Corruption Perceptions Index

Map showing countries and territories according to the Corruption Perception Index, 2020, in ascending order.

90–99

80–89

70–79

60–69

50–59

40–49

30–39

20–29

10–19

0–9

Data unavailable

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index which ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector^[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."^[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".^[3] The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.

The 2020 CPI, published in January 2021, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between May 2019 and May 2020.^[4]^[5] In the list, Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, Sweden, Singapore and Switzerland are perceived as the top 6 least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most perceived corrupt country in the world is Somalia, scoring 8–10 out of 100 since 2012.^[6] South Sudan is also perceived as one of the most corrupt countries in the world due to constant social and economic crises, ranking an average score of 13 out of 100 in 2018.^[7]

Methods[]

Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.^[8] The 2012 CPI takes into account 16 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions.^[9] The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.^[3] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.^[10] The institutions are:^[11]

African Development Bank (based in Côte d'Ivoire)
Bertelsmann Foundation (based in Germany)
Economist Intelligence Unit (based in the UK)
Freedom House (based in the US)
Global Insight (based in US)
International Institute for Management Development (based in Switzerland)
Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (based in Hong Kong)
The PRS Group, Inc., (based in the US)
World Economic Forum
World Bank
World Justice Project (based in US)

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.^[10] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.^[12]

Validity[]

A study published in 2012 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.^[13]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three fourths of the variance.^[13] (Note that a lower on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, Managing Director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."^[14]

Economic implications[]

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,^[15] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.^[16] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

Rankings[]

Legend:

Scores	Perceived as less corrupt					Perceived as more corrupt
Scores	99–90	89–80	79–70	69–60	59–50	49–40	39-30	29–20	19–10	9–0

2012–2020[]

2012–2020 Corruption Perceptions Index table^[17]
Rank	Nation or Territory	2020^[18]		2019^[19]		2018^[20]		2017^[21]		2016^[22]		2015^[23]		2014^[24]		2013^[25]		2012^[26]
Rank	Nation or Territory	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score	Delta	Score
1	Denmark	88	1	87	1	88		88	2	90	1	91	1	92	1	91	1	90
1	New Zealand	88	1	87		87	2	89	1	90	1	91		91		91	1	90
2	Finland	85	1	86	1	85		85	4	89	1	90	1	89		89	1	90
2	Singapore	85		85		85	1	84		84	1	85	1	84	2	86	1	87
2	Sweden	85		85		85	1	84	4	88	1	89	2	87	2	89	1	88
2	Switzerland	85		85		85		85	1	86		86		86	1	85	1	86
3	Norway	84		84		84	1	85		85	2	87	1	86		86	1	85
4	Netherlands	82		82		82		82	1	83	4	87	4	83		83	1	84
5	Germany	80		80		80	1	81		81		81	2	79	1	78	1	79
5	Luxembourg	80		80	1	81	1	82	1	81		81	1	82	2	80		80
6	Australia	77		77		77		77	2	79		79	1	80	1	81	4	85
6	Canada	77		77	4	81	1	82		82	1	83	2	81		81	3	84
6	Hong Kong	77	1	76		76	1	77		77	2	75	1	74	1	75	2	77
6	United Kingdom	77		77	3	80	2	82	1	81		81	3	78	2	76	2	74
7	Austria	76	1	77	1	76	1	75		75	1	76	4	72	3	69		69
7	Belgium	76	1	75		75		75	2	77		77	1	76	1	75		75
8	Estonia	75	1	74	1	73	2	71	1	70		70	1	69	1	68	4	64
8	Iceland	75	3	78	2	76	1	77	1	78	1	79		79	1	78	4	82
9	Japan	74	1	73		73		73	1	72	3	75	1	76	2	74		74
10	Ireland	72	2	74	1	73	1	74	1	73	2	75	1	74	2	72	3	69
11	United Arab Emirates	71		71	1	70	1	71	5	66	4	70		70	1	69	1	68
11	Uruguay	71		71	1	70		70	1	71	3	74	1	73		73	1	72
12	France	69		69	3	72	2	70	1	69	1	70	1	69	2	71		71
13	Bhutan	68		68		68	1	67	2	65		65		65	2	63		63
14	Chile	67		67		67		67	1	66	4	70	3	73	2	71	1	72
14	United States	67	2	69	2	71	4	75	1	74	2	76	2	74	1	73		73
15	Seychelles	66		66		66	6	60	5			55		55	1	54	2	52
16	Taiwan	65		65	2	63		63	2	61	1	62	1	61		61		61
17	Barbados	64	2	62	6	68		68	7	61				74	1	75	1	76
18	Bahamas	63	1	64	1	65		65	1	66				71		71		71
18	Qatar	63	1	62		62	1	63	2	61	10	71	2	69	1	68		68
19	Spain	62		62	4	58	1	57	1	58		58	2	60	1	59	6	65
20	South Korea	61	2	59	2	57	3	54	1	53	3	56	1	55		55	1	56
20	Portugal	61	1	62	2	64	1	63	1	62	1	63		63	1	62	1	63
21	Botswana	60	1	61		61		61	1	60	3	63		63	1	64	1	65
21	Brunei	60		60	3	63	1	62	4	58						60	5	55
21	Israel	60		60	1	61	1	62	2	64	3	61	1	60	1	61	1	60
21	Lithuania	60		60	1	59		59		59	2	61	3	58	1	57	3	54
21	Slovenia	60		60		60	1	61		61	1	60	2	58	1	57	4	61
22	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	59		59	1	58		58	2	60				67	5	62		62
23	Cape Verde	58		58	1	57	2	55	4	59	4	55	2	57	1	58	2	60
24	Costa Rica	57	1	56		56	3	59	1	58	3	55	1	54	1	53	1	54
24	Cyprus	57	1	58	1	59	2	57	2	55	6	61	2	63		63	3	66
24	Latvia	57	1	56	2	58		58	1	57	2	55		55	2	53	4	49
26	Georgia	56		56	2	58	2	56	1	57	5	52		52	3	49	3	52
26	Poland	56	2	58	2	60		60	2	62		62	1	61	1	60	2	58
26	Saint Lucia	56	1	55		55		55	5	60						71		71
27	Dominica	55		55	2	57		57	2	59				58		58		58
28	Czech Republic	54	2	56	3	59	2	57	2	55	1	56	5	51	3	48	1	49
28	Oman	54	2	52		52	8	44	1	45		45		45	2	47		47
28	Rwanda	54	1	53	3	56	1	55	1	54		54	5	49	4	53		53
29	Grenada	53		53	1	52		52	4	56
29	Italy	53		53	1	52	2	50	3	47	3	44	1	43		43	1	42
29	Malta	53	1	54		54	2	56	1	55	1	56	1	55	1	56	1	57
29	Mauritius	53	1	52	1	51	1	50	4	54	1	53	1	54	2	52	5	57
29	Saudi Arabia	53		53	4	49		49	3	46	6	52	3	49	3	46	2	44
30	Malaysia	51	2	53	6	47		47	2	49	1	50	2	52	2	50	1	49
30	Namibia	51	1	52	1	53	2	51	1	52	1	53	4	49	1	48		48
31	Greece	50	2	48	3	45	3	48	4	44	2	46	3	43	3	40	4	36
32	Armenia	49	7	42	7	35		35	2	33	2	35	2	37	1	36	2	34
32	Jordan	49	1	48	1	49	1	48		48	5	53	4	49	4	45	3	48
32	Slovakia	49	1	50		50		50	1	51		51	1	50	3	47	1	46
33	Belarus	47	2	45	1	44		44	4	40	8	32	1	31	2	29	2	31
33	Croatia	47		47	1	48	1	49		49	2	51	3	48		48	2	46
33	Cuba	47	1	48	1	47		47		47		47	1	46		46	2	48
33	São Tomé and Príncipe	47	1	46		46		46		46	4	42		42		42		42
35	Montenegro	45		45		45	1	46	1	45	1	44	2	42	2	44	3	41
35	Senegal	45		45		45		45		45	1	44	1	43	2	41	5	36
36	Bulgaria	44	1	43	1	42	1	43	2	41		41	2	43	2	41		41
36	Hungary	44		44	2	46	1	45	3	48	3	51	3	54		54	1	55
36	Jamaica	44	1	43	1	44		44	5	39	2	41	3	38		38		38
36	Romania	44		44	3	47	1	48		48	2	46	3	43		43	1	44
36	South Africa	44		44	1	43		43	2	45	1	44		44	2	42	1	43
36	Tunisia	44	1	43		43	1	42	1	41	3	38	2	40	1	41		41
37	Ghana	43	2	41		41	1	40	3	43	4	47	1	48	2	46	1	45
37	Maldives	43	14	29	2	31	2	33	3	36
37	Vanuatu	43	3	46		46	3	43
38	Argentina	42	3	45	5	40	1	39	3	36	4	32	2	34		34	1	35
38	Bahrain	42		42	6	36		36	7	43	8	51	2	49	1	48	3	51
38	China	42	1	41	2	39	2	41	1	40	3	37	1	36	4	40	1	39
38	Kuwait	42	2	40	1	41	2	39	2	41	8	49	5	44	1	43	1	44
38	Solomon Islands	42		42	2	44	5	39	3	42
39	Benin	41		41	1	40	1	39	3	36	1	37	2	39	3	36		36
39	Guyana	41	1	40	3	37	1	38	4	34	5	29	1	30	3	27	1	28
39	Lesotho	41	1	40	1	41	1	42	3	39	5	44	5	49		49	4	45
40	Burkina Faso	40		40	1	41	1	42		42	4	38		38		38		38
40	India	40	1	41		41	1	40		40	2	38		38	2	36		36
40	Morocco	40	1	41	2	43	3	40	3	37	1	36	3	39	2	37		37
40	Timor-Leste	40	2	38	3	35	3	38	3	35	7	28		28	2	30	3	33
40	Trinidad and Tobago	40		40	1	41		41	6	35	4	39	1	38		38	1	39
40	Turkey	40	1	39	2	41	1	40	1	41	1	42	3	45	5	50	1	49
41	Colombia	39	2	37	1	36	1	37		37		37		37	1	36		36
41	Ecuador	39	1	38	4	34	2	32	1	31	1	32	1	33	2	35	3	32
42	Brazil	38	3	35		35	2	37	3	40	2	38	5	43	1	42	1	43
42	Ethiopia	38	1	37	3	34	1	35	1	34	1	33		33		33		33
42	Kazakhstan	38	4	34	3	31		31	2	29	1	28	1	29	3	26	2	28
42	Peru	38	2	36	1	35	2	37	2	35	1	36	2	38		38		38
42	Serbia	38	1	39		39	2	41	1	42	2	40	1	41	1	42	3	39
42	Sri Lanka	38		38		38		38	2	36	1	37	1	38	1	37	3	40
42	Suriname	38	6	44	1	43	2	41	4	45	9	36		36		36	1	37
42	Tanzania	38	1	37	1	36		36	4	32	2	30	1	31	2	33	2	35
43	Gambia	37		37		37	7	30	4	26	2	28	1	29	1	28	6	34
43	Indonesia	37	3	40	2	38	1	37		37	1	36	2	34	2	32		32
44	Albania	36	1	35	1	36	2	38	1	39	3	36	3	33	2	31	2	33
44	Algeria	36	1	35		35	2	33	1	34	2	36		36		36	2	34
44	Ivory Coast	36	1	35		35	1	36	2	34	2	32		32	5	27	2	29
44	El Salvador	36	2	34	1	35	2	33	3	36	3	39		39	1	38		38
44	Kosovo	36		36	1	37	2	39	3	36	3	33		33		33	1	34
44	Thailand	36		36		36	1	37	2	35	3	38		38	3	35	2	37
44	Vietnam	36	1	37	4	33	2	35	2	33	2	31		31		31		31
45	Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	1	36	2	38		38	1	39	1	38	1	39	3	42		42
45	Mongolia	35		35	2	37	1	36	2	38	1	39		39	1	38	2	36
45	North Macedonia	35		35	2	37	2	35	2	37	5	42	3	45	1	44	1	43
45	Panama	35	1	36	1	37		37	1	38	1	39	2	37	2	35	3	38
46	Moldova	34	2	32	1	33	2	31	1	30	3	33	2	35		35	1	36
46	Philippines	34		34	2	36	2	34	1	35		35	3	38	2	36	2	34
47	Egypt	33	2	35		35	3	32	2	34	2	36	1	37	5	32		32
47	Eswatini	33	1	34	4	38	1	39	4					43	4	39	2	37
47	Nepal	33	1	34	3	31		31	2	29	2	27	2	29	2	31	4	27
47	Sierra Leone	33		33	3	30		30		30	1	29	2	31	1	30	1	31
47	Ukraine	33	3	30	2	32	2	30	1	29	2	27	1	26	1	25	1	26
47	Zambia	33	1	34	1	35	2	37	1	38		38		38		38	1	37
48	Niger	32		32	2	34	1	33	2	35	1	34	1	35	1	34	1	33
49	Bolivia	31		31	2	29	4	33		33	1	34	1	35	1	34		34
49	Kenya	31	3	28	1	27	1	28	2	26	1	25		25	2	27		27
49	Kyrgyzstan	31	1	30	1	29		29	1	28		28	1	27	3	24		24
49	Mexico	31	2	29	1	28	1	29	1	30	5	35		35	1	34		34
49	Pakistan	31	1	32	1	33	1	32		32	2	30	1	29	1	28	1	27
50	Azerbaijan	30		30	5	25	6	31	1	30	1	29		29	1	28	1	27
50	Gabon	30	1	31		31	1	32	3	35	1	34	3	37	3	34	1	35
50	Malawi	30	1	31	1	32	1	31		31		31	2	33	4	37		37
50	Mali	30	1	29	3	32	1	31	1	32	3	35	3	32	4	28	6	34
50	Russia	30	2	28		28	1	29		29		29	2	27	1	28		28
51	Laos	29		29		29		29	1	30	5	25		25	1	26	5	21
51	Mauritania	29	1	28	1	27	1	28	1	27	4	31	1	30		30	1	31
51	Togo	29		29	1	30	2	32		32		32	3	29		29	1	30
52	Dominican Republic	28		28	2	30	1	29	2	31	2	33	1	32	3	29	3	32
52	Guinea	28	1	29	1	28	1	27		27	2	25		25	1	24		24
52	Liberia	28		28	4	32	1	31	6	37		37		37	1	38	3	41
52	Myanmar	28	1	29		29	1	30	2	28	6	22	1	21		21	6	15
52	Paraguay	28		28	1	29		29	1	30	3	27	3	24		24	1	25
53	Angola	27	1	26	7	19		19	1	18	3	15	4	19	4	23	1	22
53	Djibouti	27	3	30	1	31		31	1	30	4	34		34	2	36		36
53	Papua New Guinea	27	1	28		28	1	29	1	28	3	25		25		25		25
53	Uganda	27	1	28	2	26		26	1	25		25	1	26		26	3	29
54	Bangladesh	26		26		26	2	28	2	26	1	25		25	2	27	1	26
54	Central African Republic	26	1	25	1	26	3	23	3	20	4	24		24	1	25	1	26
54	Uzbekistan	26	1	25	2	23	1	22	1	21	2	19	1	18	1	17		17
55	Cameroon	25		25		25		25	1	26	1	27		27	2	25	1	26
56	Guatemala	25	1	26	1	27	1	28		28		28	4	32	3	29	4	33
56	Iran	25	1	26	2	28	2	30	1	29	2	27		27	2	25	3	28
56	Lebanon	25	3	28		28		28		28		28	1	27	1	28	2	30
56	Madagascar	25	1	24	1	25	1	24	2	26	2	28		28		28	4	32
56	Mozambique	25	1	26	3	23	2	25	2	27	4	31		31	1	30	1	31
56	Nigeria	25	1	26	1	27		27	1	28	2	26	1	27	2	25	2	27
56	Tajikistan	25		25		25	4	21	4	25	1	26	3	23	1	22		22
57	Honduras	24	2	26	3	29		29	1	30	1	31	2	29	3	26	2	28
57	Zimbabwe	24		24	2	22		22		22	1	21		21		21	1	20
58	Nicaragua	22		22	3	25	1	26		26	1	27	1	28		28	1	29
59	Cambodia	21	1	20		20	1	21		21		21		21	1	20	2	22
59	Chad	21	1	20	1	19	1	20		20	2	22		22	3	19		19
59	Comoros	21	4	25	2	27		27	3	24	2	26		26	2	28		28
59	Eritrea	21	2	23	1	24	4	20	2	18		18		18	2	20	5	25
59	Iraq	21	1	20	2	18		18	1	17	1	16		16		16	2	18
60	Afghanistan	19	3	16		16	1	15		15	4	11	1	12	4	8		8
60	Burundi	19		19	2	17	5	22	2	20	1	21	1	20	1	21	2	19
60	Republic of the Congo	19		19		19	2	21	1	20	3	23		23	1	22	4	26
60	Guinea-Bissau	19	1	18	9	28	1	27	11	16	1	17	2	19		19	6	25
60	Turkmenistan	19		19	1	20	1	19	3	22	4	18	1	17		17		17
61	Democratic Republic of the Congo	18		18	1	19	2	21		21	1	22		22		22	1	21
61	Haiti	18		18	2	20	2	22	2	20	3	17	2	19		19		19
61	North Korea	18	1	17	3	14	3	17	9	8		8		8		8		8
62	Libya	17	1	18	1	17		17	3	14	2	16	2	18	3	15	6	21
63	Equatorial Guinea	16		16		16	1	17	2							19	1	20
63	Sudan	16		16		16		16	2	14	2	12	1	11		11	2	13
64	Venezuela	15	1	16	2	18		18	1	17		17	2	19	1	20	1	19
64	Yemen	15		15	1	14	2	16	2	14	4	18	1	19	1	18	5	23
65	Syria	14	1	13		13	1	14	1	13	5	18	2	20	3	17	9	26
66	Somalia	12	3	9	1	10	1	9	1	10	2	8		8		8		8
66	South Sudan	12		12	1	13	1	12	1	11	4	15		15	1	14

2011[]

The 20 top countries or regions that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 to 1):

#	Country	Score	#	Country/Region	Score
1	New Zealand	9.5	11	Luxembourg	8.5
2	Denmark	9.4	12	Hong Kong	8.4
2	Finland	9.4	13	Iceland	8.3
4	Sweden	9.3	14	Germany	8.0
5	Singapore	9.2	14	Japan	8.0
6	Norway	9.0	16	Austria	7.8
7	Netherlands	8.9		Spain
8	Australia	8.8		United Kingdom
8	Switzerland	8.8	19	Belgium	7.5
10	Canada	8.7	19	Ireland	7.5
Source:^[27]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

#	Country	Score	#	Country	Score
182	Somalia	1.0	172	Equatorial Guinea	1.9
182	North Korea	1.0	172	Burundi	1.9
180	Myanmar	1.5	168	Libya	2.0
180	Afghanistan	1.5		DR Congo
177	Uzbekistan	1.6		Chad
	Turkmenistan			Angola
	Sudan		164	Yemen	2.1
175	Iraq	1.8		Kyrgyzstan
175	Haiti	1.8		Guinea
172	Venezuela	1.9		Cambodia
Source:^[27]

2010[]

The 20 top countries or regions that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 down to 1):

#	Country	Score	#	Country/Region	Score
1	Denmark	9.3	11	Iceland	8.5
	New Zealand		11	Luxembourg	8.5
	Singapore		13	Hong Kong	8.4
4	Finland	9.2	14	Ireland	8.0
4	Sweden	9.2	15	Austria	7.9
6	Canada	8.9	15	Germany	7.9
7	Netherlands	8.8	17	Spain	7.8
8	Australia	8.7	17	Japan	7.8
8	Switzerland	8.7	19	Qatar	7.7
10	Norway	8.6	20	United Kingdom	7.6
Source:^[28]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

#	Country	Score	#	Country	Score
178	Somalia	1.1	168	Angola	1.9
176	Myanmar	1.4	164	Venezuela	2.0
176	Afghanistan	1.4		Kyrgyzstan
175	Iraq	1.5		Guinea
172	Uzbekistan	1.6		DR Congo
	Turkmenistan		159	Tajikistan	2.1
	Sudan			Russia
171	Chad	1.7		Papua New Guinea
170	Burundi	1.8		Laos
168	Equatorial Guinea	1.9		Kenya
Source:^[28]

Assessments[]

The Index was methodologically criticized in the past,^[29] i.e. questioned based on its methodology.

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:^[30]

Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score. For instance, the nature of corruption in rural Kansas will be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and cliches.
The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector. This, for instance, means the well-publicized Libor scandal or the VW emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".^[31]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."^[32]

However, recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.^[33]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.^[34]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.^[32]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.^[35]

References[]

^ "Corruption Perception Index". transparency.org. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ Transparency International (2011). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 2
^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2020". Transparency International.
^ "Антикорупційні дистанції або Спринти та марафони України в Індексі сприйняття корупції". pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian).
^ Transparency International (2017). "Corruption Perceptions Index 2017". Transparency International. Transparency International. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ e.V, Transparency International. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018". www.transparency.org. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)". Retrieved 22 November 2005.
^ CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 1
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 7
^ Transparency International (2010). Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Sources of information (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ Transparency International (2010). "Frequently asked questions (FAQs)". Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer Netherlands. 35 (3): 177–189. doi:10.1023/A:1013882225402. S2CID 151245049.
^ Cobham, Alex (23 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions: Why Transparency International's Flagship Corruption Index Falls Short". www.cgdev.org.
^ Shao, J.; Ivanov, P. C.; Podobnik, B.; Stanley, H. E. (2007). "Quantitative relations between corruption and economic factors". The European Physical Journal B. 56 (2): 157. arXiv:0705.0161. Bibcode:2007EPJB...56..157S. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2. S2CID 2357298.
^ Podobnik, B.; Shao, J.; Njavro, D.; Ivanov, P. C.; Stanley, H. E. (2008). "Influence of corruption on economic growth rate and foreign investment". The European Physical Journal B. 63 (4): 547. arXiv:0710.1995. Bibcode:2008EPJB...63..547P. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2. S2CID 3038265.
^ "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ "CPI 2020". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ "CPI 2019". Transparency International. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^ "CPI 2018". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ "CPI 2017". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ "CPI 2016". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
^ "CPI 2015". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^ "CPI 2014". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
^ "CPI 2013". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
^ "CPI 2012". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Corruption Perceptions Index 2011. Full table and rankings Archived 10 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Full table and rankings Archived 22 January 2014 at archive.today. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
^ "Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2020.
^ Hough, Dan (27 January 2016). "Here's this year's (flawed) Corruption Perception Index. Those flaws are useful". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
^ Werve, Jonathan (23 September 2008). "TI's Index: Local Chapter Not Having It". Global Integrity. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cobham, Alex (22 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions". Foreign Policy.
^ Hamilton, Alexander (2017). "Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
^ Campbell, Stuart Vincent. "Perception is Not Reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the Mismeasurement of Corruption" 22 Minnesota Journal of International Law 1, p. 247 (2013).
^ CPI index 2015. Accessed 3 February 2016.

External links[]

Official site
Transparency International (2010). Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Long methodological brief (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
Corruption Perceptions Index 2013
Interactive world map of the Corruption Perception Index: 2000-2008
A Users' Guide to Measuring Corruption critiques the CPI and similar indices.
Global Integrity Index
List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings

[1] "Corruption Perception Index". transparency.org. Retrieved 28 January 2020.

[cpi-2] Transparency International (2011). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.

[cpilong2-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 2

[4] "Corruption Perceptions Index 2020". Transparency International.

[5] "Антикорупційні дистанції або Спринти та марафони України в Індексі сприйняття корупції". pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian).

[cpidetail-6] Transparency International (2017). "Corruption Perceptions Index 2017". Transparency International. Transparency International. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

[7] .V, Transparency International. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018". www.transparency.org. Retrieved 8 January 2020.

[2005FAQ-8] "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)". Retrieved 22 November 2005.

[cpilong1-9] CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 1

[cpilong7-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 7

[cpisources-11] Transparency International (2010). Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Sources of information (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.

[cpifaq-12] Transparency International (2010). "Frequently asked questions (FAQs)". Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.

[ivcp-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer Netherlands. 35 (3): 177–189. doi:10.1023/A:1013882225402. S2CID 151245049.

[14] Cobham, Alex (23 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions: Why Transparency International's Flagship Corruption Index Falls Short". www.cgdev.org.

[15] Shao, J.; Ivanov, P. C.; Podobnik, B.; Stanley, H. E. (2007). "Quantitative relations between corruption and economic factors". The European Physical Journal B. 56 (2): 157. arXiv:0705.0161. Bibcode:2007EPJB...56..157S. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2. S2CID 2357298.

[16] Podobnik, B.; Shao, J.; Njavro, D.; Ivanov, P. C.; Stanley, H. E. (2008). "Influence of corruption on economic growth rate and foreign investment". The European Physical Journal B. 63 (4): 547. arXiv:0710.1995. Bibcode:2008EPJB...63..547P. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2. S2CID 3038265.

[17] "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2021.

[18] "CPI 2020". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2021.

[19] "CPI 2019". Transparency International. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

[20] "CPI 2018". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[21] "CPI 2017". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[22] "CPI 2016". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[23] "CPI 2015". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2016.

[24] "CPI 2014". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

[25] "CPI 2013". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

[26] "CPI 2012". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

[corruptionindex2011-27] Jump up to: ^a ^b Corruption Perceptions Index 2011. Full table and rankings Archived 10 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.

[corruptionindex2010-28] Jump up to: ^a ^b Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Full table and rankings Archived 22 January 2014 at archive.today. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.

[29] "Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2020.

[30] Hough, Dan (27 January 2016). "Here's this year's (flawed) Corruption Perception Index. Those flaws are useful". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 27 January 2016.

[31] Werve, Jonathan (23 September 2008). "TI's Index: Local Chapter Not Having It". Global Integrity. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.

[Cobham,_Alex-32] Jump up to: ^a ^b Cobham, Alex (22 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions". Foreign Policy.

[33] Hamilton, Alexander (2017). "Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.

[ssrn.com-34] Campbell, Stuart Vincent. "Perception is Not Reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the Mismeasurement of Corruption" 22 Minnesota Journal of International Law 1, p. 247 (2013).

[cpi2015-35] CPI index 2015. Accessed 3 February 2016.

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