kyiv Post (February 8, 2011)
    Ex-judge Zvarych sentenced to ten years in prison Kyiv Post (September 20, 2011)
  59. ^ Gang-raped, strangled and set alight, brave Oksana loses her fight, The Age (30 March 2012)
    Ukrainian Woman's Rape Stirs Public 'Vendetta': Leonid Bershidsky, Bloomberg (22 March 2012)
  60. ^ Unruly Untouchables, Kyiv Post (14 July 2011)
  61. ^ Charges dismissed against driver who killed pedestrian, Kyiv Post (1 December 2011)
  62. ^ Tainted candidates shortlisted in selection of anti-corruption judges, Kyiv Post (14 November 2018)
  63. ^ "Energoatom chief recalls highs and lows of first half-year". World Nuclear News. August 12, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
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  69. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e In Ukraine’s universities, trading bribes for diplomas, Politico Europe (30 January 2016)
  70. ^ One third of students have encountered cases of corruption in higher educational institutions, International Renaissance Foundation (April 20, 2011)
  71. ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2009). Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Bloc. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), pp. 321-330.
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  75. ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2014). Transforming University Governance in Ukraine: Collegiums, Bureaucracies, and Political Institutions. Higher Education Policy, 27(1), pp. 65-84.
  76. ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2008). Corruption and Coercion: University Autonomy versus State Control. European Education: Issues and Studies, 40(3), pp. 27-48.
  77. ^ Cheating nation Kyiv Post (November 19, 2009)
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  80. ^ Corruption No. 1 problem as Ukraine heads for election, Reuters (24 October 2012)
  81. ^ 'If I receive it, it is a gift; if I demand it, then it is a bribe':On the Local Meaning of Economic Transactions in Post-Soviet Ukraine by , Berghahn Books (Winter 2008)
  82. ^ Ukraine:Corruption blamed for AIDS non-treatment, Associated Press (29 June 2012)
  83. ^ Osipian, Ararat. (2009). The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: A Case Study in Post-Soviet Ukraine, 1989-2009. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 256 p.
  84. ^ Zavis, Alexandra (December 2, 2014). "How do countries rank on corruption?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  85. ^ INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES, DONORS, PROJECTS, ANTI-CORRUPTION PORTAL
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    See also blog post Archived September 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Kiev Ukraine News Blog, (March 5, 2008).
  87. ^ Ukraine's parliament passes president's anti-corruption law RIA Novosti (April 7, 2011)
  88. ^ Jump up to: a b Viktor Yushchenko Attracts Investments with the War on Corruption Archived February 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Kommersant (February 16, 2005)
  89. ^ Yanukovych’s inner circle, Kyiv Post (January 24, 2009)
  90. ^ Countries at the crossroads: a survey of democratic governance by Sanja Tatic & Christopher Walker, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7425-5801-4 (page 580)
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  92. ^ Jump up to: a b Gas Lobby Takes Control of Ukrains Secret Service by Taras Kuzio (18 March 2010)
  93. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ukraine: Battle Against Corruption Grinds To A Halt, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (September 26, 2005)
  94. ^ GRECO publishes report on fight against corruption in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (18 November 2011)
  95. ^ Rada passes bill to impose life imprisonment on judges and prosecutors who take large bribes Interfax-Ukraine (May 21, 2009)
    Yanukovych approves postponement of introduction of two anti-corruption laws until January Kyiv Post (March 30, 2010)
    Parliament adopts anti-corruption law, Interfax-Ukraine (14 April 2013)
  96. ^ Jump up to: a b Yanukovych vows to put an end to corruption Kyiv Post (September 15, 2011)
  97. ^ Ukraine's prime minister says budget problem hardest, Kyiv Post (March 11, 2010)
  98. ^ Yanukovych: Over 400 officials of current government stand trial Kyiv Post (Augustus 25, 2011)
  99. ^ Jump up to: a b Yanukovych: 'Some misinform international community about Ukraine' Kyiv Post (February 7, 2011)
  100. ^ Ukraine timeline BBC News
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    RFI English Tymoshenko supporters protest at jail sentence, by Jan van der Made, 12 October 2011.
    Amnesty International: Jailed former Ukraine prime minister must be released, Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
    Putin: Tymoshenko verdict unfair, Kyiv Post (11 October 2011)
    EU feels let down by Ukraine over Tymoshenko, Euronews (11 October 2011)
    Russia and West condemn Tymoshenko verdict, RIA Novosti (11 October 2011)
    [2], RIA Novosti (12 October 2011)
    Council of Europe concerned about Tymoshenko trial, Kyiv Post (12 October 2011)
  102. ^ The Rating Group undertook a survey of Ukrainian voter's opinions on the Yulia Tymoshenko case:
    46% believed her guilty, 34% not guilty, and 20% were undecided.
    26% believed that the case was brought as observance of the law, 54% that it was political persecution, and 20% were undecided.
    28% believed that in signing the gas contracts Tymoshenko acted for the benefit of Ukraine, 4% for the benefit of Russia, 44% for her own benefit, and 24% were undecided.
    The Rating Group, Tymoshenko case through eyes of voters, 29 September 2011.
    The Rating Group, Справа Тчмощенко Очима Виборцїв (Voters' Opinions on the Tymoshenko case), September 2011
  103. ^ Ukraine successfully fighting corruption, group says Kyiv Post (April 13, 2011)
  104. ^ Former European Taxation Commissioner appointed Business Ombudsman for Ukraine's Anti-Corruption Initiative, Interfax-Ukraine (11 December 2014)
  105. ^ "Ukraine governor Kolomoisky sacked after oil firm row". BBC. Europe. March 25, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  106. ^ Jump up to: a b Law on High Anti-Corruption Court comes into force, Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2018)
  107. ^ (in Ukrainian) Anticorruption court launched. The CPC claims to be "substituting" the appeal, Ukrayinska Pravda (13 June 2018)
    Ukraine's parliament eventually passes law on anti-corruption court, UNIAN (7 June 2018)
    (in Ukrainian) Closed vertical. What is the Higher Anti-Corruption Court and why its creation is afraid of politics?, Ukrayinska Pravda (7 June 2018)
  108. ^ "EU welcomes launch of Ukraine's High Anti-Corruption Court". Ukrinform. September 5, 2019.
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  110. ^ "Ambassador Maasikas: IMF, EU financial aid, visa-free travel depend on fighting corruption". UNIAN. November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
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  113. ^ Ukraine's parliament defies court ruling and restores anti-corruption legislation, Euronews (4 December 2020)
  114. ^ Zelensky suspends Constitutional Court chair for two months, UNIAN (29 December 2020)
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  116. ^ Jump up to: a b Annual Report Transparency International 2010 Archived September 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, pdf p79-80.
  117. ^ Jump up to: a b Annual Report Transparency International 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index data Archived November 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
    'Annual Report Transparency International 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index data Archived March 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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    "CPI2016_FullDataSetWithRegionalTables.xlsx (Excel file)". Transparency International. Transparency International. January 25, 2017. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  119. ^ The confidence range is a measure of the degree of certainty about the Corruption Perception Index score. Nominally, the true score has a 1 in 20 probability of being above the upper range, and a 1 in 20 probability of being below the lower range. If the number of surveys available was low, then these 1 in 20 probabilities might really only be 1 in 10.
  120. ^ "The standard error term is calculated as the standard deviation of the rescaled source data, divided by the square root of the number of sources." (Corruption Perceptions Index 2015: Technical Methodology Note.) Archived July 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  121. ^ Ideally 12 surveys should be used for a country. If less than 3 surveys were available, then that country was not included in the Corruption Perceptions Index.
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  139. ^ Ukraine inches up on international corruption index, Kyiv Post ( December 2012)
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  141. ^ Jump up to: a b Ukraine remains most corrupt country in Europe - Transparency International, Interfax-Ukraine (3 December 2014)
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  143. ^ "Table of results: corruption perceptions index 2015". Transparency International. Transparency International. January 27, 2016. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
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  145. ^ https://www.transparency.org/files/content/pages/2018_CPI_Executive_Summary.pdf
  146. ^ https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2019_CPI_Report_EN.pdf
  147. ^ https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/ukr
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